Techn. University, Diss., 2000--Berlin.

Like many other African colonies, the Sudan experienced a period of sustained industrial unrest during the late 1940s. The Workers’ Affairs Association (WAA), the representative body for Sudanese railway workers, led a two year campaign of strikes during 1947 and 1948. The escalating labour unrest provoked considerable unease among British officials in the Sudan Government. Not only was there a fear that the strikes might escalate into broader anti-colonial protest but the sustained campaign of industrial unrest also caused significant disruption to the economy. During the strikes the export of cotton - the Sudan Government’s principal source of revenue - was delayed and the movement of other essential goods was severely restricted. The thesis argues that the economic dislocation caused by the strikes, which coincided with growing concerns about rising anti-colonial nationalism and imperial decline, meant that labour discipline among key sector workers was the primary objective for the late colonial state. Although the protests in the Sudan were part of the broader strike wave that was sweeping through the African continent in the late 1940s, it has largely been excluded from the historiography of this period – primarily because of the Sudan’s unique status as a ‘Condominium’ of Britain and Egypt. Through an analysis of the Sudan Government’s labour policy, the thesis challenges this notion of exceptionality, demonstrating that the British officials of the Sudan Political Service (SPS) were animated by similar concerns and motivations to their counterparts elsewhere in colonial Africa. With this in mind, the thesis aims to address two broad research objectives. Firstly, to examine the causes of the industrial unrest: investigating the relationship between the structure of the economy, social organisation, and post-war economic conditions. Secondly, to analyse the Sudan Government’s response to the labour protests, documenting how immediate economic concerns, combined with post-war ideas relating to industrial relations management and social welfare, shaped colonial labour policy.

Le but de la thèse est de retracer le développement et l’évolution de l’arabe de Juba au Nord Soudan, et son expansion, grâce à l’accroissement de son usage dans la vie quotidienne, comme instrument de communication dans tous les domaines sans exception. On y décrit la situation sociolinguistique de l’arabe de Juba, dans les années récentes, et le rôle d’une nouvelle génération dans le processus de son développement spectaculaire. L’étude est descriptive, analytique, et diachronique; elle donne une image historique des débuts de son existence, à partir du Sud en direction du Nord. Il s’agit d’observer, de près, son progrès dans la société, malgré sa complexité linguistique, face à une soixantaine de langues maternelles [langues vernaculaires], dans une société multi-ethnique, multi-culturelle et géographiquement étendue; l’élargissement de son utilisation dans les occasions officielles, rassemblements populaires, etc. Il s’agit aussi d’analyser le développement de sa structure grammaticale, à partir des données récoltées du corpus. L'objectif est aussi de montrer l’évolution linguistique de l’Arabe de Juba, en particulier son usage moderne et son rapprochement de l’arabe de Khartoum (Dialecte du nord Soudan), son usage quotidien à la radio et à la télévision qui jouent un rôle incontournable. Il s’agit enfin de montrer que l’arabe de Juba a fait un grand pas dans les domaines suivants: la poésie populaire, le théâtre, la chanson, la publicité, les blagues, les programmes télévisés, le discours politique, etc. La thèse dresse le tableau de la situation actuelle de ce phénomène linguistique considérable qu’est l’extension de l’usage de l’arabe de Juba au Nord Soudan, tout en étudiant les représentations dont il est l’objet, chez les locuteurs natifs ou non. Cette étude des nouveaux visages de l’arabe de Juba n’oublie pas de s’appuyer sur l’état ancien de cette langue et sur les travaux qui lui ont été consacrés. Par ailleurs, la thèse comprend la transcription et la traduction d’un vaste corpus recueilli sur place. / The aim of the thesis, "Use and representations of Juba Arabic in North Sudan" is to relate the development and evolution of Juba Arabic in North Sudan, and its expansion by its increasing use in everyday life as an instrument of communication in all fields without exception. The thesis describes the sociolinguistic situation of Juba Arabic, in recent years, and the role of a new generation in the process of its dramatic growth. The study is descriptive, analytical, and diachronic, giving a historical account of the beginnings of its existence, from the South up to the North. It is a close observation of its progress in society, in spite of its linguistic complexity, confronted with sixty vernacular languages in a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural society spreading out on a wide geographical space, the expansion of its use in formal occasions, public gatherings, etc. It analyzes the development of grammatical structure, based on collected data. The objective is also to show the evolution of Juba Arabic and its modern use and how it is getting closer to the Arabic of Khartoum [dialect of northern Sudan], as well as its daily use on radio and television which play a key role. It is also to show that Juba Arabic has taken a big step forward in the fields of folk poetry, drama, song, commercials, jokes, television programs, political speech, etc. This thesis thus draws an image of contemporary use and representations of Juba Arabic in Sudan, studying the significant linguistic phenomenon of its extension in North Sudan, as well as of how native and non native speakers look at it. It addresses the new faces of Juba Arabic, without losing to take into account the ancient state of the language and the work that had been carried out by previous scholars. Furthermore, an extensive corpus collected locally is given both in transcription and translation.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Introduction: Children with disabilities and other special needs present unique challenges for oral health professionals in the planning and execution of dental treatment. The oral health of children with special health care needs is influenced by various socio-demographic factors, including their living conditions and severity of the impairment. According to United States (US) Maternal and Child Health Bureau, special health care needs (SHCN) children are defined as “those who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally”. Aim and Objectives: The aim was to determine the oral health status of children with special needs. The objectives were to determine the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease and oral mucosal lesions among children with special needs in Khartoum State aged 5 to 15 years old attending educational and rehabilitation institutions. Methodology: A descriptive cross–sectional study was carried out. Data were collected with a data capture sheet that was a modified WHO Oral Health Assessment Clinical Oral Examination Guideline. Demographic variables, dmft, periodontal disease and oral mucosal lesions were recorded. Results: The mean dmft /DMFT scores was 2.02/1.25. The DMFT score increased with age, girls showed higher score than boys and autistic children had the poorest oral health among other disabilities. More than two third of the examined sextants were healthy, less than quarter had bleeding (18.3%) and 5% calculus accumulation. Fissured tongue was the most frequent oral lesion found. Conclusion: Children with special needs in Khartoum State demonstrated a high prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease and do not receive adequate dental care. There is an urgent need for both preventive and treatment programmes to improve the oral health of children with special needs.

This study analysed causes of the problem of over-fishing in the Jebel Aulia Reservoir (JAR) in Sudan and investigated reasons behind the failure of current management and policy regimes to promote sustainable management and exploitation of fishery in this reservoir. To achieve these objectives existing analytical frameworks and methodological approaches to study noncompliance with regulations have been adapted to allow two important extensions: (1) using frequency instead of intensity as a measure of violation rate and, (2) modifying the probability of detection to depend on time to account for frequency of violation. The adapted analytical models have then been empirically implemented to develop a typology of fishers according to violation rates and to analyse determinants of noncompliance and extent of violation with mesh size regulations among artisanal fishers in the JAR. This study represents the first research effort investigating causes and implications of illegal fishing and noncompliance with fishery regulations in Sudan in general and particularly in the JAR. The study extended the two times dynamic deterrence model (DDM) to use frequency instead of intensity of noncompliance as a measure of violation rate. The method of comparative statics was employed to derive analytical results on the sensitivity of optimal violation to a number of key factors of high relevance to compliance with regulations designed to protect against over-fishing. Analytical results obtained with this extended DDM confirmed the findings of earlier empirical studies employing alternative static and dynamic formulations and revealed interesting economic meanings of modelled relations. The study concludes that a number of factors related to market and institutional failures make frequency more suitable than intensity as a measure of violation in artisanal fisheries of developing countries. Applications of DDM have so far been limited to the case of constant probability of detection, which assumes independence of the length of time to detection. One objective of this study was therefore to modify the DDM to allow for more flexible and broader specification by introducing two important variables to the supply of offences function, namely, evasion activity and enforcement efforts .One of the major modifications made by this study is modelling the probability of detection as a Cox proportional hazard model instead of the survival hazard used in the literature. The new modelling of probability of detection also makes the previous specification only one of the three versions of the new model, since the new model accommodates the situations of constant and inconstant probability of detection. The results of comparative statics analysis revealed important potential ways of extending the standard DDM to allow for optimal choice among critical trade-offs between evasion efforts and violation rates. The study then applied the adapted DDM to empirically analyse and test specific hypotheses about artisanal fishers‘ compliance behaviour using data from a survey of artisanal fishers in the JAR area. Survey data was collected from a sample of 241 fishers from five landing sites at the study area. Factors that determine the probability of violation as well as the extent of violation were analysed employing an ordered Probit model and a count data model respectively, in two steps. The first step analysed the determinants of the choice to belong to one of the defined fishers‘ typologies. In the second step, a zero truncated negative binomial model was applied to analyse determinants of the extent and frequency of violation among violators only. Results of the empirical analyses suggest that fishers seem to care more about the size of the penalty than the presence of regulation enforcing agents as a deterrent, mainly due to corrupt options and effective evasion activities used by fishers. The study also suggests that better education of fishermen is necessary, as well as the provision of alternative income generating activities especially during the fish reproduction season, access to credit for ownership of legal nets, and finally, effective regulation of the importation of illegal nets will be necessary to enhance compliance with mesh size regulations in Sudan. It is also necessary to promote community level organisation and awareness campaigns among fishers about the dangers for future fish stocks of eroding small fish quantities through the use of illegal nets and consequently endangering the social welfare of all. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

In order to properly assess human impacts and appropriate restoration goals, baselines of pristine conditions on coral reefs are required. In Saudi Arabian waters of the central Red Sea, widespread and heavy fishing pressure has been ongoing for decades. To evaluate this influence, we surveyed the assemblage of offshore reef fishes in both this region as well as those of remote and largely unfished southern Sudan. At comparable latitudes, of similar oceanographic influence, and hosting the same array of species, the offshore reefs of southern Sudan provided an ideal location for comparison. We found that top predators (jacks, large snappers, groupers, and others) dominated the reef fish community biomass in Sudan’s deep south region, resulting in an inverted (top-heavy) biomass pyramid. In contrast, the Red Sea reefs of central Saudi Arabia exhibited the typical bottom-heavy pyramid and show evidence for trophic cascades in the form of mesopredator release. Biomass values from Sudan’s deep south are quite similar to those previously reported in the remote and uninhabited Northwest Hawaiian Islands, northern Line Islands, Pitcairn Islands, and other remote Pacific islands and atolls. The findings of this study suggest that heavy fishing pressure has significantly altered the fish community structure of Saudi Arabian Red Sea reefs. The results point towards the urgent need for enhanced regulation and enforcement of fishing practices in Saudi Arabia while simultaneously making a strong case for protection in the form of marine protected areas in the southern Sudanese Red Sea.

There is a stark regress in the development of international criminal justice, in particular the fight against impunity on the African continent. This study explores various legal aspects that have arisen between Africa and the International Criminal Court (ICC) since the indictment of President al-Bashir of Sudan by the Court. There is a presumption of conflict between some provisions of the Rome Statute, particularly Article 27 and Article 98. The indictment of President al-Bashir ICC has been the epitome of such a presumption. The African Union (AU) is among those opposed to the indictment of President al-Bashir and has requested the Security Council to defer the matter in accordance with Article 16 of the Rome Statute. The regional body has also refused to cooperate with the ICC in the arresting and surrendering of President al-Bashir to the Court on the basis of Article 98. Therefore, this study seeks to critically analyse the indictment of President al-Bashir by the ICC and the AU’s response to the same. The study further explores the legal validity of a deferral by the UN Security Council and the challenges it would will raise. The study also attempts to reconcile article 27 and article 98 of the Rome Statute in the context of President al Bashir’s indictment. In doing so, the study endeavours to weigh the legal elements in both of the arguments offered in support and against the action taken by the ICC. The reason for such a discussion is to investigate the nature of the jurisdiction the Court has upon President al-Bashir by virtue of UN Security Council Resolution 1593(2005), which referred the al Bashir case to the court. The discussion also investigates the nature of the legal obligations on members of the international community including Sudan, to cooperate with the ICC by arresting and surrendering President al-Bashir to the Court. In an effort to garner support for the ICC’s indictment of President al-Bashir, the study also looks at the operation of the principle of complementarity under the Rome Statute and various principles of International Criminal Law that affirm the ICC’s jurisdiction over the situation in Darfur and those principles that speak to the presumed liability of President al-Bashir. Although this study acknowledges the apparent competing demands of justice and peace, it challenges arguments that promote impunity and makes the case for addressing the AU’s concerns relating to the ICC. More importantly, the study suggests that the UN Security Council and the ICC should be consistent and in condemning atrocities wherever they are committed and should be impartial in referring perpetrators of atrocities to the ICC irrespective of their political status. In so doing a clear message may be sent to individuals like President al-Bashir that commission of atrocities will invite international accountability. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Public Law / unrestricted

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / The professional status of physiotherapists in Sudan is reported to be low even though the profession was established in Khartoum, Sudan in 1969. Intensive care units are operating in Khartoum, Sudan. Physiotherapists have been reported to be integral to the management of intensive care patients. Globally, the role of ICU physiotherapists in the management of ICU patients have been explored and described; however, this information is lacking for Khartoum, where the profession is still in its infancy. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and describe the physiotherapists’ perceptions of their role in the management of intensive care patients in Khartoum, Sudan. / 2022

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