This work covers the implementation of a raw Ethernet communication module for the Open MPI message passing library. Thereby it focuses on both the reduction of the communication latency for small messages and maximum possible compatibility. Especially the need for particular network devices, adapted network device drivers or kernel patches is avoided. The work is divided into three major parts: First, the networking subsystem of the version 2.6 Linux kernel is analyzed. Second, an Ethernet protocol family is implemented as a loadable kernel module, consisting of a basic datagram protocol (EDP), providing connection-less and unreliable datagram transport, and a streaming protocol (ESP), providing connection-oriented, sequenced and reliable byte streams. The protocols use the standard device driver interface of the Linux kernel for data transmission and reception. Their services are made available to user-space applications through the standard socket interface. Last, the existing Open MPI TCP communication module is ported atop the ESP. With bare EDP/ESP sockets a message latency of about 30 us could be achieved for small messages, which compared to the TCP latency of about 40 us is a reduction of 25 %.

Esta tese analisou os efeitos das políticas públicas sobre o subsistema de provisão hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil, entre os anos de 1990 e 2012. O foco da investigação foi o impacto das políticas de descentralização, regionalização da saúde e políticas específicas para a área hospitalar na configuração de atores societais e estatais envolvidos com hospitais, suas ideias, interesses e estratégias de ação. A pesquisa foi um estudo de caso do setor hospitalar do SUS. O referencial teórico das políticas públicas foi o quadro analítico escolhido para responder à problemática dessa tese. Observou-se que as políticas públicas de saúde, ao longo da história do Brasil, foram decisivas para a organização do subsistema de provisão hospitalar. As regras exaradas pelo Estado constituíram a rede de hospitais existente, influenciaram o processo de medicalização dessas entidades e contribuíram para a organização dos atores estatais e societais, sociais e de mercado, que participam do setor hospitalar. As políticas de descentralização e regionalização do sistema de saúde, implementadas entre 1990 e 2012, influenciaram diretamente a reconfiguração do subsistema de provisão hospitalar do SUS. Ampliou a participação dos atores estatais de estados e municípios na condução das políticas, bem como a relação desses gestores com os atores societais, sociais e de mercado, do setor hospitalar. Desfez-se a aliança entre a burocracia estatal federal e os representantes do setor hospitalar privado lucrativo, que constituía uma comunidade de política influente, em especial na década de 1970, anterior à Reforma do Sistema de Saúde brasileiro, ocorrida após 1988. A partir de 1990, diversificaram-se os atores do setor hospitalar que participam do subsistema. Foi possível, com esse trabalho, explicitar as diferenças de ideias, interesses e estratégias dos diversos segmentos hospitalares que, usualmente, eram tratados como homogêneos. Por fim, observou-se que a implementação de políticas públicas contribui para produzir novos atores, bem como para potencializar a organização de atores coletivos que influenciarão as políticas futuras. Os atores alteram suas ideias e estratégias, buscando adaptar-se às novas regras do jogo, para manter seus interesses, mas também os modificam. Adotam propostas de outros atores, refazendo alianças e acordos para se manterem atuantes na arena política. / This thesis analyzed the effects of public policies on the provision of the hospital subsystem of the National Health System (SUS) in Brazil between the years of 1990 and 2012. The focus of the investigation was the impact of political decentralization, regionalization of health and specific policies for the hospital area in the configuration of state and societal actors involved with hospitals – their ideas, interests and action strategies. The research was a case study of the hospital sector of SUS. The theoretical referential of public policies was the chosen analytical framework to respond to the problems of this thesis. It was observed that public health policies, throughout the history of Brazil, were decisive for the organization of the hospital provision subsystem. The rules printed by the state constituted the existing network of hospitals, influenced the process of medicalization of these entities and contributed to the organization of state, societal, social and market actors participating in the hospital sector. The policies of decentralization and regionalization of the health system, implemented between 1990 and 2012, directly influenced the reconfiguration of the hospital provision subsystem of the SUS. They expanded the involvement of state actors of states and municipalities in implementing policies, as well as the relationship of these managers with societal, social and market actors of the hospital sector. The alliance broke up between federal state bureaucracy and representatives of the profitable private hospital sector, which constituted an influential political community, especially in the 1970s, prior to the Reformation of the Brazilian Health System, which occurred after 1988. Since 1990, the hospital sector actors that participate in the subsystem diversified. It was possible, with this work, to explicitate the differences of ideas, interests and strategies of the various hospital segments that usually were treated as homogeneous. Finally, it was observed that the implementation of public policies contributed to produce new actors as well as to potentialize the organization of collective actors that will influence future policies. The actors change their ideas and strategies, seeking to adapt to the new rules of the game to keep their interests, but also modify them. They adopt proposals of other actors, redoing alliances and agreements to remain active in the political arena.

Esta tese analisou os efeitos das políticas públicas sobre o subsistema de provisão hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil, entre os anos de 1990 e 2012. O foco da investigação foi o impacto das políticas de descentralização, regionalização da saúde e políticas específicas para a área hospitalar na configuração de atores societais e estatais envolvidos com hospitais, suas ideias, interesses e estratégias de ação. A pesquisa foi um estudo de caso do setor hospitalar do SUS. O referencial teórico das políticas públicas foi o quadro analítico escolhido para responder à problemática dessa tese. Observou-se que as políticas públicas de saúde, ao longo da história do Brasil, foram decisivas para a organização do subsistema de provisão hospitalar. As regras exaradas pelo Estado constituíram a rede de hospitais existente, influenciaram o processo de medicalização dessas entidades e contribuíram para a organização dos atores estatais e societais, sociais e de mercado, que participam do setor hospitalar. As políticas de descentralização e regionalização do sistema de saúde, implementadas entre 1990 e 2012, influenciaram diretamente a reconfiguração do subsistema de provisão hospitalar do SUS. Ampliou a participação dos atores estatais de estados e municípios na condução das políticas, bem como a relação desses gestores com os atores societais, sociais e de mercado, do setor hospitalar. Desfez-se a aliança entre a burocracia estatal federal e os representantes do setor hospitalar privado lucrativo, que constituía uma comunidade de política influente, em especial na década de 1970, anterior à Reforma do Sistema de Saúde brasileiro, ocorrida após 1988. A partir de 1990, diversificaram-se os atores do setor hospitalar que participam do subsistema. Foi possível, com esse trabalho, explicitar as diferenças de ideias, interesses e estratégias dos diversos segmentos hospitalares que, usualmente, eram tratados como homogêneos. Por fim, observou-se que a implementação de políticas públicas contribui para produzir novos atores, bem como para potencializar a organização de atores coletivos que influenciarão as políticas futuras. Os atores alteram suas ideias e estratégias, buscando adaptar-se às novas regras do jogo, para manter seus interesses, mas também os modificam. Adotam propostas de outros atores, refazendo alianças e acordos para se manterem atuantes na arena política. / This thesis analyzed the effects of public policies on the provision of the hospital subsystem of the National Health System (SUS) in Brazil between the years of 1990 and 2012. The focus of the investigation was the impact of political decentralization, regionalization of health and specific policies for the hospital area in the configuration of state and societal actors involved with hospitals – their ideas, interests and action strategies. The research was a case study of the hospital sector of SUS. The theoretical referential of public policies was the chosen analytical framework to respond to the problems of this thesis. It was observed that public health policies, throughout the history of Brazil, were decisive for the organization of the hospital provision subsystem. The rules printed by the state constituted the existing network of hospitals, influenced the process of medicalization of these entities and contributed to the organization of state, societal, social and market actors participating in the hospital sector. The policies of decentralization and regionalization of the health system, implemented between 1990 and 2012, directly influenced the reconfiguration of the hospital provision subsystem of the SUS. They expanded the involvement of state actors of states and municipalities in implementing policies, as well as the relationship of these managers with societal, social and market actors of the hospital sector. The alliance broke up between federal state bureaucracy and representatives of the profitable private hospital sector, which constituted an influential political community, especially in the 1970s, prior to the Reformation of the Brazilian Health System, which occurred after 1988. Since 1990, the hospital sector actors that participate in the subsystem diversified. It was possible, with this work, to explicitate the differences of ideas, interests and strategies of the various hospital segments that usually were treated as homogeneous. Finally, it was observed that the implementation of public policies contributed to produce new actors as well as to potentialize the organization of collective actors that will influence future policies. The actors change their ideas and strategies, seeking to adapt to the new rules of the game to keep their interests, but also modify them. They adopt proposals of other actors, redoing alliances and agreements to remain active in the political arena.

Ressonância Magnética (RM) é uma técnica bastante versátil, pois é utilizada em muitas áreas de pesquisa, como biologia, física, química, engenharia e medicina. Apesar disso, constitui-se uma desvantagem o alto custo do equipamento e suas restrições físicas para alguns experimentos. Para reduzir essas desvantagens, o grupo de pesquisadores do CIERMag está desenvolvendo um equipamento de RMN multipropósito e, para complementá-lo, este trabalho vem desenvolver um subsistema non-real-time que gerencia os dispositivos periféricos de um experimento. Foi proposta uma rede de dispositivos que é controlada por um Raspberry Pi como elemento central, o qual está conectado ao terminal computadorizado do sistema através de uma rede local (Local Area Network - LAN) via Ethernet e conectado aos dispositivos periféricos via Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). Com o objetivo de ser possível gerenciar qualquer tipo de dispositivo, foi desenvolvido um conjunto de parâmetros baseado no Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS), definido no padrão IEEE 1451, de modo que cada dispositivo, normalmente um transdutor, possui seu próprio. Foram elaboradas duas interfaces de software: uma desenvolvida em Python e a outra uma interface web HTML. Ambas as interfaces possuem as mesmas funcionalidades: editor e gerenciador de TEDS, visualização gráfica de medidas dos sensores e interface para os atuadores. / Magnetic Resonance (MR) is a very versatile technique, since it is used in many research areas such as biology, physics, chemistry, engineering and medicine. Despite this, the cost of the equipment and its physical restrictions in some experiments constitute a serious drawback. To minimize these problems, the CIERMag research team is developing multipurpose MR equipment and, to complement this equipment, this work develops a non-real-time subsystem that manages the peripheral devices of the experiment. It was proposed a network of devices controlled by a Raspberry Pi as its central element, which is connected to the terminal computer of the system. The protocol adopted for this was Ethernet via Local Area Network (LAN); communication with peripheral transducers was performed with the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). With the objective to be able to manage any type of device, we created parameter sets based on Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS), defined in the IEEE 1451 standard, so each device, normally a transducer, has its own parameter set. We created two software interfaces: one developed with Python and the other is a HTML web interface. Both have the same functionalities: a TEDS editor and manager, a graphical visualization of sensor measurements and also an actuator interface.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O objeto de estudo da tese à o subsistema penal militar. O trabalho està estruturado com base na linguagem sociolÃgica de Niklas Luhmann. Foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos metodolÃgicos: revisÃo de literatura da obra desse autor; levantamento histÃrico acerca do processo de institucionalizaÃÃo das organizaÃÃes da justiÃa penal militar; e, pesquisa jurisprudencial nos sites eletrÃnicos do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) e do Superior Tribunal de JustiÃa (STJ) sobre crime militar. Em sÃntese, pode-se dizer que sÃo trÃs os objetivos da pesquisa: reconstruir uma versÃo da sociologia do direito de Niklas Luhmann; observar, a partir dela, a diferenciaÃÃo do subsistema penal militar; e, compreender como esse subsistema processa informaÃÃes e redundÃncias, de modo a evidenciar suas contingÃncias. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que, com o aparecimento e desaparecimento de diferentes organizaÃÃes, as comunicaÃÃes jurÃdicas foram se concentrando em torno de uma distinÃÃo especÃfica (crime militar/nÃo crime militar), com base na qual, diferenciou-se o subsistema. A partir das decisÃes coletadas, verificou-se que as instÃncias decisÃrias desse subsistema desenvolvem suas comunicaÃÃes atravÃs da organizaÃÃo de autorreferÃncias e heterorreferÃncias para produzir informaÃÃes e redundÃncias. Os resultados indicam que o subsistema penal militar à mais restritivo nas interpretaÃÃes dos direitos humanos de acusados ou condenados pela prÃtica de crime militar. Tais restriÃÃes decorrerem de um ponto de vista normativo que se formula no prÃprio subsistema e acarretam a negaÃÃo de benefÃcios penais aos processados ou condenados por crime militar e a nÃo aplicaÃÃo de princÃpios constitucionais para descriminalizaÃÃo de determinadas condutas.

Esta tese analisou os efeitos das políticas públicas sobre o subsistema de provisão hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil, entre os anos de 1990 e 2012. O foco da investigação foi o impacto das políticas de descentralização, regionalização da saúde e políticas específicas para a área hospitalar na configuração de atores societais e estatais envolvidos com hospitais, suas ideias, interesses e estratégias de ação. A pesquisa foi um estudo de caso do setor hospitalar do SUS. O referencial teórico das políticas públicas foi o quadro analítico escolhido para responder à problemática dessa tese. Observou-se que as políticas públicas de saúde, ao longo da história do Brasil, foram decisivas para a organização do subsistema de provisão hospitalar. As regras exaradas pelo Estado constituíram a rede de hospitais existente, influenciaram o processo de medicalização dessas entidades e contribuíram para a organização dos atores estatais e societais, sociais e de mercado, que participam do setor hospitalar. As políticas de descentralização e regionalização do sistema de saúde, implementadas entre 1990 e 2012, influenciaram diretamente a reconfiguração do subsistema de provisão hospitalar do SUS. Ampliou a participação dos atores estatais de estados e municípios na condução das políticas, bem como a relação desses gestores com os atores societais, sociais e de mercado, do setor hospitalar. Desfez-se a aliança entre a burocracia estatal federal e os representantes do setor hospitalar privado lucrativo, que constituía uma comunidade de política influente, em especial na década de 1970, anterior à Reforma do Sistema de Saúde brasileiro, ocorrida após 1988. A partir de 1990, diversificaram-se os atores do setor hospitalar que participam do subsistema. Foi possível, com esse trabalho, explicitar as diferenças de ideias, interesses e estratégias dos diversos segmentos hospitalares que, usualmente, eram tratados como homogêneos. Por fim, observou-se que a implementação de políticas públicas contribui para produzir novos atores, bem como para potencializar a organização de atores coletivos que influenciarão as políticas futuras. Os atores alteram suas ideias e estratégias, buscando adaptar-se às novas regras do jogo, para manter seus interesses, mas também os modificam. Adotam propostas de outros atores, refazendo alianças e acordos para se manterem atuantes na arena política. / This thesis analyzed the effects of public policies on the provision of the hospital subsystem of the National Health System (SUS) in Brazil between the years of 1990 and 2012. The focus of the investigation was the impact of political decentralization, regionalization of health and specific policies for the hospital area in the configuration of state and societal actors involved with hospitals – their ideas, interests and action strategies. The research was a case study of the hospital sector of SUS. The theoretical referential of public policies was the chosen analytical framework to respond to the problems of this thesis. It was observed that public health policies, throughout the history of Brazil, were decisive for the organization of the hospital provision subsystem. The rules printed by the state constituted the existing network of hospitals, influenced the process of medicalization of these entities and contributed to the organization of state, societal, social and market actors participating in the hospital sector. The policies of decentralization and regionalization of the health system, implemented between 1990 and 2012, directly influenced the reconfiguration of the hospital provision subsystem of the SUS. They expanded the involvement of state actors of states and municipalities in implementing policies, as well as the relationship of these managers with societal, social and market actors of the hospital sector. The alliance broke up between federal state bureaucracy and representatives of the profitable private hospital sector, which constituted an influential political community, especially in the 1970s, prior to the Reformation of the Brazilian Health System, which occurred after 1988. Since 1990, the hospital sector actors that participate in the subsystem diversified. It was possible, with this work, to explicitate the differences of ideas, interests and strategies of the various hospital segments that usually were treated as homogeneous. Finally, it was observed that the implementation of public policies contributed to produce new actors as well as to potentialize the organization of collective actors that will influence future policies. The actors change their ideas and strategies, seeking to adapt to the new rules of the game to keep their interests, but also modify them. They adopt proposals of other actors, redoing alliances and agreements to remain active in the political arena.

The thesis contains a proposal and implementation of an environment convenient for operation of network client applications which use common terminals. It also consists of implemented examples where the way of their usage is presented. The centralized way of communication is the basis. The approach is used also for the possibility of their joining with managing subsystems, i.e. unlimited ways of regulation of systems for real estate management, access to devices, user authority access to access data points to the devices. The environment is based on operation system Linux and database MySQL. Their realization is supposed on a server, in the network environment. This relates also to the overall security policy and this work also focused on social treatment of clients possibilities.

Les réseaux de télécommunications deviennent de plus en plus complexes, notamment de par la multiplicité des technologies mises en œuvre, leur couverture géographique grandissante, la croissance du trafic en quantité et en variété, mais aussi de par l’évolution des services fournis par les opérateurs. Tout ceci contribue à rendre la gestion de ces réseaux de plus en plus lourde, complexe, génératrice d’erreurs et donc coûteuse pour les opérateurs. On place derrière le terme « réseaux autonome » l’ensemble des solutions visant à rendre la gestion de ce réseau plus autonome. L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à la réalisation de certaines fonctions autonomiques dans les réseaux de télécommunications. Nous proposons une stratégie pour automatiser la gestion des pannes tout en couvrant les différents segments du réseau et les services de bout en bout déployés au-dessus. Il s’agit d’une approche basée modèle qui adresse les deux difficultés du diagnostic basé modèle à savoir : a) la façon d'obtenir un tel modèle, adapté à un réseau donné à un moment donné, en particulier si l'on souhaite capturer plusieurs couches réseau et segments et b) comment raisonner sur un modèle potentiellement énorme, si l'on veut gérer un réseau national par exemple. Pour répondre à la première difficulté, nous proposons un nouveau concept : l’auto-modélisation qui consiste d’abord à construire les différentes familles de modèles génériques, puis à identifier à la volée les instances de ces modèles qui sont déployées dans le réseau géré. La seconde difficulté est adressée grâce à un moteur d’auto-diagnostic actif, basé sur le formalisme des réseaux Bayésiens et qui consiste à raisonner sur un fragment du modèle du réseau qui est augmenté progressivement en utilisant la capacité d’auto-modélisation: des observations sont collectées et des tests réalisés jusqu’à ce que les fautes soient localisées avec une certitude suffisante. Cette approche de diagnostic actif a été expérimentée pour réaliser une gestion multi-couches et multi-segments des alarmes dans un réseau IMS. / While modern networks and services are continuously growing in scale, complexity and heterogeneity, the management of such systems is reaching the limits of human capabilities. Technically and economically, more automation of the classical management tasks is needed. This has triggered a significant research effort, gathered under the terms self-management and autonomic networking. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the realization of some self-management properties in telecommunication networks. We propose an approach to automatize the management of faults, covering the different segments of a network, and the end-to-end services deployed over them. This is a model-based approach addressing the two weaknesses of model-based diagnosis namely: a) how to derive such a model, suited to a given network at a given time, in particular if one wishes to capture several network layers and segments and b) how to reason a potentially huge model, if one wishes to manage a nation-wide network for example. To address the first point, we propose a new concept called self-modeling that formulates off-line generic patterns of the model, and identifies on-line the instances of these patterns that are deployed in the managed network. The second point is addressed by an active self-diagnosis engine, based on a Bayesian network formalism, that consists in reasoning on a progressively growing fragment of the network model, relying on the self-modeling ability: more observations are collected and new tests are performed until the faults are localized with sufficient confidence. This active diagnosis approach has been experimented to perform cross-layer and cross-segment alarm management on an IMS network.

The purpose of this thesis is to design and implement tools for support of a snapshot and a rollback for configuration files on the GNU/Linux distribution. The set of the tools enables an automatic/periodical saving of the configuration files into the selected placement. The creation of backups reacts to file events by watching the changes with kernel subsystem inotify. Tools are enabling to return to the selected backup. The way of the backup actualization is configurable. This tool permits the data comparison from selected backups, to show the differences in configurations and eventually to manage a merge among actual and selected backup. Tools also allows a comparison of a configurations of one client or configurations among clients, and to display the mutual differences, eventually to manage their merge.

This study is about replacing an old bluetooth module with a new variant, namely the BM83 which is an integrated circuit that contains an internal DSP circuit, profiles and important functions such as noise reduction, acoustic echo removal and EQ filtering. The purpose of this study is to replace the old module with the BM83, as well as explore the internal DSP circuit in the BM83. The goal is to develop the audio system with a high performance bluetooth and explore the BM83's built-in DSP functions and its profiles to optimize sound quality. This study takes different methods and performs different experiments to test the ability of BM83 to replace RN52 in a DSP platform. In addition, it was proposed that an audiosystem should be managed in an operating system with the idea of optimizing data transfer by using some of new operating system mechanism methods. In this study, the differences between BM83 and RN52 were discussed in terms of their profiles, built-in CODEC and DSP algorithm.This study provides how SPP, A2DP and HFP can be used together when the BM83 is controlled by a DSP platform. In addition, it was tested how A2DP and HFP have a great importance in providing events that a DSP platform can decide on and how it chooses its source depending on these events. In addition, the data communication between the BM83 and an STM32F7 was tested via the SPP protocol, with the idea that any data would be sent and received via SPP without loss in data transmission. In conclusion, it was discussed what type of data communication is used between BM83 and an MCU in comparison between RN52 and how the built-in DSP circuit and itsprofiles are important for future research. This project was funded by the Hearing Research Foundation in project FA21-0017 and was carried out under the supervision of Amin Saremi. / Denna studie handlar om att ersätta en gammal bluetooth modul med en ny variant, nämligen BM83 som är en integrerad krets som innehåller en interna DSP krets, profiler och viktiga funktioner som brusreducering, akustisk ekoborttagning och EQ-filtrering. Syftet med denna studie är att ersätta den gamla modulen med BM83, samt utforska den interna DSP kretsen i BM83. Målet är att utveckla ljudsystemet med en högprestanda bluetooth och utforska BM83:s inbyggda DSP-funktioner och dess profilerför att optimera ljudkvalitet. Denna studie tar olika metoder och utför olika experiment för att testa BM83:s förmåga att ersätta RN52 i en DSP plattform. Dessutom föreslogs om att hur ett ljudsystem skulle hanteras i ett operativsystem med tanken på att optimera dataöverföringen. I denna studie diskuterades skillnaderna mellan BM83 och RN52 när det gäller deras profiler, inbyggda CODEC- och DSP-algoritmen. I denna studie belystes hur SPP, A2DP och HFP användes tillsammans när BM83 styrdes av en DSP plattform. Dessutom testades hur A2DP och HFP har en stor betydelse för att tillhandahålla händelser som kan en DSP plattform bestämma sig av och hur den väljer sin källa beroende på dessa händelser. Dessutom testades datakommunikationen mellan BM83 och en STM32F7 via SPP protokollet, med tanken på att valfri data skulle skickas och tas emot via SPP utan förlust i dataöverföring. Avslutningsvis diskuterades vilken typ av datakommunikation används mellan BM83 ochen MCU i jämförelse mellan RN52 och hur den inbyggda DSP kretsen och dess profiler är viktiga för framtida forskningar. Detta projekt finansierades av Hörselforskningsfonden i projekt FA21-0017 och utfördes under uppsikt av Amin Saremi.