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Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2017-10-19T17:51:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Andressa Schebeliski.pdf: 2757161 bytes, checksum: 6245735bd7e8fc12f408a8368a4b7f69 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-19T17:51:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Andressa Schebeliski.pdf: 2757161 bytes, checksum: 6245735bd7e8fc12f408a8368a4b7f69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-16 / Neste trabalho, eletrodos de carbono cerâmico (ECC) foram confeccionados a partir da utilização de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (MWCNT), a fim de se aprimorar as características do ECC. Para a confecção dos ECC à base de MWCNT (ECC/MWCNT), inicialmente foi realizada a funcionalização dos MWCNT, os quais foram submetidos ao refluxo, na presença de ácido nítrico e ácido perclórico. A caracterização espectroscópica dos MWCNT foi realizada por difratometria de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia RAMAN e espectroscopia FTIR. A eficácia da funcionalização dos MWCNT foi confirmada por DRX pela presença do pico em 2θ = 26,02°, referente à reflexão (002). O espectro Raman mostrou as bandas D, G e G‘ característicos dos materiais de carbono, o que também pode confirmado nos espectros de FTIR pela presença de grupos funcionais carboxílicos e hidroxílicos característicos. A caracterização morfológica por MEV-FEG demonstrou que o tratamento oxidativo não danificou a estrutura dos tubos. Os ECC confeccionados, tanto com MWCNT quanto grafite, foram caracterizados por MEV-FEG, a qual demonstrou a incorporação dos nanotubos à rede de sílica e a presença de grafite na forma de lamelas. A espectroscopia Raman apresentou as bandas D, G e G' e as bandas na região entre 400 e 1200 cm-1 referentes à ligação Si-O, enquanto que no espectro FTIR, foram observados os estiramentos/deformações relacionados aos modos vibracionais dos grupos SiO2 e Si-CH3.A caracterização eletroquímica do ECC/MWCNT, realizada por voltametria cíclica (VC) e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), na presença de K4Fe(CN)6/ K3Fe(CN)6, demonstrou que a incorporação de MWCNT ao ECC aprimora as características eletroquímicas do eletrodo. Um aumento na resposta de corrente de pico (cerca de 50% de incremento) e um menor valor de ΔEp foram obtidos com o ECC/MWCNT em comparação com ECC/grafite. Esse comportamento está de acordo com os resultados do EIE, nos quais o ECC/MWCNT apresentou menor resistência à transferência de carga (Rct) em relação ao grafite (ECC/MWCNT = 27,37Ω, ECC /grafite = 33,39Ω). Para verificar a potencialidade do ECC/MWCNT como sensor eletroquímico, foram determinados os fármacos sulfacetamida sódica (SFC) e sulfadiazina (SFD). Ambos apresentaram um processo de oxidação irreversível em torno de +1,0 V em meio a tampão fosfato (pH 7,0). Verificou-se que o pH do eletrólito de suporte teve influência direta no potencial de pico anódico dos analitos, o que pode ser atribuído ao envolvimento de prótons no processo de oxidação. O valor de pH ótimo foi de 6,0 para ambos os fármacos, sendo este utilizado para todas as análises. O ECC/MWCNT exibiu uma relação linear entre a corrente de pico e a concentração das sulfonamidas na faixa de 9,9 a 177,0 μmol L-1, com limite de detecção (LD) e limite de quantificação (LQ) de 1,06 e 3,54 μmol L-1 para SFC e 4,75 e 15,83 μmol L-1 para SFD, respectivamente. Além da boa sensibilidade para a detecção dos antibióticos, o eletrodo desenvolvido mostrou boa repetibilidade e níveis de reprodutibilidade (DPRrepet = 0,99% e DPRreprod = 0,95% para SFC, DPRrepe=2,47% e DPRreprod = 0,07% para SFD), confirmando o promissor desempenho analítico do ECC/MWCNT para a eletroanálise de SFC e SFD em amostras reais. / In this work, ceramic carbon electrodes (CCE) were synthetized using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to improve the electrochemical properties of this electrode material. For the construction of MWCNT-based CCE (CCE/MWCNT), the MWCNT functionalization was initially performed, which were refluxed in presence of nitric acid and perchloric acid. The spectroscopic characterization of MWCNT was performed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), RAMAN spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The effectiveness of the MWCNT functionalization was confirmed with XRD pattern by the presence of the peak at 2θ = 26.02°, which corresponds to the (002) reflection. Raman spectrum showed the D, G and G‘ bands, characteristic of carbon materials, which can also be confirmed in the FTIR spectra by the presence of characteristic carboxylic and hydroxyl functional groups. The morphological characterization by FESEM demonstrated that the oxidative treatment did not affect the tubular structure of the samples. The CCE made, both with MWCNT and graphite, were characterized by FESEM, which demonstrated the uniform incorporation of the nanotubes and graphite flakes into the silica matrix. The Raman spectroscopy presented the D, G and G‘ bands and the bands between 400 and 1200 cm-1 attributed to the Si-O bond, while the FTIR spectrum showed stretching/ deformations related to the vibrational modes of SiO2 and Si-CH3 groups. The electrochemical characterization of CCE/MWCNT performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in presence of K4Fe(CN)6/K3Fe(CN)6, demonstrated that the incorporation of MWCNT in the CCE improved the electrochemical properties of the electrode. A higher current response (about 50% of increment) and a lower ΔEp value were achieved with the CCE/MWCNT compared to CCE/graphite. This behavior was in good agreement with the EIS results, in which the CCE/MWCNT showed a lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) in relation to graphite based electrode (CCE/MWCNT = 27.37Ω; CCE/graphite = 33.39Ω). In order to verify the potentiality of the CCE/MWCNT as an electrochemical sensor, the sodium sulfacetamide (SFC) and sulfadiazine (SFD) pharmaceuticals were determined. Both analytes showed an irreversible oxidation wave at +1.0 V in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). It was verified that the pH of the support electrolyte had a direct influence in the anodic peak potential of the analytes, which can be attributed to the involvement of protons in the oxidation process. The optimum pH value was 6.0 for both pharmaceuticals, so it was employed for further analysis. The CCE/MWCNT exhibited a linear relationship between the peak current and sulfonamide concentration in the range of 9.9 to 177.0 μmol L-1, with detection (LOD) and quantification limit (LOQ) of 1.06 and 3.54 μmol L-1 for SFC and 4.75 and 15.83 μmol L-1 for SFD, respectively. Besides the good sensitivity for detecting the antibiotics, the developed electrode showed good repeatability and reproducibility levels (RSDrepeat= 0.99% and RSDreprod= 0.95% for SFC; RSDrepeat = 2.47% and RSDreprod = 0.07% for SFD), which confirmed the promising analytical performance of CCE/MWCNT for the electroanalysis of SFC and SFD in real samples.

Pharmaceutical companies and FDA (Federal Drug Administration) rules rely heavily on crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredients delivered as tablets and powders in the form of neutral compounds, salts and solvates of neutral compounds and salts. About half of all drugs sold in the market are in the form of salts which are held together by ionic bonds along with some other forces. Recently, Ionic liquids (ILs) an interesting class of chemical compounds have offered potential opportunity for exploration as novel drug ionic liquid salts, particularly in the field of transdermal/topical drug delivery. Due to the multifunctional nature of these salts they could allow generation of new pathway to manipulate the transport and deposition behaviour of the drug molecule. It is this modular approach of IL that forms the basis of the research presented here, in which pharmaceutically acceptable compounds are combined with selected drugs with known problems. IL salts were generated by combining at least one drug molecule with FDA approved compounds and were assessed for physicochemical properties, skin deposition and permeation studies. Skin deposition data suggested that these systems exhibit high skin retention, which was found to correlate with the molecular weight. On the other hand, permeation data displayed an inverse relationship between flux values and molecular weight of the permeant. Similar work was extended with ILs with mixed anions containing two drugs. The benzalkonium-sulfacetamide ILs were investigated for synergism and the biological studies data display no synergistic effect. It was also illustrated that in-situ IL based ibuprofen hydrogels systems could be manipulated via IL approach for topical application. These findings suggest the potential applicability of IL based formulations for topical delivery of drugs.