Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Structural design standards based on the principles of structural reliability are gaining worldwide acceptance and are fast becoming the new basis of structural safety verification. The application of these principles to establish a standardised basis for structural design using partial factor limit states design procedures is done in the European Standard for the Basis of Structural Design EN 1990 from which it is adapted to the South African Basis of Design Standard for Building and Industrial Structures SANS 10160-1. The basis of design requirements stipulated in EN 1990 and SANS 10160-1 apply to all aspects of structural design: This includes reliability levels of structural performance and their differentiation and management; identification of various limit states and design situations; the specification of all the basic variables; separate treatment of actions and material-based resistance. However, application of these requirements is then primarily focused on actions whilst the provision for structural concrete is then left to the materials based design standards. This two-part thesis describes a systematic assessment of the degree to which the application of the reliability framework presented in the basis of design requirements has been achieved in the present generation of structural concrete design standards. More importantly, attempts are made to identify ways in which the process can be advanced. Special attention is drawn to issues that are specific to South African conditions and practice in structural concrete. Part One of the thesis focuses on the key elements of the reliability framework presented in EN 1990 and traces to what extent the requirements have been propelled through the design stipulations of the Eurocode Standard for Design of Concrete Structures EN 1992-1-1. The implications of the different reference level of reliability between the Eurocode default value of ß = 3.8 and that characteristic of South African practice ß = 3.0 through various issues are highlighted. The use and advantage of explicit treatment of reliability performance on reliability management related to some aspects of quality control are explored. A critical aspect is the shear prediction model providing unconservative estimates of shear resistance. Part Two of the thesis focuses on characterising the model factor of the EN 1992-1-1 shear prediction model for members requiring design shear reinforcement. This is done by a comparison to a compiled experimental database with special focus on situations with high reinforcement ratios. The significance of the modelling uncertainty in shear prediction is verified by this comparison. The use of the more conceptually rational modified compression field theory (MCFT) to improve on the quality of shear predictions is investigated and proves to yield more precise values with lower scatter hence making it a more reliable tool for predicting shear. The MCFT can then be used as reference for the reliability calibration and possible improvement for the Eurocode procedure. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Strukturele ontwerpstandaarde gebaseer op die beginsels van strukturele betroubaarheid verkry wêreldwye aanvaarding en word vinnig die nuwe basis van strukturele veiligheid bevestiging. Die toepassing van hierdie beginsels om ʼn gestandaardiseerde basis vir strukturele ontwerp is bevestig deur gebruik te maak van gedeeltelike-faktorbeperkende stadiums ontwerpprosedures in die Europese Standaard vir die Basis van Strukturele Ontwerp EN 1990 waarvandaan dit herbewerk is na die Suid-Afrikaanse Basis van Ontwerp Standaarde vir Bou en Industriële Strukture SANS 10160-1. Die basis van ontwerpvereistes bepaal in EN 1990 en SANS 10160-1 is van toepassing op alle aspekte van strukturele ontverp: Dit sluit inbetroubaarheidsvlakke van struktureele prestasie en hul diversifikasie en bestuur; identifikasie van verskeie beperkende state en ontwerpsituasies; die spesifikasie van al die basiese veranderlikes; afsonderlike behandeling van aksies en materiaal-gebaseerde weerstand. Desnieteenstaande, die toepassing van hierdie voorwaardes is dan hoofsaaklik gefokus op aksies terwyl die voorsiening van strukturele beton is dan gelaat op die materiaalgebaseerde ontwerpstandaarde. Hierdie tweeledige verhandeling beskryf ʼn stelselmatige beoordeling van die graad waartoe die toepassing van die betroubaarheidsraamwerk aangebied word in die basis van ontwerpvereistes bereik in die huidige generasie van strukturele beton-ontwerp standaarde is. Meer belangrik, pogings is aangewend om die maniere hoe die proses bevorder kan word te identifiseer. Spesiale aandag word gevestig op kwessies wat spesifiek op Suid-Afrikaanse toestande en praktyke in strukturele beton toepaslik is. Deel Een van die verhandeling fokus op die sleutel-dele van die betroubaarheidsraamwerk aangebied in EN 1990 en skets die mate waartoe die vereistes aangespoor word deur die ontwerp voorskrifte van die Eurocode Standard for the Design of Concrete Structures EN 1992-1-1. Die implikasie van die verskillende verwysingsvlakke van betroubaarheid tussen die Eurocode standaardwaarde van ß = 3.8 en die eienskap van Suid-Afrikaanse praktyk ß = 3.0 deur verskillende kwessies word uitgelig. Die gebruik en voordeel van spesifieke behandeling van betroubaarheidsuitvoering op betroubaarheidsbestuur verwantskap met sekere aspekte van kwaliteit kontrole word ondersoek. ʼn Kritiese aspek is die model vir die voorspelling van skuif-weerstand wat die onkonserwatiewe beramings vir skuif-weerstand gee. Deel Twee van die verhandeling fokus op karakterisering die modelfaktor van die EN 1992- 1-1 skuif-weerstand voorspellings-model. Dit word gedoen deur ʼn vergelyking na ʼn saamgestelde eksperimentele databasis met spesifieke fokus op situasies met hoe herbevestigingsvergelykings. Die oorheersing van die modellering- onsekerheid in skuifweerstand voorspelling is bevestig deur hierdie vergelyking. Die gebruik van ʼn meer konseptuele rasionele gemodifiseerde druk-veld teorie (bekend as MCFT) om die kwaliteit van skuif voorspelling te verbeter is ondersoek en verskaf ‘n meer presiese waarde met laer verspreiding wat lei tot ʼn meer betroubaree instrument om skuif mee te voorspel. Die MCFT word dan gebruik as verwysing vir die betroubaarheid-samestelling en moontlike verbetering van die Eurocode prosedures.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-22T18:40:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ GLÊDSON DE SOUSA SILVA – TESE (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 8998410 bytes, checksum: a46e8373d05a23d7dbcad46b391033a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-22T18:40:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ GLÊDSON DE SOUSA SILVA – TESE (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 8998410 bytes, checksum: a46e8373d05a23d7dbcad46b391033a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-29 / Voltado para prática da sustentabilidade na construção civil, propõe-se o uso de vidro plano temperado, fragmentado, em substituição à pedra britada em concretos em percentuais de substituição de 0%, 50% e 100%. O trabalho teve como objetivo a análise microestrutural de concretos com traços fixados em 1:3, fatores água/cimento de 0,45, 0,55 e 0,65, submetidos à cura em câmara úmida saturada de hidróxido de cálcio nas idades de 7, 28 e 91 dias. As matériasprimas foram caracterizadas através de análise granulométrica. Os concretos no estado fresco foram classificados através de abatimento por tronco de cone. Os concretos de referência obtiveram classes desde S10 a S160, enquanto que os concretos com adição de vidro variaram de S50 a S220. Os corpos de prova cilíndricos, com dimensões 5 cm x 10 cm, foram submetidos à ensaios de resistência à compressão simples (RCS). Os concreto de referência (0% de vidro) se classificaram com classe de resistência C20 e C25. Já os concretos com percentual de substituição de 50% tevesua classe de resistência variando do C15 ao C30, enquanto que os de 100% de vidro, classes C15 e C20. Empregou-se para o estudo do nível de adesão, na interface vidro/pasta, imagens obtidas via microscopia ótica digital USB, além de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, constatando-seinterfaces bem preservadas mesmo após ruptura sob compressão. Utilizou-se difração de Raios-X constatando-se estruturas semelhantes para os diversos valores intervenientes e média geral de cristalinidade superior a 94%. Através de microanálise por energia dispersiva constatou-se que os concretos com percentuais parcial e total tem natureza química semelhante ao concreto de referência. Os valores de RCS e o comportamento do vidro como agregado graúdo permitem o emprego desse concreto em aplicações estruturais, como lajes e pilares, e aplicações não estruturais, a exemplo de pavimentos e pisos. / Aiming at sustainability practices in civil construction, it isproposed the use of fragmented, flat tempered glass replacing the crushed stone in concrete in replacement percentages of 0%, 50% and 100%. The research aimed at the microstructural analysis in concrete with traces fixed in 1:3, water/cement factors of 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65, and replacement percentage of 0%, 50% and 100%, subjected to curing in a saturated, calcium-hydroxide humid chamber at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days. The raw materials were characterized by particle size analysis. The concrete in the fresh state was classified in rebate by conical frustum. The concrete of reference obtained classes from S10 toS160, whereas the concrete with glass addition ranged from S50 to S220. The cylindrical specimens with dimensions of 5 cm x 10 cm underwent strength tests in simple compression(RCS). The concrete of reference(0% of glass) were qualified with resistance class of C20 and C25, and the resistance class of the concrete with replacement rate of 50% ranged from C15 to C30, whereas the class of the concrete with the rate of 100% ranged from C15 to C20. To the study of the adhesion level in the glass/pasteinterface, there were used images that were obtained via USB digital microscopy and scanning electron microscope, noting well preserved interfaces even after rupture under compression. It was used x-ray diffraction in the process, noting similar structures for the various factors and crystallinity average value greater than 94%. Using dispersive energy microanalysis, it was discovered that the concrete with partial and full percentage has its chemical nature similar to the concreteof reference. The values of RCS and the behavior of glass as coarse aggregate permit the use of concrete in structural applications such as slabs and pillars, and in non-structural ones, like in pavings and floors.

No description available.

Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures have become an important aspect in most of the buildings in our society around the world. Most of the multistoried reinforced concrete buildings house important institutions such as hospitals, schools, government establishments, defense establishments, business centers, sports stadiums, super markets and nuclear power plants. The cost of construction of such multistoried RCC structures is very high, and these structures need to be maintained and restored based on their functionality and importance using repair and retrofit strategies when these structures undergo damage. The steps involved in restoring RCC structures that have damages using repair / retrofit measures consists of identifying the source or cause of damage, assessment of the degree or extent of damage that has taken place using nondestructive techniques. Based on the assessment of degree of damage suitable repair / retrofit strategy using the appropriate repair material is applied to achieve the required load carrying capacity or strength. The present work involves assessing the efficacy of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) based system applied on pre-damaged structural members to restore the member’s strength and stiffness through experimental investigations and finite element predictions. To validate the macrolevel properties of predamaged concrete micromechanical analysis, microscale studies and analytical investigations have been conducted. Plain and reinforced concrete test specimens: cylinders, square prisms and rectangular prisms having 25MPa and 35MPa cylinder compressive strengths pre-damaged due to mechanical (monotonic and cyclic loading) and thermal loading (exposure to different temperature and time durations) with applications of CFRP repair subjected to compression is investigated to study the behavior and enhancement in the compressive strength and stiffness after application of repair. Non destructive testing of thermally damaged concrete (exposed to different temperature and exposure time) is conducted using ultrasonic pulse velocity and tomography methods to understand the degradation in the strength and stiffness of thermally damaged concrete. The results of the non destructive testing helps in assessing the amount of repair that can be applied. To validate the macro scale behavior of thermally damaged concrete micro scale studies was performed adopting micro indentation, petrography, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron miscroscopy (SEM) and Electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). During the event of a fire in RC structures which have been retrofitted. The high temperature caused due to fire tends to make the concrete to deteriorate and the repair material to delaminate. Loss of strength/ stiffness in concrete and delamination of the repair material in a retrofitted structural component in a structure causes instability which results in partial collapse or complete collapse of the structure. Thermal insulation of concrete and the repair material (CFRP) using geo-polymer mortar and simwool thermal fibre blanket exposed to high temperature and different exposure time are experimentally investigated. This is to evaluate the effectiveness of the thermal insulation in protecting epoxy based structural repair material(CFRP) from thermal damage and to minimize the delamination of the repair material when exposed to high temperatures. Slender columns when loaded eccentrically fail at a load much lesser than their actual load carrying capacity. In RC buildings where additional floors need to be added, in those situations slender columns which are already eccentrically loaded tend to get damaged or fail due to additional load which act on them. Therefore to restore such columns experimental and finite element investigations on reinforced concrete slender columns having 25MPa cylinder compressive strength subjected to eccentric monotonic compressive loading with applications of CFRP repair is studied to understand the behavior and the enhancement in load carrying capacity after application of repair. Experimental investigations are conducted to study fracture and fatigue properties of thermally damaged concrete geometrically similar notched plain and reinforced concrete beams having 25MPa cylinder compressive strength exposed to different combinations of temperature and durations with application of repair (CFRP). Nonlinear fracture parameters of thermally damaged concrete is computed which help in understanding the fracture behavior of thermally damaged concrete and application of repair. Effectiveness of CFRP repair and failure behaviour of these beams are studied when these thermally damaged notch concrete beams are subjected to monotonic and cyclic (fatigue) loading. Reinforced concrete slender beams when subjected to unexpected loads such as earthquakes get damaged. The increase in load carrying capacity and fatigue life of reinforced concrete slender beams having 25MPa cylinder compressive strength in flexure subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading with applications of CFRP repair is investigated using experimental and finite element investigations. Finite element analysis of concrete specimens pre-damaged due to mechanical (monotonic and cyclic loading) / thermal loading (exposure to different temperature and time durations) with applications of CFRP repair and assessment of amount of repair required is investigated. Analytical (empirical) models are developed to assess the mechanical properties of concrete (elastic moduli, compressive strength and split tensile strength) exposed to different temperatures and time durations. Nonlinear fracture parameters of geometrically similar plain concrete notch beams exposed to different temperature and time durations are determined. Fracture parameters (stress intensity factor) of thermally damaged plain and reinforced concrete notched beams with application of CFRP have been determined. Effect of size and shape of thermally damaged plain concrete compression members with application of CFRP wrap have been studied. Crack mouth opening displacements (CMOD), strains and crack lengths of thermally damaged plain concrete (PC) notched beams using digital image correlation has also been determined.