Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Le site moustérien de la Grotte du Bison est situé au cœur des grottes préhistoriques longeant la rivière de la Cure à Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne, France). La couche I-J de ce gisement représente une occupation néandertalienne datant de la fin du stade isotopique 4 (MIS 4) et du début du stade 3. Face à l’instabilité du climat durant cette période, les groupes de chasseurs-cueilleurs néandertaliens doivent faire des choix en matière d’acquisition des ressources alimentaires. Le mode de subsistance de ces groupes implique des choix stratégiques de comportements de chasse, de transport et de traitement des carcasses, ainsi que de mobilité de groupe. Quelles sont les stratégies d’exploitation de la faune employées par les Néandertaliens à Arcy-sur-Cure il y a un peu plus de 50 000 ans? Ce mémoire présente une analyse archéozoologique de l’assemblage faunique mis au jour durant la mission de fouilles 2014. Les résultats indiquent que les populations néandertaliennes ont occupé le site de façon saisonnière en alternance avec d’autres animaux carnivores comme l’ours des cavernes et la hyène des cavernes. Les hyènes et les Néandertaliens sont deux potentiels agents accumulateurs d’ossements dans la grotte. Un regard taphonomique sur l’assemblage faunique de la couche I-J suggère que les groupes néandertaliens ont chassé le renne et le cheval, alors que les meutes de hyènes ont accumulé des ossements de bovinés et de chevaux. Les groupes néandertaliens de la Grotte du Bison ont rapporté les carcasses entières de leurs proies sur le site. Ils en ont exploité la viande, la moelle, les peaux, ont fabriqué des outils en os et ont utilisé les plumes des rapaces, vraisemblablement à des fins symboliques. / The “Grotte du Bison” is a Mousterian site located along the river Cure at Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne, France). Level I-J is a Neanderthal occupation of the cave that occurred during the end of marine isotope stage 4 (MIS 4) and the beginning of stage 3. This period is characterised by strong climate instability, which conditioned the Neanderthals’ choices regarding their subsistence. Subsistence patterns are defined by various behaviours such as the type of hunting strategy adopted, carcass transport and butchery practices and residential mobility. What subsistence strategies were adopted by Neanderthal groups who occupied the Grotte du Bison over 50 000 years ago? This thesis presents a zooarchaeological analysis of the faunal assemblage excavated during the 2014 excavations. The results indicate that Neanderthal populations seasonally occupied the site alternating with carnivores such as bears (hibernating in the cave during the winter) and hyenas. Both Neanderthals and hyenas served as bone accumulators in the cave. Preliminary taphonomic analysis of the faunal assemblage from level I-J suggest that the Neanderthals hunted horses and reindeers while hyenas hunted and/or scavenged bovines and horses. Neanderthals from the Grotte du Bison transported whole carcasses to the site where they butchered them, exploiting their bone marrow and grease, processed the skins, made bone tools, and used raptor feathers (possibly as items of personal adornment).

ASSISTANCE TO PERSONS IN MATERIAL NEED At the present time in the Czech Republic the assistance to persons in material need is provided by nongovernmental organisations (Salvation Army, Naděje, Diakonie and others). However, the state has the bigger role to play in this area as according to Art. 30/2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms it is obliged to provide anyone in material need the assistance in securing basic living conditions. The state does so through the Material Need Assistance Bodies. As the previous legal regulation of assistance to persons in social need had not been fully sufficient, a new Act on Assistance in Material Need was adopted, coming into force on 1 January 2007. This Act introduced several crucial changes. The Material Need Assistance Body is obliged to provide social consultation to anyone in material need. Timely and professional consultation very often leads to resolving the difficult situation of the client, and regularly there is no longer any need to grant and disburse the relevant benefits and allowances. In case the social consultation is insufficient to resolve the situation of the client the Act allows for disbursing material need assistance benefits and allowances. These are envisioned to resolve certain situation of the client. If the client lacks...

Nossa pesquisa investiga a criança - escrava, ingênua ou livre, com idade inferior a 15 anos - inserida como mão-de-obra nos domicílios de Mariana, Minas Gerais, durante a segunda metade do século XIX. Esta localidade, desde o declínio da mineração, passou a ter a produção de alimentos como atividade econômica principal. O período contemplado foi de transição do sistema escravista para o sistema livre de trabalho. A cessação do tráfico internacional de escravos, a liberdade concedida a crianças nascidas de mães escravas e a escravos com mais de 60 anos foram partes de um processo de transição gradual, cujo corolário foi a abolição da escravatura. De 1850 a 1871, os senhores tinham no tráfico interno e na reprodução natural a esperança de perpetuação do regime, mas, depois da Lei Rio Branco, a segunda possibilidade foi eliminada pelo ventre livre. Tal lei, entretanto, permitia aos escravistas a utilização da mão-de-obra dos ingênuos até que estes completassem 21 anos. O senhor que desejasse manter a utilização da mão-de-obra coercitiva teria algumas dificuldades (a maior delas, talvez, fosse a elevação dos preços dos cativos). Nesse contexto, muitos projetos buscaram contornar a ausência do escravo. Entre eles, alguns idealizavam o uso da mão-de-obra nacional, especialmente de livres pobres, libertos e ingênuos. Dentro dessa alternativa, a criança, que poderia ser educada desde cedo para o trabalho, tinha papel relevante. Nossa pesquisa demonstra que entre os fatores pelos quais a criança se inseria no mundo do trabalho, estavam o cativeiro, a orfandade, a ilegitimidade e a pobreza. Os pequenos trabalhadores executavam tarefas ligadas à roça, ao pastoreio e aos serviços domésticos. A documentação revelou poucas crianças com idade inferior a 7 anos inseridas na labuta, mas o número de trabalhadores aumentava progressivamente nas faixas etárias seguintes. Percebe-se que dos 12 aos 14 anos, os menores já têm suas profissões descritas nos documentos. Investigamos uma extensa gama de fontes primárias. Foram inventários post-mortem, matrículas de escravos e de ingênuos, registros de compra e venda de escravos, processos judiciais, cartas de alforria, mapas de população, listas de habitantes, o Recenseamento Geral do Império de 1872 e os relatórios de presidente da província. Tais documentos, cartoriais ou oficiais, possibilitaram-nos vislumbrar as características do trabalho infantil na Mariana oitocentista. / This research studies the children (slave, \"ingênuo\" or free; under 15 years old) inserted as laborers in Mariana (Minas Gerais) households during the second half of the 19th century. Since the decline of mining, that locality consolidated the subsistence economy as its main activity. The focused period constitutes a transition from slavery to a free labor system. The interruption of international slave traffic and the emancipation of children born of slave mothers and of slaves over 60 years old were events of a gradual transition process, culminating in the abolition of slavery. From 1850 to 1871, the internal traffic and natural reproduction were the only ways to perpetuate slave labour, but the latter possibility was excluded by Lei Rio Branco. However, that law authorized the slaveholders to use \"ingênuos\'s\" labor up to the age of 21. The slaveholder who wanted to keep forced labour would have some kind of difficulties (the worst of them, maybe, was a rise in the cost of the slaves). In these circumstances, many projects tried to compensate for the absence of slave labour. Among them, there were those which focused on the use of native workers, particularly poor free men, freedmen and \"ingênuos\". By this conception, the children, who could be early educated for work, had a considerable role. Some of the reasons why children began to work were the captivity, orphanhood, illegitimacy and poorness. The young workers did tasks as farmhand, shepherds and domestic servants. The documentation contained few working children under 7 years old, but the number of working children increased progressively in the following age groups. From 12 to 14 years old, the children already had their occupations described in the documents. We examined a vast set of register office sources - post-mortem inventories, slave and \"ingênuos\" registrations, records of slave purchases and sales, judicial suits, letters of emancipation - and official sources - population maps, inhabitant lists, 1872 census, provincial presidential reports -,which gave us an idea of the children\'s labour in Mariana in the 19th century.

This thesis presents a narrative of Aboriginal economic responses in the 19th century to the colonisation of the Shoalhaven and Illawarra regions of New South Wales. It explores the competing claims of articulation theory and dependency theory about the intersection of colonial and indigenous economies. Dependency theory claims that settlers destroy the indigenous mode of production to permit the expansion of their own economic system. They exploit indigenous labour which then becomes dependent on capitalist sources of subsistence. Articulation theory, as modified by Layton (2001) to recognise the bi-directional nature of contact, posits that the rate of capitalist penetration into indigenous economies is variable and that the non-capitalist mode of production may be preserved to create a self-supporting source of labour. The contrasting theories are assessed in this thesis by determining the contribution different strategies made to Aboriginal subsistence. Historical evidence is used to assess each strategy. The main source of information is from Alexander Berry's Shoalhaven estate, where Aboriginal people lived from settlement in 1822 until they were moved to a reserve in the early 1900s. The analysis suggests that contrary to previous research, Aboriginal people gained the majority of their subsistence from fishing, hunting and gathering until 1860. Strategies that depended on the colonial economy such as farm work, trading, living with settlers and stealing made only minor contributions to Aboriginal subsistence. After 1860, European land use intensified and Aboriginal people were further alienated from the land. The contribution of hunting and gathering contracted as a result. Dependency on government assistance increased, particularly after the foundation of the Aborigines Protection Board in 1882. Fishing remained an important source of food and cash. Maritime resources were not commercially exploited to a significant extent until the closing years of the 19th century when Aboriginal people were provided with boats and nets to assist their efforts. The historical evidence demonstrates that articulation theory offers a more realistic approach than does dependency theory when analysing the intersection of colonial and indigenous economies. This is because articulation theory can predict variable outcomes. The variable outcome suggested by the Shoalhaven and Illawarra data are that hunting, gathering and fishing economies have the resilience to withstand the colonial encounter if sufficient resources are made available.

This paper presents two applications of empirical microeconomics based on choice theoretic optimization principles. The first topic explores the determinants of subsistence time allocation in a utility theoretic model of household production. The second topic examines firm pricing behavior in a deregulated, but concentrated industry setting. The first part of this applied microeconomic analysis estimates the subsistence time versus wage labor time allocations of Alaska's North Slope inhabitants using ordered probit based on a household production model. The explanatory variables measure labor supply, demographic, and cultural influences. The major findings are as follows. First parameter estimates differ statistically and substantially between Inupiat versus non-Inupiat residents, implying that optimal natural resource management decisions may vary with the ethnicity of the resource owners. Second, marital status, age, gender, and participation in generalized gift giving and receiving are important determinants of subsistence time allocations. Third, time spent in wage labor appears to be exogenous to the subsistence time allocation decision, indicating that the time allocation process is recursive. Fourth, we find an inverse relationship between wage labor time and subsistence participation. This means that reductions in wage employment opportunities lead to increased subsistence activity. For the North Slope, this implies that Prudhoe oil depletion will result in an increase in the use of subsistence natural resources. The second part of this study turns from the individual behavior to firm behavior. During the 1980's, researchers have noted a trend towards increased concentration in the general freight, less-than-truckload (LTL) portion of the U.S. motor carrier industry. The purpose of this study is to employ new empirical industrial organization (NEIO) techniques to determine whether the more concentrated post-1980, LTL motor carrier industry is exerting anti-competitive monopoly pricing behavior. The NEIO approach is used to formulate the relationship between market price and marginal cost in what is referred to as the representative firm's 'supply relation.' The firm's supply relation is estimated jointly with the cost function and the factor share equations under the assumption that cross equation disturbance terms are correlated (SUR). An instrumental variables procedure is used to test and control for correlation between output (on the right hand side) and the disturbance terms in the cost and supply equations. The results indicate that the trend toward increased industry concentration does not imply anti-competitive performance in the sense of rising price-cost margins. / Graduation date: 1994

The world’s human population is presently politically organized into an international system of territorially-defined nation-states. Each nation-state claims sovereign rights to non-interference and self-determination which minimize the legitimate influence of all other nation-states on the conduct of its internal affairs. International political discourse using the concept of human rights has become increasingly influential in addressing the regulation and restrictions of coercive activity that governing institutions can exact upon citizen populations. If there are universal human rights that all persons possess regardless of national affiliation, does this include basic economic rights that should insure all persons the basic economic goods necessary for healthy subsistence? Philosophers working within the state of nature contractual theory of government philosophical tradition, including Hobbes, Locke, Nozick, and Rawls, reach contradictory conclusions regarding the existence of universal basic economic rights. More recently, Shue has provided arguments affirming the existence of universal basic economic rights.

Economic data concerning the costs and benefits of Inuit subsistence in the Igloolik region of Nunavut were collected during the summer of 1992. The purpose of the research was to develop a method of valuation to showcase the high "profit", in economic terms, that harvested country food provides. / Wildlife harvesting in Inuit communities represents a traditional way of life which is threatened by the increasing expansion of wage employment, industrial development and the availability of store bought food. However, rather than having a marginalizing effect, these changes make subsistence hunting an essential economic activity. / This thesis develops a method to measure the harvest of country food through a dollar value standard thus quantifying the real economic benefits of Inuit subsistence. The value of harvested food can then be compared economically to store bought food. This comparison shows that subsistence hunting provides Inuit with a relatively inexpensive food source, equivalent to $6 million of income ``in kind'' per community in the Baffin Region. In this era of store bought food and wage employment, Inuit communities remain economically and socially integrated through subsistence hunting. Without harvesting, northern communities would be culturally and nutritionally poorer than at any time in the past.

Kabazi II est un site de plein air, situé sur la deuxième rangée des Monts de Crimée. Après sa découverte en 1986, les investigations archéologiques effectuées entre 1987 et le milieu des années 90 ont établi que Kabazi II avait auparavant servi de lieu de chasse et d’abattage pour les groupes néanderthaliens de la région. Les études archéozoologiques antérieures (Patou-Mathis 2003, 1999, 2005, 2006a, 2006b) ont déterminé que les stratégies de subsistance des Néanderthaliens du Kabazi II étaient très spécialisées et principalement axées sur la chasse des petits groupes de Equus hydruntinus mais aussi, à l’occasion, sur la chasse d’autres espèces. Ces comportements ont persisté malgré les changements climatiques et technologiques à travers l’histoire d’occupation du site. Cette étude présente l’analyse des assemblages fauniques encore inédits des niveaux II/1,II/2-1, II/2, II/3, II/4, II/5, II/7, II/8, II/9, II/13, II/13A de Kabazi II. Nos résultats sont en accord avec ceux obtenus parles d’études antérieures ; cependant, des différences par rapport à la fonction du site ont été constatées et un lien possible avec Kabazi V, un abri sur roche tout près de Kabazi II, a été établi. On croit que la persistance des activités de subsistance des Néanderthaliens de Kabazi II pendant presque 100 000 ans de présence est due à la polyvalence des ânes asiatiques tels que Equus hydruntinus, au contexte géographique et géologique de la région ainsi qu’aux caractéristiques du site elles-mêmes. / Kabazi II is an open-air site situated within the second chain of the Crimean Mountains. Discovered in 1986, and intensively excavated from 1987 to the mid 1990’s, Kabazi II served as a kill and butchery site for Neanderthal groups in the area. Previous faunal analyses at Kabazi II (Patou-Mathis 2003, 1999, 2005, 2006a,2006b) indicate that the subsistence strategies of the Neanderthals at Kabazi II were highly specialized and were primarily focused on hunting small groups of Equus hydruntinus as well as occasional encounter-based hunting of other mammal species. This practice had apparently remained unchanged in spite of changes in lithic industry, climate, and local vegetation cover. This study presents the analysis of previously unexamined faunal assemblages from Levels II/1, II/2-1, II/2, II/3, II/4, II/5, II/7, II/8, II/9, II/13, II/13A. The results obtained here concur with those of the previous analyses however differences in the use of Kabazi II have been observed and a possible link with the nearby rock-shelter, Kabazi V has been determined. It is believed that the persistence of the hunting practices of the Neanderthals at Kabazi II throughout its nearly 100 000 year sequence of occupations is due to the versatility of wild asses such as Equus hydruntinus, the geography and geology of the study area, in addition to characteristics of Kabazi II itself.

Ce mémoire consiste en une analyse zooarchéologique d’un assemblage faunique provenant d’un site Dorsétien des Îles Nuvuk dans l’Arctique canadien. Les données fauniques ont été analysées statistiquement en appliquant des indices d’utilité économique et des indices de densité des os. Une étude concernant le niveau de conservation de l’assemblage a révélé peu d’évidence de modification taphonomique des spécimens. Les analyses fauniques ont permis d’identifier une stratégie de subsistance de type généraliste et basée sur l’exploitation de mammifères marins, surtout des phoques annelés, pratiquée par les occupants du site de KcFs-2. Une prédominance d’individus immatures (phoques annelés) dans l’assemblage indique une abondance de ressources marines dans les régions du nord de la Baie d’Hudson et du détroit d’Hudson au moment de l’occupation, ce qui est aussi manifeste dans des études antérieures concernant les économies des peuples du Paléoesquimau tardif pour la période donnée. L’occupation du site de KcFs-2 s’est produite durant la période du Dorsétien récent au Nunavik (1500-800 B.P.), et la séquence est définie comme ayant été multi-saisonnière (de l’hiver à l’été). L’analyse des produits de l’industrie osseuse (têtes de harpons et sculptures en ivoire) a permis de confirmer l’affiliation culturelle des occupants. / This thesis presents a zooarchaeological analysis of a faunal assemblage from a Dorset site (KcFs-2) on the Nuvuk Islands in the Canadian Arctic. The faunal data was analyzed through the application of bone density and economic utility indices and bivariate statistical tests. A brief taphonomic study was also undertaken, showing that the assemblage was not heavily affected taphonomically. The faunal analysis revealed a generalized subsistence strategy with an intensified focus on marine mammal exploitation, specifically ringed seals. The predominance of immature ringed seals exposed through the study indicates an abundance of marine resources in the northern Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait regions during the period under study, which correlates well with existing studies concerning Late Palaeoeskimo economy. Occupation of the KcFs-2 site occurred in the Late Dorset period of Nunavik (1500-800 B.P.) and is defined on a multi-seasonal level, from late winter through summer. Analyses of the organic artefact assemblage (harpoon heads and sculpted objects) served to confirm the relative dating of the site and aided in the definition of the cultural affiliation of the inhabitants of the KcFs-2 site.