This thesis presents a narrative of Aboriginal economic responses in the 19th century to the colonisation of the Shoalhaven and Illawarra regions of New South Wales. It explores the competing claims of articulation theory and dependency theory about the intersection of colonial and indigenous economies. Dependency theory claims that settlers destroy the indigenous mode of production to permit the expansion of their own economic system. They exploit indigenous labour which then becomes dependent on capitalist sources of subsistence. Articulation theory, as modified by Layton (2001) to recognise the bi-directional nature of contact, posits that the rate of capitalist penetration into indigenous economies is variable and that the non-capitalist mode of production may be preserved to create a self-supporting source of labour. The contrasting theories are assessed in this thesis by determining the contribution different strategies made to Aboriginal subsistence. Historical evidence is used to assess each strategy. The main source of information is from Alexander Berry's Shoalhaven estate, where Aboriginal people lived from settlement in 1822 until they were moved to a reserve in the early 1900s. The analysis suggests that contrary to previous research, Aboriginal people gained the majority of their subsistence from fishing, hunting and gathering until 1860. Strategies that depended on the colonial economy such as farm work, trading, living with settlers and stealing made only minor contributions to Aboriginal subsistence. After 1860, European land use intensified and Aboriginal people were further alienated from the land. The contribution of hunting and gathering contracted as a result. Dependency on government assistance increased, particularly after the foundation of the Aborigines Protection Board in 1882. Fishing remained an important source of food and cash. Maritime resources were not commercially exploited to a significant extent until the closing years of the 19th century when Aboriginal people were provided with boats and nets to assist their efforts. The historical evidence demonstrates that articulation theory offers a more realistic approach than does dependency theory when analysing the intersection of colonial and indigenous economies. This is because articulation theory can predict variable outcomes. The variable outcome suggested by the Shoalhaven and Illawarra data are that hunting, gathering and fishing economies have the resilience to withstand the colonial encounter if sufficient resources are made available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EvaMariaLFerreira.pdf: 639213 bytes, checksum: db53faa365c33c72e95204564fce6b9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-30 / The dissertation in hand addresses the participation of the Kaiowá and Guarani Indians as tea gathers in the Matte Laranjeira Company in former Mato Grosso. The aim has been to investigate how the participation of this population came about in the various stages of tea gathering. For this the study sought to determine the presence of the indigenous population in the diverse work fronts which were established in the region during the process of territorial occupation of the south of Mato Grosso. The study is supported by bibliographical research, including the most relevant works on the theme. It also includes consultation of the microfilmed documentation of the Indian Protection Service (IPS) which refers to the Indigenous Posts in the south of Mato Grosso and also a significatant number of reports given by indigenous and non-indigenous people who lived through or had family members involved in the tea gathering work. These reports speak basically of the life of the Kaiowá and Guarani during the period handled by the study. On investigating the daily routine in the tea growing area it was possible to verify that the indigenous people were a part of the tea gathering undertaking with their specialized labour together with Paraguayans, Argentinians and others. It was verified that this participation did not affect in the same way all the Indian villages. There was also established at the same time a relationship of exploitation and exchange as there were many products that were of direct interest to the Indians. At another time the actual Indian Protection Service took over the management of the work done by the Indians for tea contractors and local farmers. It was also confirmed that the indigenous participation in these events was concealed by the historiographic production on this period . / A presente dissertação trata da participação dos índios Kaiowá e Guarani como trabalhadores nos ervais da Companhia Matte Larangeira, no antigo sul de Mato Grosso. O objetivo é investigar como se deu a participação dessa população nas diversas etapas que o trabalho ervateiro exigia. Para isto, o estudo buscou, no processo de ocupação territorial no sul de Mato Grosso, a presença indígena nas diversas frentes de trabalho que se estabeleciam na região. O trabalho está apoiado em pesquisa bibliográfica, incluindo os trabalhos mais relevantes sobre o tema. Inclui, ainda, a consulta à documentação do SPI, referente aos Postos Indígenas do Sul de Mato Grosso e, também, a um número significativo de relatos feitos por indígenas e não-indígenas, que vivenciaram ou tiveram familiares envolvidos no trabalho com a erva mate. Esses relatos versam, fundamentalmente, sobre a vida dos Kaiowá e Guarani, no período abrangido pelo estudo. Pesquisando o cotidiano nos ervais foi possível constatar que os indígenas fizeram parte do empreendimento ervateiro, com a sua especializada mão-de-obra, juntamente com paraguaios, argentinos e outros.Constatou-se que essa participação não atingiu da mesma forma todas as aldeias indígenas. Estabeleceu-se uma relação ao mesmo tempo de exploração e de troca, pois havia muitos produtos que interessavam diretamente aos índios. Em outro momento, o próprio o SPI passou a agenciar o trabalho dos índios para empreiteiros da erva e fazendeiros locais. O estudo identifica, ainda, que a participação indígena nesses eventos foi desapercebida pela produção historiográfica sobre esse período

The cedar dugout canoe is iconically associated with First Nations peoples of the Pacific Northwest coast, but the vital contribution it made to the economic and social development of British Columbia is historically unrecognized. This beautifully designed and crafted oceangoing vessel, besides being a prized necessity to the maritime First Nations peoples, was an essential transportation link for European colonists. In speed, maneuverability, and carrying capacity it vied with any other seagoing technology of the time. The dugout canoe became an important site of engagement between First Nations peoples and settlers. European produced textual and visual records of the colonial period are examined to analyze the dugout canoe as a site of intercultural interaction with a focus upon the European representation. This research asks: Was the First Nations' dugout canoe essential to colonial development in British Columbia and, if so, were the First Nations acknowledged for this vital contribution? Analysis of primary archival resources (letters and journals), images (photographs, sketches and paintings) and colonial publications, such as the colonial dispatches, memoirs and newspaper accounts, demonstrate that indeed the dugout canoe and First Nations canoeists were essential to the development of the colony of British Columbia. However, these contributions were differentially acknowledged as the colony shifted from a fur trade-oriented operation to a settler-centric development that emphasized the alienation of First Nations’ land for settler use. By focusing research on the dugout canoe and its use and depiction by Europeans, connections between European colonists and First Nations canoeists, navigators and manufacturers are foregrounded. This focus brings together these two key historical players demonstrating their “entangled” nature (Thomas 1991:139) and breaking down “silences” and “trivializations” in history (Trouillot 1995:96), working to build an inclusive and connected history of colonial British Columbia. / Graduate