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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Foraging on variable resources : the behaviour and decision making of rufous hummingbirds

Bacon, Ida Elizabeth January 2010 (has links)
Supplementary food is less variable than natural food. While feeding from constant food sources tends to be preferred by animals they must sometimes forage from more variable resources. However, the ways in which animals deal with the temporal and spatial variability of more natural food is not entirely understood. I investigated the decisions free-living rufous hummingbirds made when foraging from variable resources, where variability was encountered over time or within a bout via four field experiments. In addition, I investigated their use of wild flowers and differences in the use of supplementary food by these birds in different regions using surveys and by manipulating the distribution of feeders at feeding sites. I investigated the possibility of a genetic explanation for any differences in feeder use between regions using analysis of microsatellite DNA and banding data. Hummingbirds seemed to prefer to make foraging decisions based on past behaviour or post-ingestive feedback rather than on sensory information such as taste, which may be harder to assess accurately. Birds choosing between constant and variable rewards with equal means preferred the constant rewards when variability was high but tended to prefer the variable reward when variability was low. This seems to be a result of hidden time and other costs associated with foraging on highly variable resource but not on less variable ones, combined with potential benefits of information seeking from less variable resources. In addition, these preferences between constant and variable resources were affected by preceding foraging conditions. The number of birds using feeders was affected by population density and air temperature. Microsatellite data showed the rufous hummingbird population to have a fairly panmictic population structure. Investigating influences on foraging decisions at a large scale (population density) and small scale (resource variability) has provided a much wider understanding of their foraging behaviour than either could alone.
2

Supplémentation alimentaire et développement cognitif de l'enfant de 2 ans au Togo / Food supplementation and cognitive development of 2 years old infants in Togo

Allado, Kokouvi Ganké Xavier 28 March 2017 (has links)
Cette recherche explore la relation entre la supplémentation alimentaire et le développement cognitif des enfants de 2 ans au TOGO, à Lomé. Après une revue de la littérature en psychologie de la nutrition, l’étude présente trois contributions empiriques. La première étude définit le contexte de la recherche en interrogeant les théories naïves de 75 mères de Lomé sur le « bien manger » pour l’enfant. L’enquête indique que pour la majorité des mères, bien manger signifie s'alimenter en quantité suffisante plusieurs fois par jour. La réponse est d’autant plus fréquente que le niveau d’instruction des mères est faible. Le critère de la qualité des aliments est énoncé dans les groupes plus instruits. La qualité des aliments et l’équilibre des repas sont cités beaucoup moins que la quantité. La connaissance par les mères des compléments alimentaires est limitée.L’étude centrale compare les réussites d’enfants de 2 ans aux items cognitif de l’échelle de développement de Bayley, selon qu’ils consomment régulièrement ou non des suppléments alimentaires sous forme de farines enrichies pendant leur petite enfance. Elle montre un effet de la consommation sur les scores aux épreuves. Cet effet est augmenté en fonction de paramètres comme la taille de la famille, le niveau d’instruction des mères, l’ethnie.Enfin la troisième étude examine les conceptions des mères sur l’effet des suppléments alimentaires. Elle interroge 44 mères qui utilisent régulièrement les farines. Leurs réponses indiquent qu’elles considèrent que les farines facilitent la croissance de l’enfant, en particulier son poids, et aussi son développement intellectuel. / The relation between the food supplementation and the cognitive development of 2 years old infants in Lomé, TOGO, was explored in this research. After a review of the literature in developmental nutritional psychology, the study presents three empirical contributions. The first study defines the context of the research by questioning the naive theories of 75 mothers of Lomé on the "good to eat" for the child. The results indicate that for the majority of the mothers, the good to eat means feeding in sufficient amount several times a day. The answer is frequent all the more as the academic level of the mothers is low. The criterion of the quality of food is expressed in the more educated groups. The quality of food and the balance of the meals are much less quoted than the quantity. The knowledge by the mothers of the food complements is limited.The central study compares the 2 years old infant’s success with items cognitive of the cognitive scale of development of Bayley, as they consume regularly or not food supplements in the form of flours enriched during their early childhood. It shows an effect of the consumption on the scores in the tests. This effect increased according to parameters as the size of the family, the academic level of the mothers, the ethnic group.Finally, the third study examines the representations of the mothers concerning with the effect of the food supplements. 44 mothers who use regularly flours answered. Their answers indicate that they consider that flours facilitate the growth of the child, in particular his weight, and also its intellectual development.
3

Avaliação econômica e energética da colheita de forragem para alimentação suplementar bovina / Economic and energy evaluation of forage harvesting for cattle supplentary feeding

Souza, Carlos Amaury Zanelli de 04 September 2012 (has links)
O Brasil possui atualmente o maior rebanho comercial bovino do mundo com aproximadamente 205 milhões de animais, o setor apresenta grande importância econômica no Brasil, representando 6,73% do PIB, além da sua importância nas exportações e na geração de empregos. Entretanto, uma das dificuldades enfrentadas são a sazonalidade das forrageiras, devido à fenologia das plantas e as condições de clima no decorrer do ano, a produção de forragens nas áreas de pastagens é estacional, tal fato leva a necessidade de se conservar alimento para suprir a demanda do rebanho. A silagem é uma das alternativas na conservação de forrageiras e sua qualidade depende, entre outros fatores, do processo de colheita, onde eficiência e agilidade são proporcionadas pela mecanização. Nesse aspecto, o planejamento e conhecimento do sistema de colheita das culturas destinadas à silagem ou fornecimento in natura tornam-se indispensável para o sistema de pecuária bovina. Esta busca por menores custos e obtenção de melhorias ao sistema produtivo, pode ser alcançada pela de gestão e à administração empresarial. A avaliação no âmbito econômico e energética se torna importante, para o sucesso da atividade. Devido aos altos custos dos sistemas produtivos agrícolas, as operações mecanizadas representam um ponto estratégico para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de otimização econômica e redução do gasto energético. O presente estudo foi conduzido nos municípios de Piracicaba-SP e Castro-PR em áreas de produção de milho e cana-de-açúcar, com o objetivo de: avaliar o desempenho econômico e energético de quatro conjuntos mecanizados; o primeiro conjunto mecanizado avaliado foi um trator com potência de 55,2 kW e uma colhedora de forragens de arrasto com capacidade de colher uma fileira, o segundo avaliou um trator com potência de 62,5 kW e uma colhedora com capacidade de colher duas fileiras, o terceiro cenário foi avaliado uma colhedora autopropelida com potência de 334,6 kW e plataforma com 6 metros de comprimento o quarto conjunto avaliado para a colheita de cana-de-açúcar e utilizou-se um trator com potência de 91,4 kW e uma colhedora com capacidade de colher 1 fileira da cultura. Calcularam-se parâmetros de ordem econômica como; o custo horário, operacional e o custo de biomassa colhida, assim como determinaram-se a demanda energética para a colheita dessas forrageiras. Em relação à composição do custo para as máquinas tracionadas, o combustível foi o componente com maior participação, seguido pela mão-de-obra, já para a máquina autopropelida houve uma inversão, pois a depreciação foi o maior componente do custo horário. O custo da tonelada de biomassa colhida pela colhedora autopropelida apresentou menor custo em relação a todas as outras. O componente com maior participação na demanda energética, para os quatro conjuntos mecânicos avaliados foram em ordem; combustível seguido pela depreciação e mão de obra. / Brazil has currently the largest commercial cattle herd in the world with approximately 205 million animals. This sector has great economic importance in Brazil, representing 6.73% of GDP, besides its importance in exports and job creation. However, the forage presents seasonal behavior due to its phenology and climate conditions, during the year. Thus, its production in pasturelands is concentrated in the rainy period, and this fact leads to the necessity of forage conservation in order to supply the herd consumption demand. Silage is an alternative for the forage preservation and its quality depends, among other factors, on the harvesting process, for which field efficiency and work speed are provided by mechanization. So, planning and knowing about harvesting system either for silage or for supplying it in natura are essential for meat production. The search for lower costs and for improvements in the production system can be fulfilled through management. The assessment in the economic and energy terms becomes important for the success of the activity, due to the high costs of agricultural production systems; mechanized operations, representing a strategic point for adopting optimization techniques to reduce the economic and energy expenditure. This study was conducted in areas of maize and sugarcane, in order to: assess the economic and energy performance of four mechanized sets, the first mechanized set was assessed 1) tractor with power of 55.2 kW and a forage harvester trawl ability to harvest a row, 2) tractor with a rated power of 62.5 kW and a harvester capable of harvesting two rows, 3) self-harvester propelled with an output of 334.6 kW and platform with 6 feet long rated,and 4) tractor with a power of 91.4 kW and a harvester for one row of sugarcane. Economical parameters such as: the hourly and operational costs and cost of biomass harvested; besides the energy demand for harvesting forage. Regarding the composition of the cost of the tensile machine, fuel is the component with higher contribution, followed by maintenance, except for self-propelled machine, which presented depreciation as the main cost component. The cost per harvested biomass of self-propelled harvester was lowest one. For energy demand, the main demanding items were fuel, depreciation and labor, for all evaluated sets.
4

Avaliação econômica e energética da colheita de forragem para alimentação suplementar bovina / Economic and energy evaluation of forage harvesting for cattle supplentary feeding

Carlos Amaury Zanelli de Souza 04 September 2012 (has links)
O Brasil possui atualmente o maior rebanho comercial bovino do mundo com aproximadamente 205 milhões de animais, o setor apresenta grande importância econômica no Brasil, representando 6,73% do PIB, além da sua importância nas exportações e na geração de empregos. Entretanto, uma das dificuldades enfrentadas são a sazonalidade das forrageiras, devido à fenologia das plantas e as condições de clima no decorrer do ano, a produção de forragens nas áreas de pastagens é estacional, tal fato leva a necessidade de se conservar alimento para suprir a demanda do rebanho. A silagem é uma das alternativas na conservação de forrageiras e sua qualidade depende, entre outros fatores, do processo de colheita, onde eficiência e agilidade são proporcionadas pela mecanização. Nesse aspecto, o planejamento e conhecimento do sistema de colheita das culturas destinadas à silagem ou fornecimento in natura tornam-se indispensável para o sistema de pecuária bovina. Esta busca por menores custos e obtenção de melhorias ao sistema produtivo, pode ser alcançada pela de gestão e à administração empresarial. A avaliação no âmbito econômico e energética se torna importante, para o sucesso da atividade. Devido aos altos custos dos sistemas produtivos agrícolas, as operações mecanizadas representam um ponto estratégico para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de otimização econômica e redução do gasto energético. O presente estudo foi conduzido nos municípios de Piracicaba-SP e Castro-PR em áreas de produção de milho e cana-de-açúcar, com o objetivo de: avaliar o desempenho econômico e energético de quatro conjuntos mecanizados; o primeiro conjunto mecanizado avaliado foi um trator com potência de 55,2 kW e uma colhedora de forragens de arrasto com capacidade de colher uma fileira, o segundo avaliou um trator com potência de 62,5 kW e uma colhedora com capacidade de colher duas fileiras, o terceiro cenário foi avaliado uma colhedora autopropelida com potência de 334,6 kW e plataforma com 6 metros de comprimento o quarto conjunto avaliado para a colheita de cana-de-açúcar e utilizou-se um trator com potência de 91,4 kW e uma colhedora com capacidade de colher 1 fileira da cultura. Calcularam-se parâmetros de ordem econômica como; o custo horário, operacional e o custo de biomassa colhida, assim como determinaram-se a demanda energética para a colheita dessas forrageiras. Em relação à composição do custo para as máquinas tracionadas, o combustível foi o componente com maior participação, seguido pela mão-de-obra, já para a máquina autopropelida houve uma inversão, pois a depreciação foi o maior componente do custo horário. O custo da tonelada de biomassa colhida pela colhedora autopropelida apresentou menor custo em relação a todas as outras. O componente com maior participação na demanda energética, para os quatro conjuntos mecânicos avaliados foram em ordem; combustível seguido pela depreciação e mão de obra. / Brazil has currently the largest commercial cattle herd in the world with approximately 205 million animals. This sector has great economic importance in Brazil, representing 6.73% of GDP, besides its importance in exports and job creation. However, the forage presents seasonal behavior due to its phenology and climate conditions, during the year. Thus, its production in pasturelands is concentrated in the rainy period, and this fact leads to the necessity of forage conservation in order to supply the herd consumption demand. Silage is an alternative for the forage preservation and its quality depends, among other factors, on the harvesting process, for which field efficiency and work speed are provided by mechanization. So, planning and knowing about harvesting system either for silage or for supplying it in natura are essential for meat production. The search for lower costs and for improvements in the production system can be fulfilled through management. The assessment in the economic and energy terms becomes important for the success of the activity, due to the high costs of agricultural production systems; mechanized operations, representing a strategic point for adopting optimization techniques to reduce the economic and energy expenditure. This study was conducted in areas of maize and sugarcane, in order to: assess the economic and energy performance of four mechanized sets, the first mechanized set was assessed 1) tractor with power of 55.2 kW and a forage harvester trawl ability to harvest a row, 2) tractor with a rated power of 62.5 kW and a harvester capable of harvesting two rows, 3) self-harvester propelled with an output of 334.6 kW and platform with 6 feet long rated,and 4) tractor with a power of 91.4 kW and a harvester for one row of sugarcane. Economical parameters such as: the hourly and operational costs and cost of biomass harvested; besides the energy demand for harvesting forage. Regarding the composition of the cost of the tensile machine, fuel is the component with higher contribution, followed by maintenance, except for self-propelled machine, which presented depreciation as the main cost component. The cost per harvested biomass of self-propelled harvester was lowest one. For energy demand, the main demanding items were fuel, depreciation and labor, for all evaluated sets.

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