This study attempts to analyze the &lsquo / subordination&rsquo / of the Arab regional system by giving special reference to Egypt and Iraq, as the two most prominent Arab countries that challenged the established Westphalian state system in the Middle East. Through introducing the concept of &lsquo / subordination&rsquo / , the research seeks to answer the questions of &lsquo / what makes the Middle East different than other regions?&rsquo / and &lsquo / how the Middle East subordinated to the international system?&rsquo / The conduct of the thesis is based upon three interrelated discussions / systemic origins of the subordination and its main characteristics, subordination of the Middle East as sub-international regional system, and finally the case studies which testify and approve the validity and implications of the theoretical arguments that presented in the former parts of the thesis. Through the exercise of independent, original, and critical thought, this thesis aims to build on existing knowledge by using already known materials but with a new conceptualizations, design and interpretation.

The collapse of the Spanish real-estate market in 2007-8, and the colossal destruction of jobs it provoked, put an abrupt end to a decade-long model of growth, which was based on the construction and tourism industries as its primary motors as well as on the massive indebtedness of the labouring masses. In the severe economic downturn that ensued, a social conflict appeared: on the one side, the many indebted people forming the movement of the Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (PAH) and, on the other side, the financial industry. This study offers an ethnographic account of the aforementioned conflict as it unfolds in the precarious reality of Barcelona and Santa Coloma de Gramenet, with a particular emphasis on the experience and struggle of the affected persons. The argument advanced is that the main predicament of the debt conflict is the subordination of life processes to the imperatives of financial accumulation; a situation enabled by a specific constellation of forces, involving the successive governments of Spain, the financial elite, the police, and the courts.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Este trabalho busca analisar como se deu o processo de subordinação do trabalho ao capital desde o século XVI até os dias de hoje. O ponto de partida da análise é a cooperação simples e a manufatura. Nessa situação, o trabalhador é apenas formalmente subsumido ao capital. Isso se dá pelo prolongamento da jornada de trabalho e pela necessidade de manter certa produtividade de acordo com a lei da concorrência e com o processo global de produção. O segundo momento é o da grande indústria, que começou após a primeira revolução industrial. É nesse período em que ocorre a subordinação real do trabalho ao capital. Ou melhor, o trabalhador perde a subjetividade que possuía com o manuseamento de seus instrumentos de trabalho após a introdução da maquinaria no processo produtivo, é a primeira negação do processo de trabalho. Com a maquinaria, os instrumentos manuais dos trabalhadores são absorvidos pela máquina. Com isso, o trabalho é objetivado no capital decretando o modo de produção capitalista propriamente dito. A última fase desse processo de subordinação se dá nos dias de hoje, mas tem seu início com a crise no capitalismo no final dos anos sessenta. Trata-se da subordinação intelectual do trabalho ao capital em que o homem é colocado ao lado da máquina. Com as máquinas de controle programável e a produção contínua ocorre a segunda negação do processo de trabalho. Criam-se as condições para que o homem seja sujeito do processo de produção. / This work searchs to analyze as if it gave the process of subordination of the work to the capital since century XVI until the present. The starting point of the analysis is the simple cooperation and the manufacture. In this situation, the worker only is formal subordinate to the capital. This if gives for the prolongation of the hours of working and for the necessity to keep certain productivity in accordance with the law of the competition and with the global process of production. As the moment is of the great industry, that started the first industrial revolution after. It is in this period where the real subordination of the work to the capital occurs. Or better, the worker loses the subjectivity that he possessed with handling of its instruments of work after the introduction of the machinery in the productive process, is the first negation of the work process. With the machinery, the manual instruments of the workers are absorbed by the machine. With this, the work is objectified in the capital having decreed the way of capitalist production properly said. The last phase of this process of subordination if gives nowadays, but it has its beginning with the crisis in the capitalism in the end of the Sixties. One is about the intellectual subordination of the work to the capital where the man is placed to the side of the machine. With the machines of programmable control and the continuous production the second negation of the work process occurs. The conditions are created so that the man is subject of the production process.

The first aim of this work is to describe the subordinate implicit clauses in Italian and in French and to compare the structures of these clauses in both languages. The second aim is to examine the use of the subordinate clauses formed with gerund in Italian and in French in a corpus of journalistic texts. The work is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. At the beginning, the theoretical part includes an explanation of some notions and a short description of the morphology and syntax of the non-finite verb forms in Italian and in French. A larger part of the work is then dedicated to the description of the subordinate implicit clauses in Italian and in French. The practical part contains an analysis of the subordinate gerund clauses in both languages. The corpus analysis is conducted using the corpus InterCorp and its aim is to examine the frequency, the semantics and the function of gerund in Italian and in French in journalistic texts.

Submitted by Gustavo da Silva Andrade null (andrade_riopreto@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-20T22:17:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-GSANDRADE (2016).pdf: 1243092 bytes, checksum: cd2baf6457aa75646572b61d1fbe4b87 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-22T20:18:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_gs_me_sjrp.pdf: 1243092 bytes, checksum: cd2baf6457aa75646572b61d1fbe4b87 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-22T20:18:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_gs_me_sjrp.pdf: 1243092 bytes, checksum: cd2baf6457aa75646572b61d1fbe4b87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-12 / Na presente dissertação, procedemos à análise do fenômeno de alçamento de constituintes, na modalidade falada da língua portuguesa, na variante do português falado no noroeste paulista. O Alçamento, fenômeno que se manifesta em contextos de orações completivas, é definido na literatura funcional-tipológica como a ocorrência de constituinte argumental do predicado da oração encaixada nos limites da oração matriz, com consequente ajuste de caso e de concordância neste domínio, e redução da encaixada à forma infinitiva. Para a investigação empírica, utilizamos como corpora amostras de fala da região Noroeste do estado de São Paulo, provenientes do Banco de Dados Iboruna, nas quais levantamos dois tipos de alçamentos: (i) Alçamento de Sujeito a Sujeito e (ii) Alçamento de Objeto a Sujeito. Nossa análise realiza-se de forma qualitativa e quantitativa, a fim de verificarmos a atuação de parâmetros de natureza morfossintática (relação argumental do constituinte alçado com o predicado encaixado; formato da oração encaixada; concordância nos limites dos predicados matriz e encaixado; presença de pronome cópia na oração encaixada; transitividade do predicado encaixado; classe morfológica do predicado matriz; correlação modo-temporal e forma de expressão da conexão entre as orações matriz e encaixada; tipo estrutural e número-pessoa do Constituinte alçado), de natureza semântica (tipo semântico do predicado matriz e referencialidade, animacidade e papel semântico do constituinte alçado) e de natureza discursivo-pragmática (relevância e estatuto informacional do constituinte alçado). À luz dos pressupostos funcionalistas de língua e de organização do sistema gramatical, distinguimos Alçamento de outros fenômenos semelhantes funcionalmente motivados que tomam lugar junto às orações encaixadas (equi-deletion, Topicalização e Deslocamento à Esquerda). Nosso percurso culmina no entendimento de que nem todos os critérios tipológicos para identificação do Alçamento se aplicam consistentemente aos dados do PB, sob o risco de exclusão do fenômeno de casos típicos de constituinte alçado que não apresentam redução da oração encaixada e/ou ajustes morfossintáticos nos limites da matriz, o que aponta para dois prognósticos: a compatibilidade do fenômeno também com encaixada na forma finita e a concepção de que o Alçamento é um fenômeno morfossintático que encontra motivação em fatores semânticos e discursivo-pragmáticos. / In this dissertation, we examined the raising phenomenon of constituents in the spoken form of the Portuguese language, in spoken Portuguese variant in the northwestern of Sao Paulo. The raising, a phenomenon that manifests itself in complement clause contexts, is defined in the functional-typological literature as the occurrence of argumental constituent of the clause predicate embedded within the limits of the matrix clause, with consequent adjustment of case and concordance in this domain, and reduction of the embedded to the infinitive form. For the empirical research, we used as corpora speech samples of the northwest region of the Sao Paulo state, from the Iboruna data Bank, in which we identified two kinds of raising: (i) raising from subject to subject and (ii) raising from object to subject. Our analysis is carried out qualitatively and quantitatively in order to verify the working of morphosyntactic (argumental relation of the raised constituent to the embedded predicate; format of the embedded clause, concordance within the limits of the matrix and embedded clause; presence of copy pronoun within the embedded clause; transitivity of the embedded clause; morphological class of the matrix predicate, modal-tense correlation and expression form of the connection between the matrix and embedded clauses, structural type and number-person of the raised NP), semantic (semantic type of matrix predicate and referentiality, animacy and semantic role of the raised constituent) and discursive-pragmatic (relevance and informational status of the raised constituent) parameters. In the light of the functionalist assumptions of language and organization of the grammatical system, we distinguish raising from other functionally motivated similar phenomena that take place along the embedded clauses (Equi-deletion, Topicalization and Left deslocation). Our path culminates with the understanding that not all typological criteria for identification of the raising consistently apply to the BP data, at the risk of the exclusion of the phenomenon of typical cases of raised constituent which do not present reduced embedded clause and/or morphosyntactic adjustments in the matrix boundaries, pointing to two predictions: phenomenon compatibility also embedded in finite form and the conception that the Raising is a morphosyntactic phenomenon that finds motivation in semantic and discourse-pragmatic factors.

Este trabalho busca analisar como se deu o processo de subordinação do trabalho ao capital desde o século XVI até os dias de hoje. O ponto de partida da análise é a cooperação simples e a manufatura. Nessa situação, o trabalhador é apenas formalmente subsumido ao capital. Isso se dá pelo prolongamento da jornada de trabalho e pela necessidade de manter certa produtividade de acordo com a lei da concorrência e com o processo global de produção. O segundo momento é o da grande indústria, que começou após a primeira revolução industrial. É nesse período em que ocorre a subordinação real do trabalho ao capital. Ou melhor, o trabalhador perde a subjetividade que possuía com o manuseamento de seus instrumentos de trabalho após a introdução da maquinaria no processo produtivo, é a primeira negação do processo de trabalho. Com a maquinaria, os instrumentos manuais dos trabalhadores são absorvidos pela máquina. Com isso, o trabalho é objetivado no capital decretando o modo de produção capitalista propriamente dito. A última fase desse processo de subordinação se dá nos dias de hoje, mas tem seu início com a crise no capitalismo no final dos anos sessenta. Trata-se da subordinação intelectual do trabalho ao capital em que o homem é colocado ao lado da máquina. Com as máquinas de controle programável e a produção contínua ocorre a segunda negação do processo de trabalho. Criam-se as condições para que o homem seja sujeito do processo de produção. / This work searchs to analyze as if it gave the process of subordination of the work to the capital since century XVI until the present. The starting point of the analysis is the simple cooperation and the manufacture. In this situation, the worker only is formal subordinate to the capital. This if gives for the prolongation of the hours of working and for the necessity to keep certain productivity in accordance with the law of the competition and with the global process of production. As the moment is of the great industry, that started the first industrial revolution after. It is in this period where the real subordination of the work to the capital occurs. Or better, the worker loses the subjectivity that he possessed with handling of its instruments of work after the introduction of the machinery in the productive process, is the first negation of the work process. With the machinery, the manual instruments of the workers are absorbed by the machine. With this, the work is objectified in the capital having decreed the way of capitalist production properly said. The last phase of this process of subordination if gives nowadays, but it has its beginning with the crisis in the capitalism in the end of the Sixties. One is about the intellectual subordination of the work to the capital where the man is placed to the side of the machine. With the machines of programmable control and the continuous production the second negation of the work process occurs. The conditions are created so that the man is subject of the production process.

The objective of this paper is to offer a methodology for sizing credit-sensitive Asset Backed Securities (ABS) used in the prime mortgage lending sector in the U.S. and then to evaluate their relative performance. Using a multi-factor Monte Carlo simulation framework, we perform a four-step analysis. First, we estimate scenario-specific credit losses from a given mortgage pool. We then structure the pool into a 6-pack subordination structure based on statistically-determined stress economic scenarios. Next, we estimate performance indicators of the tranches to compare risk-adjusted returns. Finally, we report our results in terms of tranche-specific risk-adjusted returns. The results indicate that the middle tranches of ABS, e.g., BBB and BB, possess the lowest risk-adjusted returns. We also find and explain a cliff phenomenon in the tranche-level principal cash flows.

The objective of this paper is to offer a methodology for sizing credit-sensitive Asset Backed Securities (ABS) used in the prime mortgage lending sector in the U.S. and then to evaluate their relative performance. Using a multi-factor Monte Carlo simulation framework, we perform a four-step analysis. First, we estimate scenario-specific credit losses from a given mortgage pool. We then structure the pool into a 6-pack subordination structure based on statistically-determined stress economic scenarios. Next, we estimate performance indicators of the tranches to compare risk-adjusted returns. Finally, we report our results in terms of tranche-specific risk-adjusted returns. The results indicate that the middle tranches of ABS, e.g., BBB and BB, possess the lowest risk-adjusted returns. We also find and explain a cliff phenomenon in the tranche-level principal cash flows.

Parataxe et subordination, ces deux termes, parfois antithétiques, sont problématiques du fait même de leur extrême polysémie. C’est de cette ambiguïté que naît l’objet d’étude, les constructions asyndétiques, au statut incertain entre intégration et indépendance. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons de réinterroger ce phénomène ancien et déjà bien connu en ancien français, en le mettant en regard des remises en question et avancées des recherches actuelles sur le sujet. Pour cela, il nous faut tout d'abord poser une définition de ce qu'est la subordination. Nous montrons ensuite que les constructions asyndétiques sont bien des cas de subordination. Cette thèse établit enfin que ce phénomène constitue, en ancien français du moins, une variante libre en syntaxe. Sa répartition et sa présence dans les textes a cependant très tôt diminué, mais l’existence de phénomènes parallèles en français moderne, tout comme d’autres indices, nous permettent de faire l’hypothèse que cette évolution tient d’une alternance oral / écrit. Cette thèse montre ainsi que les problèmes, comme les enjeux, ne diffèrent finalement pas, quel que soit l’état de langue et que la parataxe constitue bien une construction dans le système de la langue. / Parataxis and subordination, two sometimes antithetical terms, are problematic due to their high degree of polysemy. It is from this ambiguity that arises the subject of this study, asyndetic constructions, which have an uncertain status between integration and independence. In this dissertation we propose a reexamination of this ancient phenomenon, already well known in Old French, by placing it in the context of questions and advances in current research on the subject. In order to do this we must first give a definition of subordination. We then go on to show that asyndetic constructions are indeed a case of subordination. Finally, this dissertation shows that this phenomenon constitutes, at least in Old French, a free syntactic variation. Its dispersion and presence in texts diminished very early, but the existence of similar phenomena in Modern French, as well as other indicators, allow us to make the hypothesis that this evolution is due to an oral / written alternation. This dissertation thus shows that the issue related to subordination and parataxis do not actually differ, whether in Old French or Modern French, and that parataxis is indeed a construction in the language system.