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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estudo te?rico das rea??es de SN2 em fase gasosa: RCI+OH??ROH+CI? (R = Metil, Etil, n-Propil, i-Propil, n- Butil, s-Butil e t-Butil) / Theoretical Study of the Gas-Phase SN2 Reactions: RCl + OH- ROH + Cl- (R=Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl, i-Propyl, n-Butyl, s-Butyl e t-Butyl).

Souza, Ana Carolina Bello de 03 October 2012 (has links)
Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-24T14:13:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Ana Carolina Bello de Souza.pdf: 1911170 bytes, checksum: 62c70571aeb2100b8313dc1ef44eac2b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T14:13:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Ana Carolina Bello de Souza.pdf: 1911170 bytes, checksum: 62c70571aeb2100b8313dc1ef44eac2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / In this work, the theoretical study of the gas-phase bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction, CH3Cl + OH- CH3OH + Cl-, is introduced, aiming the description of the potential energy surface, the calculation of rate constants and the investigation of the effect of increasing the side chain (changing the CH3 radical in the reaction cited above by the radicals ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl e t-butyl). The theoretical calculations have been first performed at the MP2/6-31+G(d) level for the geometry optimizations and vibrational frequencies calculations. Single point calculations at the CCSD(T)/6-31+G(d) level have also been performed in order to improve the total energies for the stationary points. However, the relative energies of these stationary points at both MP2 and CCSD(T) level shown close results, so that the single point calculations at the CCSD(T) level have not been proved strictly necessary and have therefore not been performed for all the points along the potential energy surface. The minimum energy path has been described by the intrinsic reaction coordinate method, calculated at the MP2/6-31+G(d) by performing sequential geometry optimizations starting from the saddle point. The calculated enthalpy difference at 298K for the reaction has been determined as -49.5 kcal/mol, in good agreement with the literature value: -50.5 kcal/mol. The calculated rate constant has been obtained as 1.41 x 10-9 cm3.molecule-1.s-1, at 298,15K, in excellent agreement with the experimental data: 1.3 ? 1.6 x 10-9 cm3.molecule-1.s-1.Moreover, the rate constants show non-Arrhenius behavior, decreasing as the temperature increases, which is consistent with the experimental expectation. In this way, the performance of the variational transition state theory for this reaction can be considered satisfactory. By increasing the side chain of the reactant, other reaction channels have been observed: the bimolecular elimination E2 channel and the attack of the nucleophile from the same plane of the exit group (the front-SN2).For these reactions of the alkyl chlorides on n carbon atoms (1 < n ? 4), the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level has been adopted for geometry optimizations and vibrational frequencies. Then, single point calculations at the CCSD(T)/6-31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6- 31+G(d,p) level have been performed. A comparison of the reaction channels, back- SN2 and E2, shows that the E2 channel is kinetically favored, whereas the SN2 products are thermodynamically more stable. As expected, high values for the potential height have been observed for the front-SN2, being these channels disfavored in all cases. In general, the energy of the saddle points in respect to the isolated reactants slightly depend upon the size of the side chain. / Este trabalho trata do estudo te?rico das rea??es de substitui??o nucleof?lica de segunda ordem, CH3Cl + OH- CH3OH + Cl-, em fase gasosa, visando estudar a superf?cie de energia potencial, obter as constantes de velocidade e ainda verificando o efeito do aumento da cadeia lateral (trocando o radical CH3 na rea??o descrita acima por radicais etil, n-propil, i-propil, n-butil, s-butil e t-butil). Primeiramente, c?lculos te?ricos para otimiza??es de geometria e frequ?ncia foram realizados em n?vel MP2/6-31+G(d) para a rea??o CH3Cl + OH- CH3OH + Cl- e, em seguida, c?lculos single-point em n?vel CCSD(T)/6-31+G(d) foram realizados para corrigir os valores da energia eletr?nica dos pontos estacion?rios obtidos no caminho de rea??o. Entretanto, os valores obtidos para as energias relativas em n?veis MP2 e CCSD(T) foram muito pr?ximos, n?o sendo estritamente necess?rio refinar,atrav?s de c?lculos single-point em n?vel CCSD(T)/6- 31+G(d),os valores de energia de todos os pontos obtidos na superf?cie de energia potencial. O caminho de rea??o menor energia foi descrito pela coordenada de rea??o intr?nseca, calculada por otimiza??es de geometrias de uma sequ?ncia de configura??es ao redor do ponto de sela em n?vel MP2/6-31+G(d). A diferen?a de entalpia a 298K calculada para a rea??o foi de -49,5 kcal/mol, em bom acordo com o dado da literatura, -50,5 kcal/mol. A constante de velocidade da rea??o obtida foi de 1,41 x 10-9 cm3.mol?cula-1.s-1, a 298,15K, em excelente acordo com o dado experimental: 1,3 ? 1,6 x 10-9 cm3.mol?cula-1.s-1. Al?m disso, as constantes de velocidade globais apresentam comportamento n?o-Arrhenius, diminuindo conforme a temperatura aumenta, em um perfil consistente com a observa??o experimental. Dessa forma, a aplica??o da teoria de estado de transi??o se mostra satisfat?ria para essa rea??o. A partir do aumento da cadeia lateral, outros canais de rea??o foram observados, em prov?vel competi??o ? substitui??o nucleof?lica de ordem 2: a elimina??o de segunda ordem, E2. O ataque do nucle?filo pela frente da cadeia tamb?m foi obtido e investigado. Para as rea??es dos cloretos de alquila com cadeia lateral de n carbonos (1 < n ? 4), o n?vel B3LYP/6- 31+G(d,p) foi adotado para c?lculos de otimiza??es e frequ?ncias. Posteriormente, c?lculos em n?vel CCSD(T)/6-31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) foram realizados. Comparando os canais de rea??o de substitui??o nucleof?lica back e de elimina??o, o canal cineticamente favorecido foi o de elimina??o, por?m os produtos termodinamicamente mais est?veis s?o os de substitui??o nucleof?lica. Como esperado, observa-se uma barreira de potencial muito alta para as rea??es substitui??o pela frente, sendo esses canais desfavorecidos em todos os casos.Em geral, a diferen?a de energia dos pontos de sela em rela??o aos reagentes isolados mostra pequena depend?ncia com o aumento da cadeia lateral linear
2

Qu?mica computacional aplicada ao estudo de estrutura e reatividade de quinoxalinas biologicamente relevantes

Freitas, Gutto Raffyson Silva de 18 August 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-12-12T18:02:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GuttoRaffysonSilvaDeFreitas_TESE.pdf: 4320273 bytes, checksum: eaf5ef8d3670982fdb7ddbad48ace3c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-12-13T18:43:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GuttoRaffysonSilvaDeFreitas_TESE.pdf: 4320273 bytes, checksum: eaf5ef8d3670982fdb7ddbad48ace3c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T18:43:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GuttoRaffysonSilvaDeFreitas_TESE.pdf: 4320273 bytes, checksum: eaf5ef8d3670982fdb7ddbad48ace3c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / As quinoxalinas comp?em uma classe de compostos heteroc?clicos de nitrog?nio com um amplo espectro de aplica??es, em diversas ?reas. Neste contexto, destacam-se as atividades biol?gicas para diversos fins. Atualmente, os m?todos de qu?mica computacional tem se mostrado uma ferramenta de grande relev?ncia para realizar investiga??es de propriedades estruturais, eletr?nicas e termodin?micas de diversos compostos heteroc?clicos, incluindo derivados quinoxal?nicos. No presente trabalho, estas propriedades foram investigadas em tr?s abordagens distintas, tendo como base Teoria do Funcional de Densidade (DFT). Na primeira parte, foi realizada uma investiga??o acerca dos aspectos estruturais, eletr?nicos e energ?ticos do composto 6,7-dinitroquinoxalina-2,3-diona (DNQX), um importante antagonista do neuroreceptor glutamato iGluR2, o qual possui papel importante em processos relacionados ao aprendizado e mem?ria. Mais especificamente, foram avaliados os poss?veis taut?meros do DNQX, constatando que a forma dicarbonilada ? a de menor energia. Foi realizado um estudo dos valores de pKa associados ?s forma??es das esp?cies mono e diani?nicas, em fase gasosa e aquosa, a partir de diferentes metodologias. No cap?tulo seguinte, foram estudadas rea??es de substitui??o nucleof?lica arom?tica envolvendo 6,7-dicloroquinoxalina-2,3-diona (DCQX) e os amino?lcoois: etanolamina e dietanolamina, em DMF. Foram calculadas as varia??es de energia livre associadas ? forma??o dos poss?veis produtos de mono e dissubstitui??o, assim como os estados de transi??o para forma??o dos mesmos. Os resultados foram discutidos em termos de aspectos estruturais, como base em trabalhos previamente relatados na literatura, de onde foi poss?vel sugerir que estas rea??es ocorrem via mecanismos concertados para dupla substitui??o do cloro tanto por etanolamina, ambas por ataque nucleof?lico do nitrog?nio, quanto por dietanolamina, por ataque nucleof?lico do nitrog?nio e do oxig?nio. Ademais, as an?lises dos valores de ?G de rea??o e de ativa??o sugerem que a forma??o dos produtos ciclizados ? mais favorecida, para ambos os casos. Por fim, foram avaliadas as propriedades estruturais e termodin?micas de diversos complexos de cobre (II) com o quimiossensor N-(2-aminofenil)-3-[(1S,2S)-1,2,3-trihidroxi-propil]quinoxalina-2-carboxamida (AAQX), no intuito de entender a intera??o desta quinoxalina com o referido metal, via forma??o de um complexo metal-ligante 2:1. Devido ao tamanho dos complexos, os c?lculos foram realizados com a combina??o de m?todos DFT e semi-emp?rico, a fim de reduzir o custo computacional. Os resultados sugerem que complexos com estrutura tetra?drica s?o mais favor?veis e a substitui??o do ligante cloreto por ?gua n?o forma complexos est?veis. Com o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram obtidos resultados satisfat?rios associados ao uso da DFT para o estudo de diferentes propriedades destes derivados quinoxal?nicos. / Quinoxaline are part of a family of heterocyclic compounds with a wide spectra of applications in many subjects, for instance biological activities. Nowadays, quantum chemistry methods has been proving of particular importance, in order to shed light on the electronic structure and the thermodynamics of many of such heterocyclic molecules, among them quinoxaline. In this work, we shall investigate such properties using three Density Functional Theory (DFT) based approaches. First, we have studied the geometries, electronic structure and energies of 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), an important antagonist for the glutamate receptor iGluR2, deeply related with processes of learning and memory. In particular, from those possible DNQX investigated, the minima is found as being the diamide form. We have also carried out a study concerning the pKa of formation for both mono and dianionics, in gas phase and solution, by means of a few different methodologies. In the following chapter, we have investigated the nucleophilic substitution reaction between 6,7-Dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) and amino alcohols, namely: ethanolamine and diethanolamine, in DMF. We have calculated the free energy change associated to formation of all relevant products. The results are presented in terms of geometries, based on previous works, from which was possible to find enough evidences suggesting that such processes happen by means of concerted reactions for double substitution of chlorine atoms either by ethanolamine and diethanolamine. Moreover, the values of ?G of formation and activation tends to demonstrate that cyclic products are preferable. Finally, we have evaluated the structure and thermodynamics of several complex of Cu (II) with N-(2-aminophenyl)-3-[(1S,2S)-1,2,3-trihydroxy-propyl]quinoxaline-2-carboxamide (AAQX), in order to proper understand the metal-quinoxalinedione interaction via formation of a complex metal-ligand 2:1. Due the size of the complex, all calculations were performed using a hybrid DFT/semi-empirical approach, to reduce the computational effort. The results show tetrahedral geometries being more favorable and substitution of a ligand by water giving rise to unstable complexes. All along this work DFT has been heavily used in order to investigate the properties of quinoxalinedione-like derivatives.

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