<p>The concept of security is a contested one. The United Nations definition in UNDPs Development report of 1994 is the most authoritive and commonly cited. The civil war in Sudan has led to 2 million deaths and over 5.5 million refugees. In a resolution from 2005, the UN decided that the war in Sudan was a threat to international security and peace. The 10th of January UN decided that a peace commission ought to be send with 10 000 military and civil men including 700 policemen.</p><p>The main purpose of this thesis is to improve our knowledge of those factors which can cause an increased risk of conflict within a state, and how that can affect the social conditions for individuals. First, I analyse which kind of threats to human security that are to be identified in Sudan. Secondly, I discuss and analyse the role of UN in Sudan, focusing on the human security issues. Different information from sources is analyzed through qualitative content analysis, with quantative components. The theoretical perspective is based on Johan Galtungs theory concerning positive and negative peace, but also on the concept of human security. </p><p>Based on the collected data and the theoretical framework the conclusions are that it is a clear connection between the direct violence and the structural and cultural violence in south Sudan. It depends on the historical legacy but also because of the deep rooted structures of the institutions in Sudan. The conflict is about the oil and the ethnic and cultural identification. All this is a threat to the human security in Sudan, due to the condition about social equitable and the right to have a decent life. The UN has resolved the immediate military threat in the south of Sudan. There are a lot of things to be done before the security situation reach the UN definition of human security. The Sudan government must be responsible for implementing policies to assure this security.</p>

<p>The United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 on women, peace and security was passed by the Security Council in 2000. Its passing was made possible by the efforts of NGOs around the world and was seen as a huge step for women in conflict and post-conflict situations as women were not only seen as victims but as agents of peace. The resolution deals with the obligations of Member States as well as those of the Security Council within its peacekeeping missions.</p><p>Eight years have passed since the passing of the resolution and this thesis examines how the resolution is visible in a peacekeeping mission. In order to answer this question reports and resolutions by the Security Council and the Secretary- General have been examined as well as literature on gender and peacekeeping. Field research was conducted in the Sudan from April to June 2008 in Khartoum and Kadugli. Interviews were carried out with NGOs, UN staff and with personnel within the UN peacekeeping mission in Sudan, UNMIS.</p><p>The UN reports and the field research both conclude that there are several obstacles preventing resolution 1325 from being implemented within the UN. One of the main obstacles is the lack of accountability within the UN system. Furthermore, it was found that personal interest played a major role in whether or not a gender perspective was being taken into account. Gender was also regarded by UN staff as ad hoc instead of an integral part of their work. The conclusion is that resolution 1325 is not yet fully visible in the peacekeeping mission observed, UNMIS.</p>

<p>The aim of this research is to ask questions as to why child right laws for the protection of child soldiers have failed to protect children in the Darfur region of Sudan despite the<br /> fact that Sudan is a member to many of these children&rsquo / s rights instruments. Can conflict transformation therefore be of any help? This is research seeks to address the question posed above.</p>

This thesis assesses the water quality of the River Nile around the city Khartoum in Khartoum State, Sudan Republic, and investigates eventual influences of the city on the River Nile by analysis of the following parameters: temperature, pH, and conductivity, and Adsorbable Organic Halogen (AOX), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), Total Organic Carbon(TOC) and Nitrate (NO3− ). A survey of the area is also included. It was concluded that the city Khartoum added small but legible concentrations of cadmium, lead, chromium and TOC to the river Nile. However, the resulting concentrations were all within acceptable levels. Also, the observed results showed that the Blue and White Nile, which merge together upstream on the outskirts of Khartoum, had concentrations of AOX resp. chromium, which were not suitable for drinking water.

The concept of security is a contested one. The United Nations definition in UNDPs Development report of 1994 is the most authoritive and commonly cited. The civil war in Sudan has led to 2 million deaths and over 5.5 million refugees. In a resolution from 2005, the UN decided that the war in Sudan was a threat to international security and peace. The 10th of January UN decided that a peace commission ought to be send with 10 000 military and civil men including 700 policemen. The main purpose of this thesis is to improve our knowledge of those factors which can cause an increased risk of conflict within a state, and how that can affect the social conditions for individuals. First, I analyse which kind of threats to human security that are to be identified in Sudan. Secondly, I discuss and analyse the role of UN in Sudan, focusing on the human security issues. Different information from sources is analyzed through qualitative content analysis, with quantative components. The theoretical perspective is based on Johan Galtungs theory concerning positive and negative peace, but also on the concept of human security. Based on the collected data and the theoretical framework the conclusions are that it is a clear connection between the direct violence and the structural and cultural violence in south Sudan. It depends on the historical legacy but also because of the deep rooted structures of the institutions in Sudan. The conflict is about the oil and the ethnic and cultural identification. All this is a threat to the human security in Sudan, due to the condition about social equitable and the right to have a decent life. The UN has resolved the immediate military threat in the south of Sudan. There are a lot of things to be done before the security situation reach the UN definition of human security. The Sudan government must be responsible for implementing policies to assure this security.

The United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 on women, peace and security was passed by the Security Council in 2000. Its passing was made possible by the efforts of NGOs around the world and was seen as a huge step for women in conflict and post-conflict situations as women were not only seen as victims but as agents of peace. The resolution deals with the obligations of Member States as well as those of the Security Council within its peacekeeping missions. Eight years have passed since the passing of the resolution and this thesis examines how the resolution is visible in a peacekeeping mission. In order to answer this question reports and resolutions by the Security Council and the Secretary- General have been examined as well as literature on gender and peacekeeping. Field research was conducted in the Sudan from April to June 2008 in Khartoum and Kadugli. Interviews were carried out with NGOs, UN staff and with personnel within the UN peacekeeping mission in Sudan, UNMIS. The UN reports and the field research both conclude that there are several obstacles preventing resolution 1325 from being implemented within the UN. One of the main obstacles is the lack of accountability within the UN system. Furthermore, it was found that personal interest played a major role in whether or not a gender perspective was being taken into account. Gender was also regarded by UN staff as ad hoc instead of an integral part of their work. The conclusion is that resolution 1325 is not yet fully visible in the peacekeeping mission observed, UNMIS.

This study investigates the depositional environment, source area, sandstone composition, diagenetic properties, reservoir quality and palaeogeography of the Middle–Upper Cretaceous strata at the Unity and Heglig Fields in the SE Muglad Rift Basin, Sudan. In this study, the subsurface Cretaceous sediments were investigated essentially by seven sedimentological techniques. These included subsurface facies analysis, which was based on 1500 cutting samples and seven conventional cores description as well as on wire line logs and three seismic section analyses, petrographic analyses that included heavy mineral analysis, thin sections and scanning electron microscopic investigations, clay mineral as well as geochemical analyses. The facies description and the analysis of conventional cores from the Bentiu, Aradeiba, and Zarga Formations in the Unity and Heglig Field revealed the presence of nine major lithofacies types, all of them are siliciclastic sediments. They can be interpreted as deposits of fluvial, deltaic and lacustrine environments. Moreover, based on wire line logs, cores and cutting sample descriptions and analyses and also on seismic section analyses, the Middle–Upper Cretaceous strata in Unity and Heglig Fields can be classified into three different units of first-order sequences, i.e. fluvial-dominated unit, lacustrine-dominated unit and deltaic-dominated unit. These depositional units most probably testify to environmental change in response to main tectonic pulses during the Turonian – Late Senonian second rifting phase. The seismic analysis revealed that the maximum thickness of the Cretaceous sediments in the study area reaches about 6000 m in the NW part of the Heglig Field. Moreover, the seismic interpretation has revealed three seismic facies reflection patterns: parallel and subparallel reflection patterns (uniform rates of deposition), divergent reflection pattern (differential subsidence rates) and hummocky clinoform pattern (clinoform lobes of delta). The thin section investigations of the core samples revealed that feldspar accounts for 13.5 – 22 %, that of the quartz and the lithic fragments are ranging between 75.7 – 85.2 % and 0.0 7.3 % respectively. Consequently, the sandstones of the study area are classified as subarkoses. Moreover, the modal analysis of the sandstones revealed, that they stem generally from a continental provenance, transitional between the stable interior of a craton and a basement uplift, which is a basement area of relatively high relief along rifts. This allows the detrital components to be recycled and transported for rather long distances and to be deposited in extensional and pull-apart basins. The reservoir quality of the Bentiu and Aradeiba Formations in general is better than that of the Zarga Formation. The porosity of the Bentiu and Aradeiba Formations ranges between 16.7 – 30.0 % and 18.6 – 25.3 %, respectively, whereas the porosity of the Zarga Formation ranges between 16.3 – 23.7 %. Moreover, the thin section investigations and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis for the sandstones of the study area revealed that their reservoir quality was affected positively and negatively by several diagenetic processes. These processes include: mechanical compaction factors (grain slippage and crushing of the ductile grains), quartz overgrowths, precipitation of siderite and calcite, feldspar and clay mineral authigenesis, dissolution of carbonate and of the labile detrital grains and clay infiltration. Furthermore, the reservoir quality of the study intervals was not only affected by the above mentioned diagenetic processes, but also in a large-scale by the type of depositional environment. The study of the heavy minerals revealed that the amounts of the heavy minerals kyanite and garnet supersede those of zircon, tourmaline and rutile. This indicates a metamorphic source rock of originally granitic and/or granodioritic composition for the sediments of the study area. Three heavy mineral assemblage zones with obvious lateral and vertical continuity were identified: a zircon-rutile zone (ZR), a sillimanite-epidote-hornblende zone (SEH) and a kyanite-staurolite-andalusite-garnet zone (KStAnG). On the basis of the ZTR (zircon-tourmaline-rutile) index as well as on the SEH (sillimanite-epidote-hornblende) index, four major maturation levels were constructed: immature, moderately mature, mature and overmature. The clay mineral analysis allowed the subdivision of the Middle–Upper Cretaceous strata into three to two clay mineral zones, which reflect mainly different environmental and diagenetic conditions. The lower clay mineral zone consists of kaolinite, illite/smectite mixed layer, illite, smectite and chlorite. Whereas, the middle zone consists of kaolinite, smectite, illite/smectite mixed layer, illite and chlorite. The upper zone comprises kaolinite, illite, illite/smectite mixed layer, chlorite and smectite. The lower and the upper clay mineral zones contain higher values of kaolinite in comparison to the middle clay mineral zone, whereas the middle zone contains a higher value of smectite in comparison to the lower and the upper clay mineral zones. The higher amount of the kaolinite in the lower and in the upper zones suggest most probably the intensity of chemical weathering and leaching processes under warm humid climate. The marked presence of smectite in the middle zone suggest that the warm humid climate was interrupted by dry seasons. Moreover, the lower clay mineral zone, which shows an increase of illite, chlorite, mixed layer illite/smectite and a higher illite crystallinity, indicates mixed and transitional influences from environmental/tectonic to burial diagenetic controls. Geochemical investigations revealed preferential enrichment and depletion of certain chemical elements in the lacustrine/fluvial/deltaic environments. For instance, the less mobile elements Ti, Ga, Cr and Zr remained in higher amounts in the proximal facies (i.e. in the fluvial channel bar deposits and in the deltaic mouth bar deposits). In contrast, the more mobile elements Mg, Ca, K and Rb occur in higher concentrations in the distal facies (i.e. in the lacustrine deposits, deltaic distal bar deposits and floodplain sediment).

<p>This thesis assesses the water quality of the River Nile around the city Khartoum in Khartoum State, Sudan Republic, and investigates eventual influences of the city on the River Nile by analysis of the following parameters: temperature, pH, and conductivity, and Adsorbable Organic Halogen (AOX), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), Total Organic Carbon(TOC) and Nitrate (NO3− ). A survey of the area is also included. It was concluded that the city Khartoum added small but legible concentrations of cadmium, lead, chromium and TOC to the river Nile. However, the resulting concentrations were all within acceptable levels. Also, the observed results showed that the Blue and White Nile, which merge together upstream on the outskirts of Khartoum, had concentrations of AOX resp. chromium, which were not suitable for drinking water.</p>

In alleviating poverty in Lakes State in general and in the two counties (Yirol East and Wulu) in particular, there is a need to assess the property rights and its effects, identify the livelihoods and production assets of people solely involved in the cultivation of crops and agro-pastoralists, assess the role of land tenure system and how it contributes to land conflicts as well as conduct gender analysis of the impact of land tenure on the vulnerability of women and children in Yirol East and Wulu of Lakes State, South Sudan. Both quantitative and qualitative research methodology were utilized in this study. The qualitative research data consisted of focus group discussion, key informant interviews, and direct observation. Quantitative research data was gathered with the aid of a questionnaire. Two hundred questionnaires were implemented in Yirol East and Wulu County including 100 questionnaires in each county. Furthermore, these primary data sources were supplemented by secondary (or existing) data sources, including the South Sudan Land Act 2009, South Sudan National statistic Bureau, and documents from South Sudan Ministry of Irrigation. The food security is blamed on poor inadequate production assets which include human capital, financial capital, social capital, natural capital, and physical capital. In addition vulnerability factor due to draught, and conflict as well underutilization of the main livelihoods existing in the two communities the agro-pastoral of Yirol East and crop farmers of Wulu counties are the main findings of this research. The author highlighted the need to address the livelihoods and production asset constraints faced by agro-pastoralists of Yirol East Dinka communities and sedentary Beli communities of Wulu County. Dialogues for peace initiatives between rivals should be considered a step forward towards peaceful co-existence. Addressing property rights issues in relation to vulnerable women and children as well as land conflicts due to border demarcation, pastures and water points between communities is essential. / This thesis is an investigation for the use of agriculture and land tenure as a trategy for sustainable livelihoods for rural peoples of Lakes State, South Sudan. Inaddition, it was to access the impact of Sudan civil war on rural lives in the two counties Yirol East and Wulu of Lakes State, South Sudan.

<p>The aim of this research is to ask questions as to why child right laws for the protection of child soldiers have failed to protect children in the Darfur region of Sudan despite the<br /> fact that Sudan is a member to many of these children&rsquo / s rights instruments. Can conflict transformation therefore be of any help? This is research seeks to address the question posed above.</p>