There have been significant changes in the clinical management of cerebral palsy (CP) during the past 2 decades. Gastrostomy tubes and nutritional supplements have been paramount in enhancing the life expectancy of those with CP. The literature shows that as many as 90% of children with CP can now expect to live to adulthood.1-4 As a result, CP is no longer considered to be a condition limited to childhood. However, emerging populations pose new challenges to those who provide health care support. This article presents an overview of what we know about the health care needs of adults with CP. / From the Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario; and The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. / Dr Young is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Canada Research chair.

In order to assess the benefit or toxicity of chromium in dietary supplements, trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium must be measured and verified with mass balance (sum of both species equaling total chromium). This is necessary because dietary supplements report trivalent chromium, an essential trace element, as an ingredient, but hexavalent chromium, a toxic carcinogen, may also be present. Because trivalent chromium is stable in acidic conditions and hexavalent chromium in alkaline conditions, interconversions between species occur and increase the difficulty of quantification. Therefore, EPA Method 3060A was first performed to extract hexavalent chromium. Then, EPA Method 3052 was performed on the residue to digest the remaining trivalent chromium. Speciated Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (SIDMS) with Ion-Exchange Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS) was used to account for interconversions as well as determination of trivalent and hexavalent chromium concentrations in the studied samples. Mass balance indicated that the analyzed supplements contained hexavalent chromium ranging from 0 to 16% of the total chromium content. / Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences; / Environmental Science and Management (ESM) / MS; / Thesis;

Several studies shows that dietary supplements do not have any proven effects on health, yet these supplements are increasing in sales. The study aims to find out what attitudes and knowledge people involved in physical activity have towards supplements and which factors influence them to buy supplements. How these factors differ between men and women was investigated. The study is based on answers from 100 collected questionnaires from people who are physically active at several gyms. Of those who participated in the study, 56 percent were men and 44 percent were women. The study showed that the influence of family and friends and to speed recovery after exercise, were the two most common reasons that affected men and women into buying dietary supplements. The study also showed that the majority of the participants found the supplements to be a good complement to their regular diet. Overall the study shows that the use of supplement is high among the respondents and women and men take supplements for different reasons.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.) in Food Science and Human Nutrition--University of Maine, 2002. / Includes vita. Bibliography: leaves 43-48.

Ο λόγος που πραγματοποιήθηκε αυτή η έρευνα ήταν για να παρατηρήσουμε τη συμπεριφορά των καταναλωτών απέναντι στα συμπληρώματα διατροφής αλλά και για την ολοκλήρωση του Μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος «ΜΒΑ στη Διοίκηση Επιχειρήσεων Τροφίμων». Σκοπός της έρευνας είναι η καταγραφή των προτιμήσεων των καταναλωτών όσον αφορά τα συμπληρώματα διατροφής αλλά και την «σχέση» τους με τη γυμναστική. Η μεθοδολογία που χρησιμοποιήθηκε ήταν πρωτογενής έρευνα σε σημαντικό δείγμα καταναλωτών, που πραγματοποιήθηκε σαν συνέντευξη αλλά και μέσω διαδικτύου όπου αναρτήθηκε σε σελίδες κοινωνικής δικτύωσης. Το δείγμα των ερωτηθέντων ήταν 101 άτομα άντρες και γυναίκες από όλη την Ελλάδα. Το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό των ερωτηθέντων ήταν μεταξύ 18-25 ετών και αμέσως μετά 26-35 ετών. Οι περισσότεροι είχαν μηνιαίο εισόδημα έως 500 ευρώ. Το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό των ερωτηθέντων είναι άνεργοι, κάτι προφανές στις μέρες μας με τη δεδομένη κρίση. Αφήνοντας το προφίλ του δείγματος περνάμε στη συμπεριφορά του καταναλωτή, αρχικά όσον αφορά τη γυμναστική και μετά όσον αφορά τα συμπληρώματα διατροφής. Το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό του δείγματος γυμνάζεται 3 μέρες τη βδομάδα περίπου 1 ώρα τη κάθε φορά στο γυμναστήριο. Οι περισσότεροι γυμνάζονται για χομπυ και δεν ασχολούνται με κάποιο άθλημα. Το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό του δείγματος χρησιμοποιεί συμπληρώματα διατροφής και μας απήντησε ότι έχει παρατηρήσει μεγαλύτερη ευεξία αλλά και απώλεια βάρους. Στην ερώτηση για το αν γνωρίζουν ποια είναι συμπληρώματα διατροφής από μια λίστα που τους παρατέθηκε παρατηρήσαμε ότι οι καταναλωτές γνωρίζουν ποια είναι όντως συμπληρώματα και ποια όχι. Οι περισσότεροι ξεκίνησαν τη χρήση συμπληρωμάτων διατροφής για απώλεια βάρους αλλά και λόγω κόπωσης και είχαν τα επιθυμητά αποτελέσματα. Πληροφορήθηκαν για τα συμπληρώματα από την τηλεόραση αλλά εμπιστεύονται τα φαρμακεία για την αγορά τους έτσι ώστε να είναι ασφαλείς γιατί με την υγεία μας δε μπορούμε να ρισκάρουμε. / The reason that was realised this research was in order to we observe the behavior of consumers toward the supplements of diet but also for the completion of Postgraduate program “MBA in the Administration of Enterprises of Foods”. Aim of research is the recording of preferences of consumers with regard to the supplements of diet but also their “relation” with the gymnastics. The methodology that was used was primary research in important sample of consumers, that was realised as interview but also via internet where anartithike in pages of social networking. The sample asking was 101 individuals men and women from all Greece. The bigger percentage asking was between 18-25 years and immediately afterwards 26-35 years. Most had monthly income until 500 Euros. The bigger percentage asking is unemployeds, something obvious in our days with the given crisis. Leaving the profile of sample we pass in the behavior of consumer, initially with regard to the gymnastics and afterwards with regard to the supplements of diet. The bigger percentage of sample exercises 3 days week roughly 1 hour each time in the gym. Most exercise for chompy and do not deal with some sport. The bigger percentage of sample uses supplements of diet and us apintise that it has observed bigger well-being but also loss of weight. In the question for whether they know who they are supplements of diet from a list that was mentioned to them we observed that the consumers know who are indeed supplements and who no. Most began the use of supplements of diet for loss of weight but also because lassitude and had the desirable results. They were informed for the supplements by the television but are entrusted the drugstores for their purchase so as to they are sure because with our health we can't risk.

Atlikta nemažai bandymų, kuriuose tiriama pašarų įtaka produktyvumui, tačiau bandymų, kuriuose būtų tirta genotipų įtaka paukščių produktyvumui - nėra. Buvo vertinta viščiukų broilerių ROSS 208 linijos lesintų įvairiais pašariniais priedais su genetiškai modifikuota (GMO) soja ir genotipų įtaką jų produktyvumui. Tyrimui buvo paimta 1000 viščiukų broilerių. Analizė atlikta Lietuvos Veterinarijos Akademijoje bei Vytauto Didžiojo Universitete. Atlikus individualią eksperimente naudotų paukščių klasterinę analizę nustatyta, kad ROSS 208 linijos paukščiai genetiškai yra panašūs. Pašariniai priedai: RovabioTMExcel, probiotikas Bactocellâ, prebiotikas Agrimossâ pagerina viščiukų broilerių maisto virškinamumą, sumažindami 4 % pašaro pasisavinimą 1 kg priesvorio gauti, lyginant su kontroline grupe. Vertinant kūno svorio ir genotipų įtaką produktyvumui pagal kai kuriuos pradmenis matome, kad vištų produktyvumui turi įtakos pagrindinai pašariniai priedai o ne genotipai. / Few experiments were carried out in which the influence of animal feed on the productivity had been studied; however there are no experiments of the influence of genotypes on the productivity. The broiler chickens of ROSS 208 line fed with various feed supplements with modified (GMO) soybeans and the influence of genotypes on their productivity were evaluated. 1000 broiler chickens were taken for the experiment. The analysis was carried out at Lithuanian Veterinary Academy and at Vytautas Magnus University. By applying the individual cluster analysis UPGMA method of chickens it was established that the broiler chickens of ROSS 208 line are genetically similar.Feed supplements: RovabioTMExcel, probiotic Bactocell, prebiotic Agrimoss improve digesting of broiler chickens by diminishing by 4 % digest of animal feed for the receiving of 1 kg increase in comparison with controlling group. In conclusion, by evaluation the weight and the influence of genotypes according to particular primers it could be said that the main feed supplements but not genotypes influence on the productivity.

The influence of microbial phytase on growth performance, availability of macro and trace minerals, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent "fecal" digestibility (AFD) of amino acids (AA) and CP were investigated. The optimum level of dietary Ca and P for the maximum efficacy of supplemental phytase in broiler chickens was also studied. Phytase supplementation (600 U/kg) to a low P diet increased $(P 0.05)$ on feed efficiency in broiler chickens at 21 d. The efficacy of phytase, particularly in stimulating growth, was higher in male than female chickens. The relative retention of Ca, P, Cu, Zn and N increased by addition of phytase to a low P diet but phytase had no effect $(P >0.05)$ on the retention of Mg, Mn and Fe. Phytase supplementation increased $(P 0.05)$ on plasma Zn, Cu, and Mg. Phytase increased $(P 0.05)$ on mineral proportions in the tibia ash; however, it increased $(P 0.05)$ on AID of any of the AA in male chickens. Addition of phytase did not have any effect $(P > 0.05)$ on AFD of any of the AA in male chickens but increased $(P 0.05)$ on either AID or AFD of CP and AA at 21-d. In summary, phytase supplementation increased the growth performance, availability of P, Ca, Cu, Zn and N, plasma P, and tibia ash and reduced plasma Ca; it also increased the AID and AFD of most of the AA, particularly in female chickens at 28-d. The efficacy of microbial phytase was high when dietary P and Ca levels were low.

Selective isolation protocols of selenium (Se) species integrated to Se specific atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) detection were developed and optimized for Se speciation in food supplements, including selenized yeasts. By ultrafiltration, 69.18% of Se in the extract was found as a low molecular weight soluble form, the remaining 30.82% was bound to high molecular weight components. After a cation-exchange chromatography of the ultrafiltrate, 3.77% of the Se in the extract was found in the aqueous washings of the column indicating the presence of free inorganic anions of Se; the 65.41% of Se retained on the column corresponded to the free organic Se cations. The limit of detection for the HPLC-THG-AAS system was 1.85 ng of Se. Se was shown to be widely distributed over all the proteins with one sharp peak corresponding to the free forms of Se. Four major peaks were found at MW $>$ 250 000 Da (15.97% of Se recovered), between 102 330 and 117 490 Da (7.06%), between 48 977 and 53 703 Da (12.71%) and close to the dye migration band (17.25%). / Selective isolation and HPLC-AAS protocols were also developed and optimized for the determination of free organic forms e.g. selenomethionine (SeMet), selenocystine (SeCystine) and inorganic forms of selenium in aqueous solutions, and in complex matrices such as nutritional supplements and mixtures of free amino acids. The selenoamino acid in alkaline solution was first derivatized with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. After removal of excess of reagent by partitioning with diethyl ether, the N-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-derivatized selenoamino acid was acidified and extracted with diethyl ether. Inorganic Se(IV) was extracted from the acidic aqueous phases by complexation with 1,2-phenylenediamine, forming a piazselenol. Se derivatives were determined selectively by HPLC-THG-AAS. A selective chromatographic mechanism based on $ pi$-electron interactions was optimized using a silica stationary phase derivatized with p-nitrophenyl moieties. Co-injections of DNP-SeMet, DNP-SeCystine and piazselenol save retention times of 3.7, 4.0 and 4.9 min, respectively, using a methanolic mobile phase containing 1.5% triethylamine and 0.013M acetic acid. Primary analytical validation parameters including stability, linearity and limits of detection were obtained using purified DNP-SeMet, DNP-SeCystine and piazselenol standards which were characterized by $ sp1$H-, $ sp{13}$C- and $ sp{77}$Se-NMR analysis and/or fast atom bombardment MS techniques. The calibration graphs for sequential dilutions of these Se standards were linear and the limits of detection from the resultant calibration graphs were 17 ng, 0.21 ng and 18.53 ng of Se, respectively. The purified DNP-SeMet and DNP-SeCystine were found to be photosensitive. The recovery of SeMet, SeCystine and inorganic Se from the stock solutions and/or nutritional supplements was virtually quantitative. In the presence of a 500-fold excess of other amino acids, the recovery of SeMet and SeCystine (96.1 $ pm$ 3.9% and 98.08 $ pm$ 4.2%, respec

The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of using sports supplements, from a risk theory perspective. Thematic analysis was used to conduct a secondary data analysis on 18 interviews done with young men who were interested in supplements. Participants were recruited from Guelph area commercial gyms and campus athletic centres. Participants used supplements because they worked out and wanted to gain muscle. Supplements, and especially protein, were part of a common knowledge among people who worked out. Participants evaluated whether supplements were ‘worth it’ by evaluating the cost, efficacy, and safety of supplements. Participants altered their behaviour in response to their perception of the riskiness of supplements, in order to feel safe. Many participants valued information from health professionals but found it lacking. Most information was available from sources that participants did not feel were credible.