Published Article / Sunscreen lotions are the skins protection against sunburn. Even though this sounds like a simple fact, somatologists appear to know remarkably little about the usage, ingredients present and their adverse effects on the skin. In the South African Association of Health and Skincare Professionals (SAAHSP) accredited salons of Bloemfontein, 43 somatologists were tested by means of questionnaires in order to determine their awareness and knowledge regarding sunscreen usage, the ingredients in the lotions and their adverse effects. The results were statistically analysed by means of frequencies and percentages which proved that more than half (58%) of somatologists use sunscreen daily, but do not have the knowledge or awareness of toxic ingredients found in these products. In conclusion, most Somatologists in Bloemfontein are not fully equipped with the knowledge surrounding sunscreens in order for them to provide adequate information to their clients. It is recommended that information regarding sunscreens should be included as a higher priority in the professional product house training including the Somatology curriculum.

Class of 2014 Abstract / Specific Aims: To determine what the general public understands about sunscreen and to see if specific groups need more targeted marketing and education about sunscreen. Methods: Questionnaires administered to eligible participants that rated the participants’ knowledge of general sun safety, sunscreen application, and FDA labeling on sunscreen products compared to demographic data. Demographic data were collected on age, gender, years resided in Arizona, whether participants has or known anyone with a history of skin cancer and ethnicity. Main Results: Questionnaires were completed by 62 participants. When comparing skin cancer versus no skin cancer using student’s t-test, there was no significant difference (P=0.09). When comparing gender versus total using student’s t-test, there was no significant difference (P=0.62). When comparing ethnicity versus total using ANOVA, F < Fcritical indicating there was no difference. When comparing age versus total using ANOVA, F < Fcritical indicating there was no difference. When comparing years residing in Arizona versus total using ANOVA, F < Fcritical indicating there was no difference. Conclusion: Consumer knowledge of general sun safety, sunscreen application, and FDA labeling on sunscreen products appears to have little to no difference between each demographic category.

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Class of 2012 Abstract / Specific Aims: To perform a pilot survey assessing the user benefit perceived by University of Arizona students regarding topical photoprotectants and their ability to prevent solar skin damage, including sunburn and carcinogenesis. In addition, to analyze the data obtained from the survey to identify incongruence between the FDA defined indication for the OTC sun protectants and the anticipated benefit expressed by University of Arizona students. Methods: An anonymous, paper based questionnaire consisting of four demographic questions and ten questions pertaining to sunscreen knowledge and use was distributed to students at the beginning of a full class. Questionnaires that were not at least ninety percent complete were excluded. All available students in the college of pharmacy in years one, two, and three were invited to participate. Main Results: Based on the survey analysis, 75% of pharmacy students have insufficient knowledge of FDA-approved use and guidelines for this class of OTC drugs. Conclusions: A need for training/instructional measures that aim at increasing adequate drug competency and consumer counseling skills has been identified in the area of FDA-regulated sunscreen products. An opportunity for an increased involvement of professional pharmacists in optimizing consumers' sunscreen selection and use has been identified.

Insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and sunscreen oxybenzone are commonly incorporated into commercially available consumer care products that are utilized to prevent vector-borne diseases and skin aging and damage. Semisolid emulsion-based formulation has been extensively selected for active repellent and sunscreen ingredients due to their excellent solubilizing properties for both lipophilic and hydrophilic components and satisfactory customer acceptance. Under the ideal use situation, an appropriate and elegant emulsion-based formulation can minimize transdermal absorption of DEET and oxybenzone and maximize their skin protection effect. The percutaneous penetration profiles of DEET and oxybenzone from several emulsion-based formulations were evaluated and compared by using the in vitro diffusion experiments in this thesis. Various parameters in the emulsion formulations, such as emulsion type, emulsifier, emollient, penetration enhancer, thickening agent, and thixotropic properties of the emulsions, could exert significant influence on percutaneous permeation of the active ingredients from the preparations. An emulsion-based preparation using the emulsifier, Emulium 22, possessed the relatively lower skin permeation of DEET and oxybenzone than other emulsion-based preparations; it was selected for the in vivo animal study. This emulsion-based formulation containing DEET and/or oxybenzone was topically applied to rats once daily for a 60-day period to investigate systemic concentration and tissue deposition of DEET, oxybenzone, and their respective metabolites. This formulation produced lower systemic absorption of DEET and oxybenzone than the commercially available products reported in a previous animal study. The concurrent application of DEET and oxybenzone in this study did not show synergistic enhancement between the two compounds in plasma. The percutaneous penetration profiles of DEET and oxybenzone from different semisolid emulsions in the in vitro diffusion experiment provided the important information in selecting the appropriate formulation of DEET and oxybenzone for topical application. The in vivo animal study identified pharmacokinetics and biodistribution characteristics of DEET and oxybenzone from the promising lab-developed emulsion. Studies are ongoing to further improve formulation characteristics so that this emulsion-based preparation could be used to minimize overall transdermal permeation of DEET and oxybenzone from topical skin application.

Nonmelanoma skin cancer remains the most common diagnosed cancer in the United States. Sunscreen is the most common protective method for UV exposure. For the present study, Sun Exposure and Protection Habits Measurement Study (SEPH) survey data were analyzed to determine patterns of sunscreen application in lifeguards, parents, and children, how the amount of total body coverage differs across the three participant group and the variation in coverage with respect to selected demographic characteristics for each of the 3 participant groups. Results of the study showed that children had the highest percentage of total body coverage (M=86.7, 95% CI: 82.7, 90.6) among the three groups and parents had the least (M = 68.3, 95% CI: 65.2, 71.3). No differences in the total body area covered were noted for intervention or latitude. Further research efforts are needed to determine effective intervention strategies for parents and the need for overall body coverage.

Orientador: Maria Rosaly Davolos / Banca: Marcos Antônio Corrêa / Banca: Marilda das Dores Assis / Resumo: O estudo de protetores solares, através da obtenção de novos filtros orgânicos, inorgânicos ou híbridos tem atraído atenção nos últimos anos para a ampliação da faixa de reflexão e absorção da radiação UV. Neste trabalho, partículas de sílica com tamanho médio em torno de 100 nm, 150 nm e 250 nm, foram obtidas pelo método sol-gel a partir do precursor tetraetilortossilicato, TEOS e foram feitas tentativas de reação com o filtro orgânico acido p-amino benzóico, PABA, seguindo diferentes procedimentos. As técnicas de caracterização utilizadas foram espectroscopias de absorção, vibracional no infravermelho e eletrônica na região do visível e ultravioleta, ressonância magnética nuclear de silício, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e medidas de potencial zeta. Observa-se que quanto maior o diâmetro médio das partículas melhor é sua formação e maior a relação de grupos ≡SiOH em relação aos grupos ≡SiOSi≡. Dentre todos os métodos testados para a ligação direta entre PABA e as partículas de sílica, observa-se através de espectroscopias de absorção, eletrônica e vibracional, que mesmo sob refluxo em diferentes tempos e atmosferas, há a presença do PABA apenas nos casos em que o numero de lavagens é menor. A funcionalização da sílica com o 3-cloropropil-trimetoxissilano para atuar como ponte entre o PABA e a sílica não ocorreu como observado através da ressonância magnética nuclear de Si, embora de acordo com medidas de potencial zeta as partículas tenham se mostrado reativas em uma faixa grande de pH. Fez-se formulações de foto protetor utilizando PABA e as amostras de sílica com tamanho de aproximadamente 150 nm e 250 nm. Destas formulações fez-se apenas observações qualitativas. / Abstract: The sunscreens study, through the acquisition of new organic, inorganic or hybrid filters is attracting attention in recent years to expand the range of reflection and absorption of UV radiation. In this work, silica particles with average size around 100 nm, 150 nm, and 250 nm were obtained by the sol-gel method from the parent tetraethyl orthosilicate, TEOS and attempts have been made to react with the organic p-amino benzoic acid, PABA, filter following different procedures. The techniques, infrared vibrational spetroscopy and electronic spectroscopy in the region of the visible and ultraviolet, nuclear magnetic resonance of silicon, transmission electron microscopy and zeta potential measurement were used to characterize the samples. It appears that the higher the average diameter of the particles is better their training and greater respect for the ≡SiOH groups, for ≡SiOSi≡ groups. Among all tested methods for the direct bond between PABA and silica particles, it is seen through the absorption spectroscopy, electronic and vibrational, that even under reflux time and in different atmospheres, there is the presence of PABA only in cases where the number of sample washes is lower. The functionality of silica with the 3-cloropropil-trimetoxissilano to act as a bridge between the PABA and silica did not occur as observed by nuclear magnetic resonance of Si. According to measures of the zeta potential negative charged particles have been shown on a large range pH. There was a picture formulation using protective PABA and the samples of silica with a size of approximately 150 nm and 250 nm. These formulations made up allow only qualitative observations. / Mestre

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Skin cancer incidence is increasing while the rates of other cancers is declining. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine whether health self-efficacy predicted skin cancer protective behaviors. The theory of health self-efficacy provided the framework for the study. Secondary data were collected from the 2008 and 2014 Health Information National Trends Surveys. The study sample included women 18-34 years of age because this population is especially vulnerable to skin cancer. Results of logistic regression analyses indicated that higher levels of health self-efficacy predicted greater sunscreen use, but higher health self-efficacy levels did not predict avoidance of tanning bed or booth use. No significant changes were found in sunscreen use and tanning bed and booth use between 2008 and 2014. Findings may be used to develop educational programs and medical interventions to decrease the incidence of skin cancer.