M.A. / The treatment of substance abuse remains a challenging process with relapse an ever-present risk. For those offering treatment within this field, such as the South African National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (SANCA), it is of cardinal importance to evaluate the outcomes of their interventions. Currently, there is no quantifiable and standardised method that SANCA can use to establish and assess how the actual outcomes of their programmes compare to their intended programme goals. Kranz and O’Hare (2006) argue for the evaluation of substance abuse treatment programmes through the use of scales to quantify various aspects of the treatment process which can then serve as a measure of its effectiveness. Effectiveness in this instance refers broadly to a patient’s maintenance of his/her sobriety for a period of 12 months or more, combined with an increase in his/her general functioning. Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate the technically complex process of developing a content valid framework for a scale on behalf of SANCA that adheres to their requirements for programme evaluation. The study is guided by an adapted model of ecometric scale development presented schematically by Faul and Hudson (1999). Through the use of a grounded theory approach, the study shows how to identify the expectations for a scale in the organisation and organise SANCA’s treatment strategy into a framework within which the areas of measurement can be placed. The study then demonstrates the construction of operational assessment areas through empirical data collection that adequately reflects such expectations. It also serves to test for content validity of the assessment areas, through the application of domain sampling theory. The study reveals the process undertaken to convert those assessment areas into constructs by conceptualising and operationalising them into working definitions. Lastly, drawing on those defined constructs, it populates a series of exemplar items designed for illustrative purposes.

Malgré une large adoption des normes comptables internationales, les pratiques restent diversifiées. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse explorent les raisons possibles à cette harmonisation inachevée. Un premier chapitre identifie les politiques d’adoption des IFRS menées dans le monde et leurs déterminants. Les chapitres suivants analysent le rôle de la langue, du système juridique et de l’usage de l’information comptable par les préparateurs, comme obstacles possibles à l’harmonisation des pratiques. Les résultats mettent en évidence un certain nombre de difficultés : les normes IFRS n’ont pas toujours la même place dans les réglementations locales ; la traduction des normes achoppe sur la difficulté majeure de traduction de principes fondateurs ; les normes doivent s’adapter à des systèmes juridiques divers ; enfin l’information comptable sert à la fois pour des besoins externes et internes, ce qui peut donner lieu à des pratiques hétérogènes. Des pistes d’amélioration émergent toutefois. Certaines politiques d’adoption semblent plus propices à une application cohérente du référentiel, en particulier lorsque les entités soumises à ces normes peuvent les utiliser pour tous leurs jeux de comptes. Certains pays européens ont mis en oeuvre une pratique continentale du principe de substance, sous une forme différente du système anglo-saxon, mais avec une même finalité en termes de traitements comptables. En France où le principe n’est pas formellement intégré en comptabilité, cette prééminence de la substance est déjà prise en compte dans d’autres domaines réglementaires, réduisant la difficulté pressentie à son introduction dans le droit comptable / Despite a wide adoption of international standards, IFRS practice remains diverse. The studies presented in this thesis explore the possible reasons for this unachieved harmonisation. The first chapter identifies the IFRS adoption policies throughout the world and their determinants. The following chapters analyse the role of language, legal system and usage of financial information by preparers, as potential obstacles to practices’ homogeneity. The result unveil some issues: IFRS standards do not have the same function in local regulations; standards’ translation stumbles over the major difficulty related to fundamental principles; standards need to adapt to various legal systems; finally the financial information is used both for internal and external use which can result in heterogeneous practices. Ways to improve still appeared. Some adoption policies appear to conduct to a coherent application of IFRS, in particular when entities have the possibility to follow the same standards for all their accounts. Some European countries have found a continental way to use the substance over form principle, different from the Anglo-Saxon, yet with the same target in terms of accounting rules. In France where the substance principle is not formally integrated in accounting, this principle is already used by other regulatory fields, which comforts the feasibility of its introduction in our accounting law.

Le but de cette étude est d’explorer la possibilité d’utiliser trois argiles dans l’industrie céramique locale au Sénégal. Une argile rouge (NM) et deux argiles grises (MN1) et (MN2) proviennent respectivement de la région de Ziguinchor à Néma et de Tambacounda à Malème Niani. L'étude concernant les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des argiles, indique que les compositions chimique et minéralogique contiennent la présence de quartz, de kaolinite, d’illite, de montmorillonite et de goethite. Leurs caractéristiques structurales et leurs surfaces spécifiques sont similaires. Leur caractéristiques minéralogiques mènent à un classement dans les groupes des argiles kaolino-illite ou kaolino-smectique. Par des analyses thermiques, les températures de transformations thermiques caractéristiques des phases ont été bien identifiéesLa mise en forme par pressage uniaxial des poudres humidifiées et granulées de ces argiles a été optimisée. Les propriétés d’usage des produits frittés ont été mesurées indiquant que les propriétés mécaniques sont limitées, bien que la mullite et la cristobalite constituent les phases minérales majoritaires des microstructures. La porosité a été mesurée après frittage à différentes températures (1000°C, 1100°C et 1200°C), variant de 25% à 30% et diminuant peu avec l’augmentation de la température de frittage. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats révèlent que ces argiles prises à l’état brut nepossèdent pas toutes les caractéristiques satisfaisantes pour la production de briques et tuiles. Pour améliorer les propriétés mécaniques, une substance éco-durable organique, le Cola Cordifolia, a été ajoutée aux argiles. Cet additif induit une augmentation de 28% de la résistance mécanique de l’argile rouge (NM) après cuisson à 1000°C, atteignant la valeur minimale de la norme concernant les briques. Finalement, d’autres pistes d’amélioration des propriétés d’usage ont été explorées telles que l’ajout de l’urée et de fondants potassique et sodique. Ces ajouts ont permis d’accentuer la densification des matériaux de terre cuite pour la production de briques. / The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of using three clays for the local ceramic industry in Senegal. We used a red clay (NM) and two gray clays (MN1) and (MN 2) from the region of Ziguinchor in Nema and Tambacounda in Niani Maleme, respectively. The study of the physicochemical characteristics of clays indicates that the chemical and mineralogicalcompositions contain the presence of quartz, kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite and goethite. Their structural characteristics and their surface areas are similar. Their mineralogical characteristics lead to a classification in groups of Kaolino-illite clays or Kaolino-smectite. By thermal analysis, typical phase transformation temperatures were well identified. The shaping by uniaxial pressing of moistened and granulated powders of clays was optimized. The properties in use of the sintered products were measured indicating that the mechanical properties are limited, although cristobalite and mullite constitute the major mineral phases in microstructures. Porosity was measured after sintering at different temperatures (1000°C, 1100°C and 1200°C), ranging from 25% to 30% and with a little lowering with increasing the sintering temperature. Overall,results indicate that these clays do not attain satisfactory characteristics for the production of bricks. To improve the mechanical properties, an organic eco-sustainable substance, the Cola Cordifolia, has been added to clays. This additive induces a 28% increase of the mechanical strength of the red clay (NM) after firing at 1000°C, reaching the minimum value of the standard for bricks. Finally, other areas for improvement of properties in use were explored such as the addition of urea and potassium or sodium fluxes. These additions have helped the increase of densification of clay materials for the production of bricks.

D. Cur. / The greatest potential developed by mankind this century is the increasing awareness of one's portfolio of rights. Amongst the many rights expressed verbally, is the right to mental health. Adolescents whose parents abuse substances also qualify for this right. Fortunately, rights can be earned. Adolescents can acquire the right to mental health if they act in such a way that this will persuade others to notice and listen to them. The reality is that all efforts made towards promoting mental health of these adolescents will improve their general well-being. Mental health is generally regarded as an integral component of a human's emotional, social, spiritual and physical well-being. There is substantial evidence that adolescents living in families whose members abuse substances have difficulty in facilitating their own self-development. As a result, they are deprived of the capacity to mobilise their inner resources promoting their mental health. The study utilised a theory generative, qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design. Two main samples were used. Firstly, adolescents in Grade 11 whose parents abuse substances, who at that time lived in and around rural villages within a 20 km radius of Mafikeng in the North West Province participated as respondents. The second group consist of key community leaders which consisted of groups from the Chiefs Council, police officers, community nurses and ministers of the Christian congregations. The main question that was posed during in-depth group interviews was, "How can adolescents whose parents abuse substances improve their life situations?" Adolescents and traditional healers were interviewed on a one-to-one level. A central question that adolescents had to answer was: "How can you be assisted to improve your day-to-day life?" Informed consent had been obtained from all participating adolescents and their "gatekeepers" (Cresswell, 1994: 142) and the reasons for conducting the research study were explained to all of them. The theory for this thesis has been derived inductively from data obtained from interviews with adolescents, key community people and field notes. Approaches that were used to generate theory are those suggested by Chinn and Kramer (1991: 80-108). In addition, the reasoning strategies that were employed are the analysis, synthesis, inductive and deductive methods described by Tesch (in Creswell, 1994: 155). The results were verified during literature control. Emerging from the results is a strong belief that adolescents selfdevelopment will assist them to overcome the difficulties related to their parents' substance abuse. They can do that by becoming actively involved in the process of improving their social, physical, psychological and spiritual dimensions. Concepts obtained from the results of the interviews were defined according to the steps described in Wandelt and Steward (1975: 64-69), Chinn and Kramer (1991: 84) and Copi (1987: 169). In relation to this, the term self-development was examined by using dictionary definitions, subject definitions and a model case description. Self-responsibility, facilitation and conscious-awareness were identified as essential criteria to selfdevelopment. Measures that were used to maintain trustworthiness in this thesis are truthvalue, applicability, consistency and neutrality (Guba & Lincoln, 1985: 290). The model of self-development therefore emphasises the active participation of adolescents in self-development to develop self-responsibility in their own empowerment. It is envisaged that as adolescents take self-responsibility they will discover the inherent capacities based on their body-mind-spirit and thereby improve their locus of control. Undoubtedly people can gain these capacities through their acquisition of skills, beliefs, attitudes, thoughts and values which enable them to step beyond the environment of substance abuse. This thesis therefore proposes a model of self-development on which guidelines for the advanced psychiatric nurse practitioner can be operationalised. This will assist adolescents to become self-aware and reorganise themselves in order to continue in the lifelong process of self-development.

AFRIKAANS: Hierdie navorsingstudie het ten doel gehad om 'n nasorgprogram te ontwikkel vir die benutting deur maatskaplike werkers in die hantering en behandeling van substansafhanklike adolessente. Die misbruik van afhanklikheidsvormende middels word erken as een van die grootste gesondheids- en maatskaplike probleme in Suid¬Afrika. Die eskalerende patrone van dwelmmisbruik en die impak daarvan op die individu en ook op die groter samelewing benodig gespesialiseerde vaardighede om die probleem te verstaan en aan te spreek. Met hierdie behoefte in gedagte is daar besluit om hierdie studie te doen en 'n nasorgprogram te ontwikkel om aan die maatskaplike werker in die praktyk 'n hulpmiddel te verskaf om eff'ektiewe nasorgdienste aan die substansafhanklike adolessent te lewer. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is om verkennende- en beskrywende navorsing uit te voer na substansafhanklikheid by adolessente. Die kwantitatiewe navorsingsproses is gevolg in die navorsing, alhoewel navorsingsmetodes uit beide die kwantitatiewe- en kwalitatiewe benaderings gebruik is. Daar is twee stellings vir die navorsingstudie geformuleer, naamlik: Daar bestaan 'n leemte aan bestaande bruikbare nasorgprogramme vir die benutting deur maatskaplike werkers in die praktyk vir hulpverlening aan die substansafhanklike adolessent; en dwelmmisbruik neem toe onder adolessente en moet dringend aangespreek word. Die stellings was deur middel van die verkennende navorsingsontwerp en met behulp van persoonlike vraelyste (kwantitatiewe data¬insamelingsmetode) en semi-gestruktuurde aangesig-tot-aangesig onderhoudsvoering (kwalitatiewe data-insamelingsmetode) ondersoek. AIle kwalitatiewe- asook kwantitatiewe data het 'n ooreenkomstige bevestiging op die stellings verskaf. Hierdie data het aangedui dat daar 'n groot leemte aan effektiewe nasorgdienste ten opsigte van die substansafhanklike adolessent bestaan en dat substansafhanklike adolessente as gevolg van oneffektiewe hulpverlening telkens 'n terugval beleef. Verdere navorsing deur middel van die benutting van narratiewe terapie met 'n gesin waar 'n adolessent dwelms gebruik is gedoen. 'n Suid-Mrikaans geformuleerde meetinstrument wat substansafhanklikheid binne die adolessente kultuur en leefwyse, asook eietydse eise en probleme kan vervat en meet, word gevolglik aanbeveel. ENGLISH: The purpose of this research study is the development of an aftercare programme for social workers to use in the handling and treatment of substance dependant adolescents. The abuse of dependant substances is recognised as one of the greatest health and social problems in South Africa. The escalating patterns of drug abuse and the impact thereof on the individual as well as the greater community asks for specialised skills to understand and solve these problems. With this need in mind the researcher decided to develop an aftercare programme, which would serve as a practical guideline for social workers in practice in order to supply effective aftercare services to the substance dependant adolescent. The aim of the study was to investigate substance dependency by adolescents through exploratory- and descriptive studies. The quantitative research process was followed although both the qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Two suppositions were formulated for the research study: A huge gap currently exists for aftercare programs for the assistance of social workers in practice to substance dependant adolescents. These suppositions were investigated through the use of exploratory research design and with the assistance of personal questionnaires (quantitative date gathering method) and semi-structured face-to-face interviewing (qualitative data gathering method). Both quantitative and qualitative data confirmed the formulated suppositions. The data clearly indicated the need for effective aftercare services for substance dependant adolescents, which frequently experience a relapse due to the lack of assistance. Further research can be done through the use of narrative therapy within a family in which an adolescent used drugs. A South African formulated measurement scale, which is able to measure substance dependency within the adolescent culture and way of life, are recommended. / Dissertation (MA (SW))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

En prenant pour toile de fond l’analyse de la métaphysique du dualisme cartésien de substances, la présente thèse a pour objectif de discuter la question de savoir quel serait le sujet des prédicats qui dénotent des sentiments dans les textes de Descartes. L’hypothèse proposée est que seules substances peuvent être considérées comme des « sujets ultimes d’inhérence » de ces prédicats. Pourtant, il sera argumenté que les hommes et les animaux, qui ne sont pas des substances, peuvent être considérés comme les « sujets d’attribution » de ces prédicats, puisqu’ils possèdent un type spécial d’unité, à savoir, une « unité de composition », qui assure une telle attribution. Ainsi, la thèse sera développée selon trois axes principaux. En partant d’un examen de la théorie cartésienne de la substance et de ses définitions, nous analyserons le concept de substance étendue, en prenant compte du débat entre les interprétations moniste et pluraliste de ce concept. Dans ce contexte, nous examinerons la spécificité du corps humain par rapport aux autres corps de la nature, en considérant certains aspects de la théorie cartésienne des animaux-machines. Ensuite, nous discuterons la question de l’unité de l’homme, ainsi que d’autres types d’unité reconnus par Descartes. Finalement, nous analyserons la théorie cartésienne de la causalité dans le but de déterminer quelles théories parmi celles de la causalité, interactionniste ou occasionaliste, pourraient servir, dans la vision de Descartes, de modèles explicatifs des sentiments humains et des sentiments animaux. L’hypothèse défendue dans cette thèse est en consonance avec la vision selon laquelle la théorie cartésienne des trois notions primitives particulières, à savoir, pensée, étendue et union, est totalement compatible avec le dualisme métaphysique de substances que Descartes propose et, par conséquent, n’implique pas un affaiblissement de ce dernier. / The goal of this thesis is to address the question of what would be the subject of the predicates that denote sentiments in Descartes’ writings. The proposed hypothesis is that substances can only be regarded as « the ultimate subjects of inherence » of these predicates. Nevertheless, it will be argued that men and animals, although they are not substances, may be considered the « subjects of attribution » of such predicates, since they have a specific unit, namely, a « unity of composition », which ensures that attribution. Therefore, the thesis will be developed in three main axes. From an examination of the Cartesian theory of substance and its definitions, we analyze the concept of extended substance, taking into account the existing debate between monistic and pluralistic interpretations of this concept. In this context, we examine the specificity of the human body in relation to other bodies of nature, considering certain aspects of the Cartesian theory of animal machines. Then we address the question of the unity of man, as well as other types of unity recognized by Descartes. Finally, we examine the Cartesian theory of causality in order to determine which theories of causality, interactionism, or occasionalism, in Descartes view, could serve as explanatory models for sentiments in humans and animals. The hypothesis to be defended in this thesis is consistent with the view that the Cartesian theory of three particular primitive notions, namely, thought, extension, and union, is fully compatible with the metaphysical dualism of substances that Descartes proposed, and therefore does not imply a weakening of the latter.

Purpose: Most individuals do not perceive a need for substance use treatment despite meeting diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders and they are least likely to pursue treatment voluntarily. There are also those who perceive a need for treatment and yet do not pursue it. This study aimed to understand which factors increase the likelihood of perceiving a need for treatment for individuals who meet diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders in the hopes to better assist with more targeted efforts for gender-specific treatment recruitment and retention. Using Andersen and Newman’s (1973/2005) model of individual determinants of healthcare utilization, the central hypothesis of the study was that gender moderates the relationship between substance use problem severity and perceived treatment need, so that women with increasing problems due to their use of substances are more likely than men to perceive a need for treatment. Additional predisposing and enabling factors from Andersen and Newman’s (1973/2005) model were included in the study to understand their impact on perceived need. Method: The study was a secondary data analysis of the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) using logistic regression. The weighted sample consisted of a total 20,077,235 American household residents (The unweighted sample was 5,484 participants). Results of the logistic regression were verified using Relogit software for rare events logistic regression due to the rare event of perceived treatment need (King & Zeng, 2001a; 2001b). Results: The moderating effect of female gender was not found. Conversely, men were significantly more likely than women to perceive a need for treatment as substance use problem severity increased. The study also found that a number of factors such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, marital status, education, co-occurring mental health disorders, and prior treatment history differently impacted the likelihood of perceiving a need for treatment among men and women. Conclusion: Perceived treatment need among individuals who meet criteria for substance use disorders is rare, but identifying factors associated with an increased likelihood of perceiving need for treatment can help the development of gender-appropriate outreach and recruitment for social work treatment, and public health messages.

No description available.

No description available.

This study explored the possibility that some individuals with alcohol and amphetamine addictions are initially motivated to use alcohol and amphetamines because of underlying issues involving body dissatisfaction and weight reduction associated with Anorexia and Bilimia Nervosa. Current literature reveals similarities among chemical dependencies and eating disorders.