M.A. (Economics) / Unemployment is a familiar affliction of our age, but its nature, causes and cures remain matters of dispute. As with many familiar things, closer examination leads to deepening mystery. Its pathology is complex, with social as well as economic ramifications" (Routh, 1986: 1). In the world of today which is characterised by globalization, the unemployment problem has become a worldwide problem. It is endemic in both developed and developing countries. But for developing countries, this problem brings more challenges(like increased poverty) and complications (like political and social instability). South Africa is certainly no exception. In South Africa, this problem is succinctly expressed by Barker (1992: 71): "Unemployment is probably the most severe problem South African society is experiencing and it is conceivably the root cause of many other problems, such as high crime rates, violence, abject poverty.... Prominent leaders in and outside government have also stated that no government will be able to govern South Africa ...if this problem is not addressed effectively". According to Hall (1997: 396), one of the overlooked aspects of the unemployment crisis in South Africa is the spatial distribution of unemployment within cities. Apartheid urban planning concentrated the black population in peripheral residential areas, where the majority of the unemployed population is found. In Gauteng, for example, unemployment rates (using the 1991 census) vary between zero percent in former white suburbs and above thirty percent mainly in the former black townships. In addition to the apartheid urban landscape the recent trend of suburbanisation of economic activity, the decline in central business districts and the continued lack of development in former black residential areas may intensify the problem of unemployment. The long-term effects of these processes are far reaching, that is, they may result in profound labour market segmentation which may, in turn, negatively impact on urban development strategies aimed at reintegrating South Africa's cities and addressing the problems of poverty, unemployment, urbanisation and housing. With the establishment of democracy in 1994, many South African unemployed people became hopeful that there was going to be employment for everyone. This was further reinforced by the adoption of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), and the promises made by the developed Western countries to assist South Africa in its development endeavours. In 1996, South Africa opted for a neo-liberal approach (which advocates for less government involvement in the economic activity) to economic development by adopting the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) policy - which is a supply-side policy. The GEAR strategy calls for a minimalist state, restructuring of the economy like the elimination of export subsidies and the reduction of import tariffs to improve the competitiveness of South African industries in the global arena. In fact, to the contrary, at this stage, GEAR has not helped to stop the increasing tide of unemployment and retrenchments as industries are concerned with cutting costs(of which, labour costs are often the highest) to meet global competition. The cliche "lean is mean" has become crucial in business decisions. The implication of this is that more people have been put out of work. The unemployment level in South Africa has reached endemic proportions. The problem is getting more complicated by the prospects of the closure of marginal gold mines due to the possibility of a weaker gold price and increasing costs.

Manufacturing employment in Georgia has declined as thousands of jobs have been lost to foreign suppliers and improvements in productivity. Changes in the state s industrial structure have created mismatches between worker capabilities and the skills required to work in a new field. The transition from a manufacturing to a services economy has strained the ability of many in the state s workforce to acquire to the new job skills demanded by employers. In order to regain employment and maintain former wage levels, structurally unemployed workers need new skills to work new jobs. Unemployed workers sometimes turn to workforce development system (WDS) programs to upgrade skills and provide access to better employment. The purpose of WDS job training services is to facilitate the transition from job loss to stable re-employment. Which job training strategies work or do not work and or for which demographic groups was the focus of this research. The fundamental question posed by this research was, "Can job training help alleviate the adverse wage impacts and time spent in prolonged job search resulting from structural unemployment in Georgia, and if so, which programs work better?" Answering this question requires that structurally unemployed workers in Georgia be assessed with respect to industry, demographics, geography, and Georgia Department of Labor training program exposure as explanatory factors for post-training wage and job search time differentials, both direct indicators of program efficacy to workers. Multivariate regression techniques were used to estimate the impacts of GDOL job training services on workers exiting the state's structurally declining industries and reentering new employment. Among the findings of this research were that: job training was often associated with lower worker wages once re-employed and longer times spent in job search; compared to short-term unemployed workers from declining industries, the long-term unemployed experienced significantly larger adverse wage effects and longer job search times; job training services were found to be most beneficial to workers leaving less-skilled industries and less beneficial to unemployed leaving higher-skilled industries such as manufacturing; and informational job training services were determined to be more cost-effective than occupational skills training.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-135).

The subject of this thesis is assertion process of foreigners on the Czech labour market. Foreigners from the East are attracted to come to the Czech Republic because of its mature market and specially targeted labour programmes enabling easier entrance to the Czech labour market. The reason is a benefit in form of young, economically active people improving the demographic shape of the Czech society. The thesis is analysing specific factors and barriers that immigrants have to deal with on the labour market and the direct effects of immigration for the host country. The thesis firstly focuses on the analysis of legislative and institutional environment. Then it concentrates on factors determining the decision to migrate. Finally it analyses the impacts of labour migration on the economics and demographics situation in the country of destination. Furthermore there was made a characterization of all regional, professional, age and educational structure of the foreign labour to evaluate the influence of immigrants on the destination labour market. One of the main questions of the quantitative research is whether the foreign workers can have a positive influence on the structural unemployment in the Czech Republic.

This thesis is concentrated on the labor market in the past five years in region Karvinsko. The aim of thesis is to explore the ways in which is solved the imbalance of labor market in this region and to analyze effectiveness of spending money on active employment policy. The deman and supply sides of the labour market are detailly invastigated due to their great influence on the economic development. The thesis deals the efficiency of active employment policy in region Karvinsko, especially community services, retraining and socially useful jobs. Other part of my thesis is evaluation of the case study among the unemployed who are in evidence of the Job centre in Karvina.

<p>The objective of this study was to investigate some socio-demographic aspects and implications of youth unemployment in Galeshewe Township. The study makes use of descriptive statistics to analyze and interpret data collected from a random survey of 947 young persons aged between 18 and 35 years old. An individual questionnaire was administered during the interviews. The results indicate that most unemployed youths are between the ages of twenty-five and twenty-nine years and the majority of them are females. About 58.5% of the unemployed youths have completed secondary education, with 8.9% of them having obtained a tertiary diploma or degree. The majority of the youth do not have previous work experience and this handicaps their ability to secure employment. Most of these young people originate from areas outside Galeshewe. The views collected from the unemployed youth point to the need for government to ensure that tertiary education is accessible in the city in order to improve the level of education of the youth. The government also needs to provide more targeted job creation schemes, especially to those who did well at matriculation level, and to also empower the youth through other skills acquisitions as well as training and programmes that are available.</p>

<p>The objective of this study was to investigate some socio-demographic aspects and implications of youth unemployment in Galeshewe Township. The study makes use of descriptive statistics to analyze and interpret data collected from a random survey of 947 young persons aged between 18 and 35 years old. An individual questionnaire was administered during the interviews. The results indicate that most unemployed youths are between the ages of twenty-five and twenty-nine years and the majority of them are females. About 58.5% of the unemployed youths have completed secondary education, with 8.9% of them having obtained a tertiary diploma or degree. The majority of the youth do not have previous work experience and this handicaps their ability to secure employment. Most of these young people originate from areas outside Galeshewe. The views collected from the unemployed youth point to the need for government to ensure that tertiary education is accessible in the city in order to improve the level of education of the youth. The government also needs to provide more targeted job creation schemes, especially to those who did well at matriculation level, and to also empower the youth through other skills acquisitions as well as training and programmes that are available.</p>

The dissertation presents a study of the behavior of unemployment, within the context of the industrial technological restructure, which marked the 1990s in three sectors of the Brazilian Economy: food industry, civil construction and steel industry. It assumes as hypothesis that the restructure of the productive system aggravated the phenomenon of unemployment in all sectors of the Brazilian economy, as it culminated in the aggravation of the structural unemployment in the three sectors that were studied, besides highlighting the heterogeneous aspect in the world within this period. The dissertation follows the following logical explanation: contextualization of the contemporary society after the restructure of the productive system, based on the studies of David Harvey, the behavior of unemployment in Brazil and in the world, after globalization, as well as the effects of the change in the management system, based on Márcio Pochmann; the explanation of the three theories concerning unemployment, based on Enric Sanchis; the qualitative data search and its analysis, based on the researches that were done by DIEESE and IBGE; among others sources that give support to the object of study. / A dissertação apresenta um estudo do comportamento do desemprego, no contexto da reestruturação tecnológica industrial, que marcou a década de 1990 em três setores da economia brasileira: supermercadista, construção civil e indústria siderúrgica. Assumem-se como hipóteses que a reestruturação do sistema produtivo agravou o fenômeno do desemprego em todos os setores da economia brasileira, bem como culminou no agravamento do desemprego estrutural nos três setores estudados, além de acentuar o aspecto heterogêneo no mundo do trabalho no período assinalado. A dissertação segue a seguinte lógica explicativa: contextualização da sociedade contemporânea após a reestruturação do sistema produtivo, com base nos estudos de David Harvey; o comportamento do desemprego no Brasil e no mundo, após a globalização, bem como os efeitos da mudança de modelo de gestão, com base em Márcio Pochmann; a explanação das três teorias acerca do desemprego, com base em Enric Sanchis; a busca de dados quantitativos e as análises dos mesmos, com base nas pesquisas realizadas pelo DIEESE e IBGE; dentre outras fontes que dão suporte ao estudo do objeto.

Magister Commercii - MCom / The objective of this study was to investigate some socio-demographic aspects and implications of youth unemployment in Galeshewe Township. The study makes use of descriptive statistics to analyze and interpret data collected from a random survey of 947 young persons aged between 18 and 35 years old. An individual questionnaire was administered during the interviews. The results indicate that most unemployed youths are between the ages of twenty-five and twenty-nine years and the majority of them are females. About 58.5% of the unemployed youths have completed secondary education, with 8.9% of them having obtained a tertiary diploma or degree. The majority of the youth do not have previous work experience and this handicaps their ability to secure employment. Most of these young people originate from areas outside Galeshewe. The views collected from the unemployed youth point to the need for government to ensure that tertiary education is accessible in the city in order to improve the level of education of the youth. The government also needs to provide more targeted job creation schemes, especially to those who did well at matriculation level, and to also empower the youth through other skills acquisitions as well as training and programmes that are available. / South Africa

This thesis focuses on the institute termination of employment from the legal and economic point of view. From a legal perspective, it is mainly about the presentation of the most common ways of termination of employment, including acquainting the reader with a steady legal interpretation. From a microeconomic point of view, the termination of employment relates to the consequences for employers and employees and from a macroeconomic perspective, with consequences for the whole society. This is followed by a practical part which connects the foregoing and the current example of OKD Inc., which employs nearly 10 thousand employees and currently finds itself in serious financial difficulties, the state estimates the costs associated with the mass redundancies at different alternatives. These variants are bankruptcy or reorganization provided financial assistance to the state. At the conclusion of the two calculations are compared and outlines a list of partial measures to mitigate the effects of similar events in the future.