A group of 101 ESL learners ranging in the mid to upper intermediate level was randomly distributed among two groups--experimental and control. They were given three tests prior to the experiment and three tests after treatment. Both groups were given the same contextualized materials. However, the experimental group was taught gerunds and infinitives using the Bolinger principle whereas the control group was taught gerunds and infinitives by list memorization. Two hypotheses were posed: 1. Teaching ESL learners gerunds and infinitives using the Bolinger principle will result in significant improvement in discrete point tests. 2. Teaching ESL learners gerunds and infinitives using the Bolinger principle will result in significant improvement in the use of gerunds and infinitives in writing.

Individuals are involved in an ongoing construction of gender ideology from two opposite but intertwined directions: they experience pressure to follow gender role norms, and they also participate in the social construction of these norms. An individual's appraisal, positive or negative, of gender roles is called a "gender role attitude." These lie on a continuum from traditional to progressive. Traditional gender role attitudes have been linked to primarily negative outcomes. This thesis examines attitudes toward--and beliefs about--male gender in women completing an elective course on the psychology of men and masculinities. Study 1 assessed how these students' (N = 32) narrative definitions of "man" and "masculinity" changed from the beginning to the end of the class. While there was a significant decrease in the presence of the male role norms of achievement/status and aggression over time, there were no differences in the number of references to men's avoidance of femininity, homophobia, non-relational attitudes toward sex, restrictive emotionality, or self-reliance. Because the coding scheme only measured presence of these male role norms rather than framing or valence, additional characteristics of students' responses are discussed. Study 1 also compared women's (N = 20) pre- and post-class male role norm attitudes. Endorsement of global male role norms, aggression, self-reliance, and a composite of particular other male role norms (i.e., "Factor 1" of the Male Role Norms Inventory) were all significantly lower at the end of the class than at the beginning. Study 2 examined potential selection effects in the male role attitudes of women choosing to complete the psychology of men and masculinities course (n = 20) by comparing them to those of women in a psychology research methods course required for the academic major (n = 19). It was determined that pre-class male role attitudes did not differ significantly between the two classes. However, small sample sizes severely limited the statistical power to detect such a difference, and other possible explanations for the lack of difference are considered. Study 3 explored the relationship between women's gender role stress (GRS), which describes stress from coping with restrictive feminine expectations, and attitudes toward male gender roles (N = 32). Results showed that women's GRS did not significantly correlate with overall male role attitudes or with specific subcomponents of these role norms (i.e., self-reliance, aggression, and Factor 1). Thus, there was no evidence that gender role pressures experienced by women relate to their gender expectations for men. While many studies have examined change in attitudes toward women's gender roles, particularly in the context of women's and gender studies courses, there is a lack of research on women's attitudes toward men's roles and the impact on those attitudes of gender coursework focused on masculinity. This research is the first to provide evidence regarding: 1) changes in women's attitudes toward male role norms, and 2) changes in gender role attitudes among students taking a course on the psychology of men and masculinities. Because both men's and women's attitudes toward male role norms are linked to a number of measures of well-being, this research suggests gender-focused education as a potential strategy for improving students' health and relationship quality.

The problem of this study is that of developing a speech and drama program for Tyler State College which is consistent with the philosophical framework of the college as well as with the scope of upper-division institutions in Texas as stated by the Coordinating Board, Texas College and University System. Emphasis is placed on the matriculation of students from junior colleges within commuting distance of Tyler.

Poor academic performance and high failure rates in South African tertiary institutions have lead to a need for intervention of some sort. Academic performance is said to be strongly influenced by one’s academic writing ability. Therefore, this study aimed to determine how much influence academic writing ability has on academic performance. It also aimed to establish which measure - the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) or Wechsler Individual Achievement Test II (WIAT-II) - is a more accurate measure of academic writing. Lastly, the research aimed to determine whether any differences between English First Language (EFL) and English Additional Language (EAL) students’ exist. A convenience sample of 125 first-year Psychology students from the University of the Witwatersrand wrote argumentative essays that were analysed quantitatively using the IELTS and WIAT-II scoring system. Correlations and t-tests, as well as regression and reliability analyses were used to investigate the aims and establish the results. From the results it was evident that the IELTS and WIAT-II are both adequate measures of academic writing. However, the results showed that academic writing ability is not a major predictor of and contributor towards academic performance. Significant differences in performance were noted between groups of EFL and EAL students on all measures. The results also showed that failure rates were not as high in this sample as in previous statistics. Further investigation is required in order to determine other factors that contribute to one’s academic performance. Other aspects of academic literacy such as reading and speaking, as well as previous preparedness or intelligence, may need to be considered as determining factors of academic success.

The purpose of this study is to examine hospitality and tourism students' attitudinal process shaping their intentions to work in the sustainable industry. The cognitive-affective-conative-attitude framework is used to examine students' intentions to work in the sustainable industry. This study proposes that intentions to work in the sustainable industry is as a result of students' satisfaction of and affective engagement with programs teaching sustainability courses. Sustainability knowledge, program perceptions and perceived value on sustainability education are identified as the factors impacting satisfaction and affective engagement. Four hundred sixty responses were collected from 14 institutions in the U.S. and Asia. A total of 342 responses were used to test the hypotheses. Factor analysis is used to identify the independent variables of the study, and multiple regression analysis is used to test the hypotheses. The results reveal that students´ satisfaction of programs teaching sustainability courses is as a result of their perceptions the program. Affective engagement with the programs teaching sustainability courses is as a result of their perceptions of the program and perceived value on sustainability education. The findings also provide evidence that affective engagement and program satisfaction are directly associated with intentions to work in the sustainable industry. Finally, the findings provide important implications to ensure sustainability is increasingly integrated into the hospitality and tourism curricula.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Anatomy A215: Basic Human Anatomy (Anat A215) is an undergraduate human anatomy course at Indiana University Bloomington (IUB) that serves as a requirement for many degree programs at IUB. The difficulty of the course, coupled with pressure to achieve grades for admittance into specific programs, has resulted in high remediation rates. In an attempt to help students to improve their study habits and metacognitive skills Medical Sciences M100: Improving Learning Skills in Anatomy (MSCI M100) was developed. MSCI M100 is an undergraduate course at IUB which is taught concurrently with Anat A215, with the hopes of promoting academic success in Anat A215. This multifaceted study was designed to analyze the factors associated with students who remediate Anat A215, to predict at-risk students in future semesters, and assess the effectiveness of MSCI M100. The first facet involved analysis of Anat A215 students’ demographic information and class performance data from the spring semester of 2004 through the spring semester of 2010. Results of data analysis can be used by IUB instructors and academic advisors to identify students at risk for remediating, as well as provide other undergraduate anatomy instructors across the U.S. with potential risk factors associated with remediation. The second facet of this research involved analyzing MSCI M100 course assignments to determine if there are improvements in student study habits and metacognitive skills. This investigation involved quantitative analysis of study logs and a learning attitudes survey, as well as a thorough inductive analysis of students’ weekly journal entries. Lastly, Anat A215 exam scores and final course grades for students who completed MSCI M100 and students who did not complete MSCI M100 were compared. Results from these analyses show promising improvements in students’ metacognition and study habits, but further research will better demonstrate the efficacy of MSCI M100.

A research report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Education at the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. / The aim of this study was to determine whether alternative conceptions about interference and diffraction do indeed exist, to identify the most important of these conceptions and to determine whether these conceptions relate to textbooks, as one of the main sources of students' knowledge. An analysis of secondary level textbooks and tertiary level non-calculus textbooks revealed that presentations of constructive and destructive interference, diffraction and other related aspects are treated inconsistently and in some cases contradictorily by different authors. The research instrument was a Physical Optics test which Physics students of the Technikon Pretoria wrote. This test revealed that alternative conceptions on elementary principles of interference and diffraction of light do exist and that they relate to textbook presentations. This study reveals that (i) the terms in phese and out of phase are not consistently used in different textbooks; (ii) the definitions of constructive and destructive interference in terms of phases cause major aiternative conceptions, (iii) the interrelation between interference and diffraction is not clarified. / AC2017

by Lau Yuk-kam, Eileen. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leave 60). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.vii / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Organization of the Report --- p.3 / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.4 / Literature Review --- p.4 / Data Collection --- p.5 / Curricula Information --- p.5 / Job Advertisement --- p.6 / Data Analysis --- p.7 / Chapter III. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.8 / Computer Science (CS) Curriculum --- p.8 / Information System (IS) Curriculum --- p.10 / Differences between CS & IS Curricula --- p.14 / Related Works --- p.15 / Chapter IV. --- RESULTS --- p.17 / Computer Related Curricula in Hong Kong --- p.17 / Computer Related Job Market in Hong Kong --- p.25 / Chapter V. --- ANALYSIS --- p.29 / Design of Computer Curricula by Local Universities --- p.29 / Employers' Perception of CS & IS --- p.31 / CS & IS Job Mis-match --- p.34 / Appropriateness of Universities in Preparing Graduates --- p.35 / Computer Science Curricula --- p.35 / Information Systems --- p.36 / Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK --- p.38 / Future Work --- p.39 / APPENDIX --- p.41 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.60

Yang Ying. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-145). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The Background of the Present Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- The Theoretical Background of the Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- The Contextual Background of the Study --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Rationale for the Present Study --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Organization of the Thesis --- p.6 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- REVIEW OF LITERATURE --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Understanding Language Awareness (LA) --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The Psycholinguistic Sense of Language Awareness --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Intuitive Awareness and Conscious Awareness of Language --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Awareness of Language as Understanding and Metacognition --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- The Dynamic Language Awareness --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.1.4 --- A Brief Summary of Section 2.1.1 --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The Educational Sense of Language Awareness --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Language Awareness and Learning About Language --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Language Awareness and Reflection about Language --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Language Awareness and The Learner's Role --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2.4 --- Language Awareness Work in the Classroom --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.2.5 --- The Scope of Language Awareness --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.2.6 --- A Summary of Section 2.1.2 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- la and related theory in second language teaching --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Input hypothesis --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The Noticing Hypothesis --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- LA Raising & Consciousness-Raising --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- The Interaction Hypothesis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- The Output Hypothesis --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Metalinguistic Awareness in Second Language Learning --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- A Summary of Section 2.2 --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3 --- Tasks and Learner Interaction： An Integrative Position --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4 --- "Empirical Studies： Noticing, Interaction and Language Awareness" --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary of the LA Claims --- p.52 / Chapter 2.6 --- Description of Linguistic Area： Adverbial Positioning in English --- p.53 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Obligatory & Optional Adverbials --- p.55 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Adverbial Positioning and Scope of Modification --- p.56 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Other Considerations Affecting Adverbial Positioning --- p.61 / Chapter 2.7 --- Research Questions and Hypotheses --- p.64 / Chapter 2.8 --- Summary of Chapter Two --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- DESIGN OF THE STUDY --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1 --- Selection of Subjects --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2 --- Construction of Instruments --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Development of the Pretest and the Posttest --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Three Weekly Reports --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- The Final Questionnaire --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Experimental Procedure --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- An Overview of the Procedure --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The Administering of the Pretest --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- The Lecture --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- The Nature of the Follow-up Tasks --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Treatments on the Three Groups --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- The Weekly Reports --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- The Administering of the Posttest --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- The Summary Session --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Administering the Questionnaire --- p.80 / Chapter 3.4 --- On the LA Process of the Study --- p.80 / Chapter 3.5 --- Methods of Data Analysis --- p.82 / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary of Chapter 3 --- p.83 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- REPORTING THE RESEARCH FINDINGS --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Test Performance： A General Picture --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- "Comparing G1, G2 and G3 on the Pretest" --- p.87 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Individual Group Gains (Losses) --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- "Comparing G1, G2 and G3 on the Post-test" --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Research Hypothesis Tested --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3 --- A Brief Summary of the Effect of Treatment --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4 --- Responses from Weekly Reports and Questionnaire & the LA Claims --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Data Approach and LA Claims --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Attitude Towards Grammar Learning --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Attitude Towards the Use of Metalanguage --- p.99 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Reports on Learner Motivation --- p.99 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- "The Development of ""Sensitivity “" --- p.100 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Self-evaluation on Understanding --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Attitudinal and Behavioral Change --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5 --- Some Possible Intervening Variables and the Constraints of the Study --- p.104 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary of the Chapter --- p.105 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- DISCUSSIONS OF RESEARCH FINDINGS --- p.107 / Chapter 5.1 --- Between LA & Non-LA Groups --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Impact of Interactive LA Work --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3 --- Summary of the Chapter --- p.117 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- CONCLUSION --- p.119 / Chapter 6.1 --- Pedagogical Implications --- p.120 / Chapter 6.2 --- Caveats in the Use of Learner Interaction as an LA Raising Approach --- p.124 / Chapter 6.3 --- Recommendations for Further Research --- p.126 / Chapter 6.4. --- Summary of the Chapter --- p.128 / REFERENCES --- p.130

Lin Hin-Sze. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-160). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES --- p.ix / CHAPTER / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Dilemma --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Purpose --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Plan of Development --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Feedback on Writing --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Written Comments --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Spoken Feedback --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Writing Conferences / Chapter 2.2 --- Revisions --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Revisions: Definitions and Its Role --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The Development of Coding System in Revision Research --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- Research Gap --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- "Studies Based on Attitude, Perception and Impression" --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Studies Examining the Actual Discourse of Writing Conferences --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Studies Relating Conferences and Students' Revisions --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Studies Examining Second Language Learners --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Lack of Research Studies in EFL Contexts --- p.33 / Chapter 3 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1 --- Settings --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Participants --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- The Writing Tutors --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The Student Subjects --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- Data Sources and Data Collection --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Questionnaires --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Writing Conference Interactions --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Tutors' Reports --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Students' Forms --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Students' Texts --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Interviews --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data Analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Conference Data Analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Analysis of Revisions of Writings --- p.45 / Chapter 4 --- DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF WRITING CONFERENCES --- p.47 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Coding System --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Development of an Integrated Coding System for Writing Conference Interactions --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- "Davis, Hayward, Hunter and Wallace (1989)" --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Sperling (1989) --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- Newkirk (1995) --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.1.4 --- Walker & Elias (1987) and Walker (1992) --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Application --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Evaluation --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- An Overview of the Results and Findings --- p.61 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Structure of Writing Conferences in the EFL Context --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- The Overall Structure --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Inform --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Elicitation --- p.67 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Reread --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Elaboration --- p.74 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Function of Writing Conference Talk in the EFL Context --- p.76 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- The Higher Frequency Categories --- p.77 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Marker --- p.78 / Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Explanation --- p.81 / Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Knowledge on Revision --- p.86 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- The Low Frequency Categories --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Preliminary --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5.2.2 --- Requests --- p.91 / Chapter 4.5.2.3 --- In-conference Revisions --- p.91 / Chapter 5 --- STUDENTS' REVISION BEHAVIOR --- p.93 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview of Results and Findings --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2 --- Comparison Across the Papers --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3 --- Types of revisions --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Surface Changes --- p.100 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Meaning Changes --- p.102 / Chapter 5.4 --- Types of revision operations --- p.106 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- The Most Frequently Employed Operation 一 Addition --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- The Least Frequently Employed Operations --- p.113 / Chapter 6 --- THE LINK BETWEEN WRITING CONFERENCES AND REVISIONS --- p.119 / Chapter 6.1 --- Students' Revision Activities --- p.119 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Revision that Can Be Traced back to Conferences --- p.119 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Suggestions in Conferences that Did Not Result in Actual Revision --- p.121 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Revision that Cannot Be Traced back to Conferences --- p.128 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Structure of the Successful Conferences --- p.132 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Tutors' and Students' Talk --- p.133 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- The structural categories --- p.136 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Function of Conference Talk in the Successful Conferences --- p.137 / Chapter 7 --- CONCLUSION --- p.143 / Chapter 7.1 --- Discourse Analysis of EFL Writing Conferences --- p.144 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Allocation of Talk --- p.144 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- The Focus of Writing Conferences --- p.145 / Chapter 7.2 --- Students Revising Processes and the Relationship with the Writing Conferences --- p.146 / Chapter 7.3 --- "Strengths, Weakness and Limitations of the Study" --- p.148 / Chapter 7.4 --- Implications and Recommendations --- p.151 / Chapter 7.5 --- Contribution to this Field --- p.151 / REFERENCES --- p.154 / APPENDICES --- p.161 / Appendix 1 Exempt Protocol For Using Human Subjects in Research --- p.162 / Appendix 2 Consent Form for Student Subjects --- p.166 / Appendix 3 Consent Form for Writing Tutors --- p.167 / Appendix 4 Transcripts of Writing Conferences --- p.168 / Appendix 5 Initial and Subsequent Drafts of Students' Writings --- p.273