This thesis focuses on the extraction and analysis of Web data objects, investigated from different points of view: temporal, structural, semantic. We first survey different strategies and best practices for deriving temporal aspects of Web pages, together with a more in-depth study on Web feeds for this particular purpose. Next, in the context of dynamically-generated Web pages by content management systems, we present two keyword-based techniques that perform article extraction from such pages. Keywords, either automatically acquired through a Tf−Idf analysis, or extracted from Web feeds, guide the process of object identification, either at the level of a single Web page (SIGFEED algorithm), or across different pages sharing the same template (FOREST algorithm). We finally present, in the context of the deep Web, a generic framework which aims at discovering the semantic model of a Web object (here, data record) by, first, using FOREST for the extraction of objects, and second, by representing the implicit rdf:type similarities between the object attributes and the entity of the Web interface as relationships that, together with the instances extracted from the objects, form a labeled graph. This graph is further aligned to a generic ontology like YAGO for the discovery of the graph's unknown types and relations.

Ophidiidae are major benthopelagic fishes with wide distribution and depth range. Three types of sonic structural patterns have been described in some studied ophidiid fishes, however, the significance of the different types of the sonic apparatus, and the distribution in the subfamilies remain unclear. In addition, although the sonic apparatus and the sonic mechanisms of the high frequency sounds produced by cusk-eels has been explained, the characteristics of extrinsic swimbladder sonic muscle is still unknown. In this study, I investigated three ophidiid subfamilies from Taiwan and reviewed the published data to study the morphological traits of their sonic apparatus. Inaddition, Hoplobrotula armata were related to study the proteomic characterization of the extrinsic swimbladder sonic muscle. Results indicate that the 13 ophidiid species in this study could be grouped into five sonic structural patterns, and three subfamilies could be separated accordingly. Furthermore, because the sister group of the family Ophidiidae-carapidae is soniferous, I suggest that the common ancestor of the three ophidiid subfamilies should also be soniferous. Comparisons made in regarded to environmental factors indicate that diversity of sonic apparatus in three ophidiids subfamiliesis depth dependent. The extrinsic swimbladder sonic muscles could be separated into ventral sonic muscle and intermediate sonic muscle. The histological cross-sections of the ventral sonic muscle fibers show peripheral ring myofibrillar region and central core and they are similar with the sonic muscle. Ventral muscle weights were higher in males than females, but the muscle fibers are smaller in males. Protein values of ventral sonic muscles showed high expression in fast and long duration constructional proteins, and males were higher in protein expression than females. Intermediate sonic muscles, on the other hand, were larger in females than males. The cross-sections of muscle fibers were similar to the white muscle. Expression in the fast constructional related protein in the intermediate sonic muscle was higher than ventral sonic muscles, and the metabolically related protein was lower than ventral sonic muscles. The phylogeny of ophidiiform fishes is not clear at present; the sonic-apparatus diversity in ophidiid fishes observed in this study becomes useful to reveal the relationship phylogenetic of ophidiids fishes. Regard the physiology of sound production, I suggest that the larger ventral sonic muscle in males are be provides a better constructional ability, and their smaller fibers are adaptative for energy metabolism regarded for continuous fast constraction and fatigue resistance. The longer intermediate sonic muscle in females is a better constructional ability than male. In intermediate sonic muscle were be fast constructional related protein, higher in expression than the ventral sonic muscles, the metabolic related protein was lower than the ventral sonic muscles. These results suggest that the intermediate sonic muscle has a hight constructional ability but has a disventage of being easily fatigue.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:55:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4231010 bytes, checksum: 987dfa120393735b7344d81940380518 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The stomatopods are a marine criptobenthic crustacean order inhabiting tropical and subtropical waters. Their main characteristic is the augmented second pair of maxilipeds which are used as both tools and weapons. In the present work twenty species of stomatopods from the northeastern brazilian coast had been morphometrically studied and a species catalog was produced. Structural patterns were observed and described within the families and species. Maximum or minimum sizes of four species have been raised: Pseudosquillisma oculata; Lysiosquilla scabricauda; Alachosquilla floridensis and Gibbesia neglecta. Most cases showed that it is possible distinguishing among different taxons using six linear morphometric measurements through discriminant analyses. No significant morphometric differences between males and females were detected within the analysed species. Key words: stomatopods, brazilian northeast, morphometry, catalog, structural patterns. / Os estomatópodes compõe uma ordem de crustáceos marinhos criptobentônicos que habitam águas tropicais e subtropicais. A principal característica destes animais é o segundo par de maxilípedes aumentados que são utilizados tanto como ferramenta quanto arma. No presente trabalho vinte espécies de estomatópodes do litoral nordestino brasileiro foram estudadas morfometricamente e foi feito um catálogo de espécies. Foram observados e descritos padrões estruturais característicos das famílias e espécies. Os tamanhos mínimos ou máximos de quatro das espécies estudadas foram ampliados: Pseudosquillisma oculata; Lysiosquilla scabricauda; Alachosquilla floridensis e Gibbesia neglecta. Foi possível, na maioria dos casos, distinguir diferentes táxons utilizando seis características morfométricas lineares através de análises discriminantes. Não foram encontradas diferenças morfométricas significativas entre machos e fêmeas nas espécies analisadas.

Disertacijoje tiriama dabartinė lietuvių paremijų (gr. paroimia – priežodis, patarlė, sentencija) gyvavimo situacija, siekiama parodyti visą funkcionuojančių paremijų spektrą ir atrasti kuo daugiau jų vartojimo sričių ir paskirčių. Šiuo darbu įtvirtinamas platesnis nei iki šiol buvęs lietuvių paremiologijos objektas – tiriamos tiek tebevartojamas tradicinės paremijos, tiek tradicinių paremijų perdirbiniai – antiparemijos, taip pat pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais į apyvartą atėjusios naujosios paremijos. Parodyta ne tik kanoninio, bet ir kūrybiško tradicinių paremijų taikymo galimybių įvairovė (perfrazavimas, aliuzija ir kt.). Pristatyti struktūriniai antiparemijų kūrimo modeliai (substitucija, pridėjimas, atėmimas, kontaminacija, imitavimas) bei semantinės priemonės. Naujosios paremijos grupuojamos pagal kilmę (kilusios iš antiparemijų; vertiniai; šūkiai; citatos; žinomos autorystės posakiai; paremiški posakiai). Pareminių naujadarų klodo formavimasis pristatomas kaip integrali tarptautinio proceso dalis. Tyrimui surinktos lietuvių antiparemijos teikiamos kaip disertacijos priedas, kurį vėliau numatoma išleisti kaip atskirą antiparemijų rinkinį. Tyrimas parodė, kad lietuvių paremijos XX–XXI a. sandūroje vertintinos kaip aktyviai vartojamas ir modifikuojamas, įvairiais būdais atsinaujinantis ir šiuolaikinėje kultūrinėje aplinkoje pritampantis folkloro žanras. / The subject of the dissertation is the contemporary situation of the Lithuanian paremias (Greek paroimia ‘proverb, saying, maxim’); it is an attempt to demonstrate the whole spectrum of the current paremias as well as to reveal the spheres and purposes of their use. In this work, considerably wider subject of the Lithuanian paremiology than the preceding one is established: the investigation embraces not only the traditional paremias that are still in use, but also the transformations of the traditional paremias, i.e. the anti-paremias, as well as the new paremias. The possible variety of both the canonic and creative applications of paremias is demonstrated, including rephrasing, allusion, etc. The structural patterns of creating the anti-paremias are introduced, such as substitution, addition, deduction, contamination, imitation, as well as semantic means. The new paremias are grouped genetically (those originating from anti-paremias, translations, slogans, quotations, etc.). The Lithuanian anti-paremias collected for the research purposes are presented in an appendix to the dissertation. As proved by the research, the Lithuanian paremias at the turn of the 20th –21st centuries should be regarded as a folklore genre that is being actively used and reshaped, diversely renewed and adapted to the modern cultural environment.

Disertacijoje tiriama dabartinė lietuvių paremijų (gr. paroimia – priežodis, patarlė, sentencija) gyvavimo situacija, siekiama parodyti visą funkcionuojančių paremijų spektrą ir atrasti kuo daugiau jų vartojimo sričių ir paskirčių. Šiuo darbu įtvirtinamas platesnis nei iki šiol buvęs lietuvių paremiologijos objektas – tiriamos tiek tebevartojamas tradicinės paremijos, tiek tradicinių paremijų perdirbiniai – antiparemijos, taip pat pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais į apyvartą atėjusios naujosios paremijos. Parodyta ne tik kanoninio, bet ir kūrybiško tradicinių paremijų taikymo galimybių įvairovė (perfrazavimas, aliuzija ir kt.). Pristatyti struktūriniai antiparemijų kūrimo modeliai (substitucija, pridėjimas, atėmimas, kontaminacija, imitavimas) bei semantinės priemonės. Naujosios paremijos grupuojamos pagal kilmę (kilusios iš antiparemijų; vertiniai; šūkiai; citatos; žinomos autorystės posakiai; paremiški posakiai). Pareminių naujadarų klodo formavimasis pristatomas kaip integrali tarptautinio proceso dalis. Tyrimui surinktos lietuvių antiparemijos teikiamos kaip disertacijos priedas, kurį vėliau numatoma išleisti kaip atskirą antiparemijų rinkinį. Tyrimas parodė, kad lietuvių paremijos XX–XXI a. sandūroje vertintinos kaip aktyviai vartojamas ir modifikuojamas, įvairiais būdais atsinaujinantis ir šiuolaikinėje kultūrinėje aplinkoje pritampantis folkloro žanras. / The subject of the dissertation is the contemporary situation of the Lithuanian paremias (Greek paroimia ‘proverb, saying, maxim’); it is an attempt to demonstrate the whole spectrum of the current paremias as well as to reveal the spheres and purposes of their use. In this work, considerably wider subject of the Lithuanian paremiology than the preceding one is established: the investigation embraces not only the traditional paremias that are still in use, but also the transformations of the traditional paremias, i.e. the anti-paremias, as well as the new paremias. The possible variety of both the canonic and creative applications of paremias is demonstrated, including rephrasing, allusion, etc. The structural patterns of creating the anti-paremias are introduced, such as substitution, addition, deduction, contamination, imitation, as well as semantic means. The new paremias are grouped genetically (those originating from anti-paremias, translations, slogans, quotations, etc.). The Lithuanian anti-paremias collected for the research purposes are presented in an appendix to the dissertation. As proved by the research, the Lithuanian paremias at the turn of the 20th –21st centuries should be regarded as a folklore genre that is being actively used and reshaped, diversely renewed and adapted to the modern cultural environment.

Στόχος της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής εργασίας είναι η περιγραφή και η σύγκριση της μορφολογικής διαδικασίας της σύνθεσης στις νεοελληνικές διαλέκτους όπως προκύπτει από την ανάλυση 2500 συνθέτων από τρεις διαφορετικές διαλέκτους, την Κρητική, την Ποντιακή και την Επτανησιακή. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μία σύντομη επισκόπηση των ορισμών που έχουν προταθεί για τη σύνθεση αναδεικνύοντας τους λόγους που καθιστούν δύσκολη τη διατύπωση ενός ορισμού που να ανταποκρίνεται διαγλωσσικά. Επίσης, παρουσιάζονται οι βασικές ιδιότητες που διέπουν τη σύνθεση της ελληνικής γλώσσας και τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά που διαχωρίζουν τη σύνθεση από τις υπόλοιπες μορφολογικές διαδικασίες (π.χ. παραγωγή) αλλά και από τη σύνταξη κυρίως με βάση τις μελέτες της Ράλλη (2007) και Ralli (2013). Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο εξετάζονται τα κατηγοριακά σχήματα πάνω στα οποία δομούνται τα σύνθετα στις τρεις υπό εξέταση διαλέκτους και στη συνέχεια συγκρίνεται η παραγωγικότητά τους. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο τα σύνθετα ταξινομούνται με βάση τις γραμματικές σχέσεις των συστατικών τους. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο μελετάται η σχέση μορφής και σημασίας και προτείνεται η διαίρεση των συνθέτων σε τρεις μεγάλες τάξεις: α) διαφανή, β) ημιδιαφανή και γ) αδιαφανή σύνθετα. Στο πέμπτο και έκτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζεται η σχέση της σύνθεσης με την παραγωγή και την κλίση αντίστοιχα μέσα από τα δεδομένα των τριών διαλέκτων. Τέλος, στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο μελετάται η συχνότητα εμφάνισης θεμάτων ξενικής προέλευσης ως συστατικά των συνθέτων στις τρεις αυτές διαλέκτους. / The aim of this master thesis is to describe and compare the morphological process of compounding in Modern Greek dialects based on the analysis of 2500 compounds. Data comes from three dialects, namely, Cretan, Pontic, and Heptanesian. The first chapter briefly presents some of the definitions which have been proposed for compounding highlighting the reasons that make the formulation of a definition that applies cross-linguistically a difficult task. It also presents the basic properties that govern the formation of Greek compounds and the main characteristics that distinguish compounding from the other morphological processes (e.g. derivation) and from syntactic operations based on the studies of Ralli (2007) and Ralli (2013). The second chapter presents the main patterns which are involved in the compounding process and compares their productivity cross-dialectally. In chapter three compounds are classified according to the grammatical relations between their components. The fourth chapter examines the relation between form and meaning and it suggests a division of compounds in three large classes: a) transparent, b) semi-transparent and c)opaque. The next two chapters examine the relation between compounding andderivation and inflection respectively. Finally, chapter seven examines whether stems of foreign origin appear frequently as components of compounds in these dialects.

Le domaine de la modélisation du trafic routier vise à comprendre son évolution. Dans les dernières années, plusieurs modèles du trafic ont été proposés dans l’objectif de géolocaliser les embouteillages au sein du trafic, détecter des motifs dans le trafic routier, estimer l’état du trafic etc. La plupart des modèles proposés considèrent le trafic routier en termes de ses constituants ou comme une entité agrégée en fonction de l’échelle choisie et expliquent l’évolution du trafic quantitativement en tenant compte des relations entre les variables de trafic comme le flot, la densité et la vitesse. Ces modèles décrivent le trafic en utilisant des données très précises acquises par différents capteurs. La précision des données rend son calcul coûteux en termes de ressources requises. Une des solutions à ce problème est la représentation qualitative du trafic routier qui réduit le nombre de ressources de traitement nécessaires. Puisque le trafic routier est un phénomène spatio-temporel, les modèles proposés pour représenter ce type de phénomène pourraient être appliqués dans le cas du trafic routier. Les modèles spatio-temporels, proposés par la communauté de l’Analyse Spatio-Temporelle, ont comme objectif la représentation d’un phénomène tant du point de vue qualitatif que quantitatif. Certains de ces modèles proposent une discrétisation des phénomènes modélisés en considérant un phénomène comme constitué d’entités. Appliquée au trafic routier, cette notion permet d’identifier différentes entités, comme les véhicules, les piétons, les bâtiments etc., qui le constituent. Ces entités influent sur l’évolution du trafic. Les modèles spatio-temporels qualitatifs définissent l’effet des différentes entités les unes sur les autres en terme de relations spatiales. L’évolution spatio-temporelle du phénomène modélisé est représenté par la variation temporelle de ces relations. La prise en compte des entités du trafic et des relations spatiales formalise une structure qui peut être représentée en utilisant un graphe, où les nœuds modélisent des entités et les arcs des relations spatiales. Par conséquent, l’évolution du trafic, modélisée via ce graphe, devient l’évolution du graphe et peut être représenté en terme de la variation de la structure du graphe ainsi que celle des attributs de ses nœuds et de ses arcs. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une modélisation du trafic routier de ce type basée sur la théorie des graphes. Une des applications à la modélisation du trafic routier est la détection des motifs pertinents au sein du trafic. Dans les modèles du trafic existants, les motifs détectés sont statistiques et sont représentés en utilisant des caractéristiques numériques. Le modèle que nous pro posons dans cette thèse met en avant la structure représentant le trafic routier et peut donc être utilisé pour définir des motifs structurels du trafic qui prennent en compte des différentes entités du trafic et leurs relations. Ces motifs structurels sont sous-jacents à une modélisation sous forme de graphe dynamique. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un algorithme pour détecter ces motifs structurels du trafic dans le graphe spatio-temporel représentant le trafic routier. Ce problème est formalisé comme celui de l’isomorphisme de sous-graphe pour des graphes dynamiques. L’algorithme proposé est évalué en fonction desdifférents paramètres de graphes. / For past several decades, researchers have been interested in understanding traffic evolution, hence, have proposed various traffic models to identify bottleneck locations where traffic congestion occurs, to detect traffic patterns, to predict traffic states etc. Most of the existing models consider traffic as many-particle system, describe it using different scales of representation and explain its evolution quantitatively by deducing relations between traffic variables like flow, density and speed. Such models are mainly focused on computing precise information about traffic using acquired traffic data. However, computation of such precise information requires more processing resources. A way to remedy this problem is to consider traffic evolution in qualitative terms which reduces the required number of processing resources. Since traffic is spatio-temporal in nature, the models which deal with spatio-temporal phenomenon can be applied in case of traffic. Such models represent spatio-temporal phenomenon from qualitative as well as quantitative standpoints. Depending on the intended application, some models are able to differentiate between various entities taking part in the phenomenon, which proves useful in case of traffic since different objects like vehicles, buildings, pedestrians, bicycles etc., directly affecting traffic evolution, can be included in traffic models. Qualitative spatio-temporal models consider the effects of different entities on each other in terms of spatial relations between them and spatio-temporal evolution of the modeled phenomenon is described in terms of variation in such relations over time. Considering different traffic constituents and spatial relations between them leads to the formation of a structure which can be abstracted using graph, whose nodes represent individual constituents and edges represent the corresponding spatial relations. As a result, the evolution of traffic, represented using graph, is described in terms of evolution of the graph itself, i. e. change in graph structure and attributes of nodes and edges, with time. In this thesis, we propose such a graph model to represent traffic. As mentioned above, one of the applications of existing traffic models is in detecting traffic patterns. However, since such models consider traffic quantitatively, in terms of acquired traffic data, the patterns detected using such models are statistical (a term employed by Pattern Recognition researchers) in the sense that they are represented using numerical description. Since graph-based traffic model proposed in this thesis represents the structure of traffic, it can be employed to redefine the meaning of traffic patterns from statistical to structural (also a term from Pattern Recognition community). Structural traffic patterns include different traffic constituents and their inter-links and are represented using time-varying graphs. An algorithm to detect a given structural traffic pattern in the spatio-temporal graph representing traffic is proposed in this thesis. It formalizes this problem as subgraph isomorphism for time-varying graphs. In the end, the performance of the algorithm is tested using various graph parameters.