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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Biodiesel de fontes alternativas de triacilgliceróis : o estudo do teor de ésteres

Oliveira, Valéria Lima 20 February 2015 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aimed to characterize chemically biodiesel derived from waste oils and fats, and also optimize the methodology for determining the ester content. The methyl biodiesel were obtained from residual frying oil, sewage scum, grease trap, cottonseed oil and oils from the Annonacia family of plants, more specifically the Annona salzmannii, vepretorum and squamosa species. We also investigated the potencial to produce biodiesel from oils obtained from exotic plants like Annona salzmannii, vepretorum and squamosa species. The tested ethyl biodiesel was produced from residual frying oil. The curves TG/DTG of biodiesel samples showed mass losses by evaporation and decomposition of esters. Infrared spectra showed high intensity of absorption bands (1739-1770 cm-1) attributed to C=O stretching ester; confirmed by C-O ester stretch (1247-1034 cm-1). For most samples of biodiesel tested the acid value was in accordance with the limit established by ANP. The study ester content was determined by gas chromatography using the external and internal standardization, using the esters C17:0 and C18:1 as standards. The method with PTV injection, heptane and external standardization using the standard C18:1 showed the best repeatability (0.62%) and reproducibility (3.00%), both with a correlation coefficient of r2= 0.9991. The results of the esters content obtained from the samples showed values between 75 and 93%. Using the method with classical column using silica as adsorbent was observed an increase in the ester content of the samples, reaching the value required by legislation. The comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography has been used in proving the absence of co-eluting compounds that would compromise the determination of the ester content. The supercritical method, using ethanol, proved to be an effective process for alternative raw materials. High conversion rates were obtained (~93%) employing a raw material with a high content of free fatty acids. We observed that with increasing temperature there is a reduction in ester content and that using hexane as co-solvent there was high yield in ester content. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar quimicamente o biodiesel derivado de óleos e gorduras residuais e oleaginosas, e também otimizar a metodologia para a determinação do teor de éster. Os biodiesel metílicos foram obtidos a partir de óleo residual de fritura, de escuma de esgoto, gordura de caixa de gordura, óleo de algodão e óleos obtidos de plantas da família Annona, mais especificamente das espécies Anonna salzmannii, vepretorum e squamosa. O biodiesel etílico testado foi produzido a partir de óleo residual de fritura. As curvas de TG/DTG das amostras de biodiesel mostraram perdas de massas características da evaporação e da decomposição de ésteres. Os espectros de infravermelho apresentaram bandas de absorção de alta intensidade em (1739-1770 cm-1) atribuída ao estiramento C=O de éster; confirmado pelo estiramento C O de éster (1247-1034 cm-1). Para a maior parte das amostras de biodísel testadas o índice de acidez esteve dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela ANP. O estudo do teor de ésteres foi determinado através de cromatografia a gás, utilizando a padronização interna e externa, empregando os ésteres C17:0 e C18:1 como padrões. O método com injeção PTV, heptano e padronização externa usando o padrão C18:1 foi o que apresentou melhor repetibilidade (0,62%) e reprodutibilidade (3,00%), ambos com coeficiente de correlação de r2= 0,9991. Os resultados dos teores de ésteres obtidos a partir amostras apresentaram valores entre 75 e 93%. Utilizando o método de coluna clássica com sílica como adsorvente foi observado um aumento no teor de éster das amostras, atingindo valor exigido pela legislação. A cromatografia bidimensional abrangente foi empregada na comprovação da ausência de co-eluição de compostos que comprometem a determinação de teor ésteres nos biodiesel. O método supercrítico, empregando o etanol, mostrou-se um processo eficaz para matérias-primas alternativas. Foram obtidas elevadas taxas de conversões (~93%) empregando uma matéria-prima com um alto teor de ácidos graxos livres. Foi possível notar que com o aumento de temperatura houve uma redução no teor de éster e que utilizando hexano como co-solvente houve rendimento elevado no teor de éster.
2

Études des procédés de conversion de la lignine de bois en hydrocarbures liquides et en aérogels / Studies of the conversion processes of the wood lignin to hydrocarbon liquids and aerogels

Grishechko, Liudmila 16 December 2014 (has links)
Cette thèse décrit le développement de procédés utilisables pour valoriser des extraits de bois afin de préparer : (1) des combustibles (hydrocarbures) liquides ; (2) des matériaux poreux avec des applications potentielles dans les domaines de l’énergie et l’environnement, notamment isolation thermique, catalyse, piégeage et séparation de micropolluants. Les extraits de bois en question sont des lignines, associées ou non à des tannins. Les deux types de matériaux sont actuellement peu valorisés, et l’on montre qu’ils peuvent être source de valeur ajoutée au travers des procédés rapportés dans ce mémoire / The present thesis describes the development of processes which can be used for valorizing wood extracts in the aim of preparing: (1) liquid (hydrocarbon) fuels; (2) porous materials with potential energy and environmental applications, namely thermal insulation, catalysis, abatement or separation of micropollutants. The wood extracts in question are lignins, associated or not with tannins. Both kinds of materials are presently poorly valorized, and it is shown here that they can lead to high added-value products through the processes reported in this PhD dissertation

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