Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία εξετάζεται η μορφολογική διαδικασία του υποκορισμού όπως αυτή πραγματώνεται μέσω της παραγωγικής επιθηματοποίησης στη διαλεκτική ποικιλία της ελληνικής σε σύγκριση με την Κοινή Νέα Ελληνική (στο εξής ΚΝΕ). Οι διαλεκτικές ποικιλίες που εξετάζονται, τοποθετούνται γεωγραφικά εκτός του σημερινού ελλαδικού χώρου και είναι το μικρασιατικό ιδίωμα Κυδωνιών (Αϊβαλί) και Μοσχονησίων, η Γκρίκο που ομιλείται στην περιοχή της Απουλίας στη Νότια Ιταλία, τα Ποντιακά και τα Καππαδοκικά. Η μελέτη στηρίζεται σε πρωτογενείς και δευτερογενείς γραπτές πηγές (γραμματικές περιγραφές, παραμύθια, αινίγματα κ.λπ.) και στο διαλεκτικό υλικό προφορικού λόγου του Τμήματος Φιλολογίας του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, το οποίο συλλέγεται τα τελευταία επτά χρόνια. Οι πηγές του διαλεκτικού γλωσσικού υλικού -γραπτές και προφορικές- αποκαλύπτουν μια σειρά αποκλίσεων των διαλέκτων ως προς τις στρατηγικές πραγμάτωσης του υποκορισμού που αφορούν στα εξής: Σε αντίθεση με την Κοινή Νεοελληνική (ΚΝΕ), όπου ο υποκορισμός εμφανίζεται με ποικιλία επιθημάτων, ουσιαστικών και επιθέτων, ο υποκορισμός στις διαλεκτικές ποικιλίες που εξετάζονται, πραγματώνεται με πολύ πιο περιορισμένο αριθμό. Στο μικρασιατικό ιδίωμα των Κυδωνιών και Μοσχονησίων τα επιθήματα που βρίσκονται σε χρήση είναι τα: -ελ’ (π.χ. κουρτσέλ’ < κοριτσέλι ‘κοριτσάκι’) -ουδa (π.χ. κουπιλούδα < κοπελούδα ‘κοπελίτσα’), και σε μικρότερη έκταση –ι (π.χ. πουρτί < πορτί ‘πορτάκι ή πορτούλα’). Αντίστοιχα, στη Γκρίκο τα επιθήματα που βρίσκονται σε χρήση είναι τρία: -edda (π.χ. cateredda < catera ‘θυγατέρα-κόρη’) –uddi (π.χ. anemuddi < anemo ‘άνεμος’) και -a(k)i (π.χ. gratai < gratti ‘κρεββάτι’). Επίσης, στα Καππαδοκικά απαντώνται τα –οκκο /οππο (π.χ. κλουρ-όππο < κλουρ ‘κουλούρι’) -ιτσα (π.χ. γιασκαλ-ίτσα < γιασκάλα ‘δασκάλα’) – ίσκο/-ούσκο/-ούτσκο (π.χ. μικρ-ούσκο / μικρ-ίσκο / μιτσ-ίσκο < μικρό) ενώ τέλος στα Ποντιακά τα: -οπον (π.χ. σκυλ-όπον < σκύλος) –ιτσα (π.χ. γυναικ-ίτζα < γυναίκα) – ιτσ(ος) (π.χ. δαβολ-ίτσος < δαβολος) –ικoς (π.χ. μικρίκος < μικρός) –ι/ουτσικος (π.χ. καμποσ-ούτσικος < καμπόσος). Επιπλέον, σε αντίθεση με την ΚΝΕ όπου παρατηρείται υψηλή εναλλαγή υποκοριστικών επιθημάτων- χαρακτηριστικό το οποίο θεωρείται σύνηθες γνώρισμα του υποκορισμού και απαντάται γενικά στις φυσικές γλώσσες (βλ.Bauer 1983)-, στις διαλέκτους αυτή είτε περιορίζεται στα θηλυκά ουσιαστικά (Αϊβαλί-Μοσχονήσια, Ποντιακά, Καππαδοκικά) είτε απουσιάζει εντελώς (Γκρίκο). Παράλληλα, απαγορευτική είναι στη διαλεκτική ποικιλία της ελληνικής και η συσσώρευση των υποκοριστικών επιθημάτων που απαντάται στην ΚΝΕ (π.χ. μαν- ουλ-ίτσα, μικρ-ούλ-ικ(ος)). Τέλος, παρατηρείται σημαντικός περιορισμός της έκφρασης του γένους. Από τις διαλέκτους που εξετάζονται, τα Καππαδοκικά, το ιδίωμα Κυδωνιών και Μοσχονησίων και η Γκρίκο δεν εμφανίζουν καθόλου υποκοριστικά αρσενικού γένους. Για παράδειγμα τα υποκοριστικά της ΚΝΕ γιατρ- άκ(ος) και Γιανν-άκη(ς) αντικαθίστανται στη διάλεκτο των Κυδωνιών και Μοσχονησίων από τα γιατρέλ’ (< γιατρέλι) και Γιαννέλ’ (< Γιαννέλι). Αντίστοιχα στη Γκρίκο, τα αρσενικά ονόματα δίνουν ουδέτερα υποκοριστικά με το –uddi ή το -a(c)i ανάλογα με την κλιτική τάξη στην οποία βρίσκονται, ενώ στα Καππαδοκικά τα κοινά ουσιαστικά τρέπονται σε ουδέτερα με το –οππο/-οκκο εκτός από τα εμψυχα δισύλλαβα τουρκικής προέλευσης που υποκορίζονται με το θηλυκό –κα (π.χ. τάτα > τατάκα ‘νονός’). Τα Ποντιακά μόνο εμφανίζουν αρσενικά υποκοριστικά αλλά πολύ πιο περιορισμένα απ’ ό,τι στην ΚΝΕ δεδομένου ότι περιορίζονται σε βάσεις που διέπονται από το χαρακτηριστικό [+έμψυχο]. Σε μια προσπάθεια διερεύνησης της παρατηρούμενης γλωσσικής διαφοροποίησης, προτείνουμε ότι ο περιορισμένος αριθμός υποκοριστικών επιθημάτων στις διαλέκτους, η χαμηλή εναλλαγή και η απουσία συσσώρευσής τους μπορεί να ερμηνευθεί ως μια δια-διαλεκτική (“cross-dialectal”) τάση για δημιουργία ελάχιστων μορφολογικών δομών (“morphological minimal structures”). Οι διάλεκτοι δηλαδή αποφεύγουν, εκτός εάν αυτό είναι αναγκαίο, την αλλομορφία σε επίπεδο επιθημάτων, την ποικιλία στην έκφραση του γένους όπως επίσης και την επανάληψη στοιχείων με την ίδια λειτουργία προκειμένου να επιτευχθεί βελτιστοποίηση της γραμματικής (“grammar optimization” βλ. Kiparsky, 1982). Επιπλέον υποστηρίζουμε ότι τα επιθήματα που κυριαρχούν στην παραγωγική μορφολογία των διαλέκτων είναι αυτά που θα θεωρούσαμε ως πλέον αμαρκάριστα - δηλαδή τα επιθήματα ουδετέρου γένους (βλ. Αναστασιάδη, Ράλλη & Χειλά-Μαρκοπούλου 2003, Corbett 1991)- και τα πιο παραγωγικά, δηλαδή τα επιθήματα που υπόκεινται στους λιγότερους περιορισμούς επιλογής βάσεων (“selectional constraints”) Bauer 2001, Plag 1999, 2003)). / -

Th.--Lett.--Paris IV, 1982. / Bibliogr. p. 275-281 . Index.

Thesis--Philosophische Fakultät: Münster: 1963. _ Bibliogr. p. 351-360.

Inaug.-Diss.--Leipzig. / Vita.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Zürich, 1979. / Vita: p. [277]. Bibliography: p. 272-276.

In the English language adjectives can either be placed before the noun or after the nounin the noun phrase. This thesis is concerned with the postposition of adjectives inEnglish. It is particularly concerned with adjectives ending in -ible and -able which caneither take a prepositive or postpositive position when modified by a superlativeadjective, only or next etc. In the theoretical section of this study, reasons for whypostposition might occur and historic information about the -ble suffix are described.The usage of these adjectives in both the prepositive and postpositive position isfurthermore excerpted from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Twentyadjectives from the adjective sample are further analysed in detail regarding theirpostposition, to ascertain which characteristics might lead to postposition, in principlesemantics, domain usage, etymology, syntactic function, and the characteristics of theirnoun collocates. Ten nouns are further analysed using the same criteria to ascertain ifcertain nouns can affect the postposition of adjectives in the noun phrase. From theseexamples, conclusions about the common characteristics of adjectives ending in -blethat prefer the postpositive position are drawn. The results showed that -ible adjectiveshad a 17.4% tendency to be postposed, whereas -able adjectives had a 17.5 % tendencyto be postposed. Which can be compared to the 4.6 % chance that an adjective ispostposed in English. -Ible and -able adjectives were, furthermore, mostly postposed inprepositional phrases, phrases with complements and in fixed expressions. The -ibleadjectives were also often of Latin or French origin, whilst the -able adjectives were ofFrench origin. These adjectives were moreover commonly used in the academic domainand denoted a dynamic sense. Their noun collocates were, lastly, commonly inanimate,intangible objects used in the academic domain.

O avanço tecnológico dos laboratórios de biologia molecular tem proporcionado um grande aumento no volume de seqüências de nucleotídeos armazenadas em bancos de dados biológicos, introduzindo o desafio de pesquisar eficientemente estes dados. Neste contexto, a árvore de sufixo é um método de acesso utilizado por muitas aplicações que envolvem pesquisa em dados biológicos. Entretanto, o custo de construção das árvores de sufixo é alto devido ao tamanho da estrutura de indexação gerado e à necessidade da árvore de sufixo caber em memória principal para ser construída com complexidade linear em relação ao tempo. Esta dissertação propõe o Perseus, uma nova técnica para tratar árvores de sufixo persistentes. A técnica Perseus apresenta os seguintes diferenciais. Ela introduz uma abordagem que realiza a construção de árvores de sufixo persistentes cujos tamanhos podem exceder a capacidade da memória principal. Além disso, ela provê um algoritmo que constrói árvores de sufixo por meio do particionamento destas árvores somente quando necessário. Esta construção também permite que o usuário escolha quais subseqüências de uma seqüência devem ser indexadas, de acordo com os requisitos particulares de suas aplicações. Por fim, a técnica proposta também introduz um algoritmo de casamento exato que permite a busca por uma seqüência de consulta em árvores de sufixo que podem estar particionadas. A validação do Perseus foi realizada por meio de testes de desempenho considerando genomas de vários organismos, os quais possuem diferentes ordens de magnitude de tamanho. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a técnica Trellis+, a qual representa o estado da arte nesta linha de pesquisa. Os testes indicaram que o Perseus construiu árvores de sufixo mais rapidamente do que o Trellis+, reduzindo o tempo total gasto na construção em até 24%. Perseus também criou árvores de sufixo mais compactas, atingindo uma redução média de 27% no espaço de memória secundária utilizado. Já com relação ao tempo total gasto no processamento de consultas, Perseus sempre produziu os melhores resultados, respondendo consultas em média 49% mais rápido do que o seu principal concorrente. Com relação à indexação de subseqüências escolhidas pelo usuário, comparando os resultados obtidos com o Trellis+, os testes mostraram que Perseus proveu uma redução no tempo de construção de árvores de sufixo de 97% na média e uma redução no tempo gasto no processamento de consultas de genes de 93% na média / Due to the technological advances in molecular biology laboratories, biological databases are extremely voluminous and tend to become more voluminous as data on new genome organisms are available. This introduces the challenge of searching nucleotide sequences efficiently. The suffix tree is an access method used for several applications that search for these data. However, the cost of building suffix trees is high, since they are extremely large data structures and they should fit in the main memory to be constructed in linear time. In this masters thesis, we propose the Perseus, a novel technique that handles persistent suffix trees. The Perseus introduces the following distinctive good properties. It is based on an approach that constructs persistent suffix trees whose sizes may exceed the main memory capacity. Furthermore, it provides an algorithm that allows for users to indicate which substrings of the input string should be indexed, according to the requirements of their applications. Moreover, it proposes an extended exact matching algorithm that searches for a query string into suffix trees that may be partitioned. The Perseus was validated through performance tests using genomes of several organisms of different sizes. The results were compared with the Trellis+ technique, which represents the state-of-the-art in this field. The tests showed that the Perseus reduced the time spent on constructing suffix trees by 24%. The Perseus also constructed compacter suffix trees, providing an average reduction in the secondary memory storage of 27%. Furthermore, the Perseus reduced the time spent on query processing of nucleotide sequences by up to 49%. As for the functionality of indexing substrings according to the users requirements, the Perseus greatly improved the query performance in comparison to the Trellis+. The results showed that the Perseus reduced the time spent on constructing suffix trees by 97% on average and the time spent on query processing of genes by 93% on average

The purpose of the current study was to examine into which groups of meaning the derivational morpheme – skap can be grouped in Swedish. 340 Swedish words formed with – skap were collected from SAOL and grouped into different groups of meaning based on 1) their meaning, and 2) their part(s) of speech. For example, words that express a state of being, such as galenskap (madness) and havandeskap (pregnancy) were placed into one group. Words that refer to a work or a title, such as ridderskap (knighthood), presidentskap (presidency), and författarskap (authorship), were grouped together in another group. Using this method, the results show that the gathered 340 words could be divided into 11 different groups expressing 1) state of being, 2) environment, 3) belonging, 4) kinship, 5) work, title, office, 6) tools, 7) sport events, 8) economy and finances, 9) information and forms of knowing, 10) mischief, and 11) remaining words. This study also aimed at examining to what extent an intervention focusing on word formation, and derivational morphemes in particular, affect Swedish upper-secondary school students’ metamorphological awareness. The intervention was a quasi-experimental study in which 58 students participated. The participants were first given a pre-test to determine whether they had a high or low metamorphological awareness. This was determined by their ability to define five different Swedish derivational morphemes. Afterwards, they participated in an intervention in the form of a lesson where they were taught basic word formation with the focus on derivational morphemes, which was succeeded by a post-test, which examined the effect the intervention had had on the participants’ metamorphological awareness. The post-test was identical to the pre-test, with the exception of five additional words formed with – skap, with the purpose to compare the students’ definitions to the groups of meaning presented in the first part of this study. The results show that the intervention had a great effect on the participants’ metamorphological awareness. For example, in the pre-test, most of the participants had either one or two correct definitions, but in the post-test, the majority of the participants had either four or five correct definitions, which indicate an increase of metamorphological awareness.

No description available.

Zugl.: Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 2005