Because of the Agreement on Agriculture’s (AoA) Article 13, dubbed the “Peace Clause,” the challengeability of agricultural subsidies has been limited; Article 13 had the power to prevent several types of legal challenges. The Peace Clause has expired, and now many agricultural subsidies can be challenged under substantive provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). However, there has been some uncertainty, because the new arrangement of agricultural subsidies’ challengeability is being defined by the interpretation and correlation of three different WTO agreements. This study verified, using a two-pronged method, that there is no conflict among the GATT 1994, the SCM Agreement and the AoA, and for this reason, they have to be applied together to regulate agricultural subsidies. This does not mean that all SCM Agreement provisions are automatically applied to agricultural subsidies, with a consequent free ride for challenges to agricultural subsidies. A successful challenge still has to overcome the SCM Agreement’s higher thresholds for challengeability compared with those of the GATT 1994 period. This condemnation became more difficult after the implementation of the WTO. Consequently, the goals established in the AoA of substantial and progressive reductions in agricultural support and protection still have to be accomplished.

Because of the Agreement on Agriculture’s (AoA) Article 13, dubbed the “Peace Clause,” the challengeability of agricultural subsidies has been limited; Article 13 had the power to prevent several types of legal challenges. The Peace Clause has expired, and now many agricultural subsidies can be challenged under substantive provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). However, there has been some uncertainty, because the new arrangement of agricultural subsidies’ challengeability is being defined by the interpretation and correlation of three different WTO agreements. This study verified, using a two-pronged method, that there is no conflict among the GATT 1994, the SCM Agreement and the AoA, and for this reason, they have to be applied together to regulate agricultural subsidies. This does not mean that all SCM Agreement provisions are automatically applied to agricultural subsidies, with a consequent free ride for challenges to agricultural subsidies. A successful challenge still has to overcome the SCM Agreement’s higher thresholds for challengeability compared with those of the GATT 1994 period. This condemnation became more difficult after the implementation of the WTO. Consequently, the goals established in the AoA of substantial and progressive reductions in agricultural support and protection still have to be accomplished.

In many countries, the agricultural subsidy is the existence, whether in order to protect the livelihood of farmers, or to ensure a stable supply of domestic agricultural products, the agricultural subsidy is the subject which may not neglect easily. This article uses new viewpoint which is brought by the economic geography, discusses the influence which the agricultural subsidy brings. We find that: (1) Agricultural subsidy would cause worker's nominal wage to change, causing further changes in production costs, thus affecting the equilibrium output of firms. (2) When subsidies some agricultural region, not necessarily improve the level of subsidy region. (3) If the degree of freedom of trade is low level , subsidies will make up the region's income level.

The object of study in social housing used to point an aging population, and single-parent families. With the international economic recession, lots of money flowing into the housing market that causing the prices stubbornly high. The Youth is unable to find the housing which they can affordable and become the working poor. In order to achieve the goal of living justice, assist and encourage youth people having the home appropriate ownership and proposed housing subsidy policy. In this study, the subjects have chosen for 20-year-old to 45-year-old youth citizens (at least 400 youth citizens) between the Taipei city and Kaohsiung city. We want to know the reaction whether has different of background with public information, policy recognition, current situation, rented of demand and the burden, non-rented of demand and the burden. In conclusion, both regions have the same main housing demand in the rent. Youth people are turly have the application for subsidy demand that Government should expand the service object included in the 20-year-old to 40-year-old single youth population. And encouraged people who is unable to have the ability to apply for subsidies in renting, combined with factors for single young people living considerations resolve youth people of housing demand from the supply side.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 51 p. : ill, maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-50).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-167).

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

Prolonged experience of high and long-term unemployment has led many governments to a renewed interest in active labour market policies. In particular, targeted wage subsidies have been seen as a means of both directly getting longterm unemployed people into work, and improving their future prospects of finding and keeping jobs. We examine three issues. Firstly, we look at the macroeconomic theory of targeted wage subsidies, and, to a lesser extent, job search assistance, within efficiency wage, union bargaining and search theoretic frameworks. Subsidies directly increase labour demand, but we also find that their effectiveness is enhanced by general equilibrium effects from targeting: wage pressure is reduced; and the average quality of the unemployed pool rises as long-term unemployed workers are removed from it, increasing the incentives for other firms to open vacancies. Secondly we address the optimal degree of policy targeting, using an extension of the Mortensen-Pissarides job creation and destruction model. We argue that there are real gains to targeting the long-term unemployed, but also diminishing returns. Hence, as the level of policy expenditure rises, the extent of targeting should fall. Simulating the model for the UK, we find that policy could have a significant impact on equilibrium unemployment, with more modest welfare gains. Finally, we look at longer-term employability effects by evaluating the Australian Special Youth Employment Training Program (SYETP). Controlling for selection bias using a bivariate probit, we find that participation increased the chances of having a job by 26% between 8 and 13 months after subsidy expiry, and 20% a year later. Much of this gain arose from retention of initially subsidised jobs, but even excluding this, participants were significantly more likely to be employed in subsequent years than if they had not gone on the programme.

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