Orientador: Paulo Vatavuk / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T05:26:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SouzaJunior_JosedoCarmode_M.pdf: 6575151 bytes, checksum: ab067f578f53eb5139546f4f0f2c13e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O volume global de perdas de água é significativo. Cada ano, mais de 32 bilhões de m3 de água tratada são perdidos por vazamentos em redes de distribuição. Tendo em vista a complexidade dos sistemas de abastecimento de água, a divisão em sistemas menores permite analisar individualmente cada componente do sistema e definir ações que proporcionem uma gestão mais adequada. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar as ferramentas para gestão de perdas de água através da utilização dos Distritos de Medição e Controle (DMC's), que são áreas menores e mais gerenciáveis e possibilitam um controle efetivo de pressões e vazões nas redes de distribuição, proporcionando a redução dos volumes de água perdidos. A metodologia de utilização dos DMC's é internacionalmente aceita como uma das melhores práticas para redução de perdas de água, entretanto, sua aplicação é relativamente recente no campo de redes de distribuição. As áreas de abrangência dos DMC's são definidas tomando-se por base parâmetros como número de ligações de água, requisitos de pressão mínima e máxima, nível atual de vazamentos, limites do sistema de abastecimento, como áreas de bombeamento e áreas de válvulas redutoras de pressão, ou limites definidos através de estudos que identificam locais estratégicos para implantação de medidores de vazão. Após a implantação dos DMC's é realizado o gerenciamento das perdas de água, através do monitoramento das pressões e vazões. Os efeitos positivos do gerenciamento das pressões são reais para diminuir as perdas de água através da redução de pressões. A medição de vazão em redes de distribuição é outro fator importante no controle de perdas de água, pois sua correta utilização tem influência direta nos índices de perdas, onde é possível identificar áreas com níveis elevados de vazamentos. O trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso da implantação de DMC's no município de Bragança Paulista, operado pela Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo ¿ SABESP, demonstrando as ferramentas utilizadas para o gerenciamento das pressões e vazões, e propõe uma metodologia para intensificar os trabalhos de redução de perdas em DMC's, através de um sistema de informações geográficas, indicadores de desempenho adotados pela International Water Association (IWA) e da elaboração do balanço hídrico com o software gratuito do Banco Mundial WB-EasyCalc. Os resultados demonstram que a ferramenta possibilita uma gestão efetiva, através de uma ação mais focada nos DMC's que apresentam os maiores índices de perdas de água. Palavras-chave: Distrito de Medição e Controle (DMC), Rede de Distribuição de Água, Perdas de Água / Abstract: The overall volume of water losses is considerable. Each year, more than 32 billion m3 of drinking water are lost through leakage in water distribution networks. Given the complexity of water supply systems, the division into smaller structures allows the analysis of individual components and define actions that provides better management. This study presents the tools for managing water losses using District Metered Areas (DMAs), which are smaller and more manageable areas and enable effective control of pressures and flows in water distribution networks, providing a reduction in the volume of water losses. The methodology of using DMAs is internationally accepted as one of the best practices for reducing water losses, however, it¿s application is relatively new in the field of water distribution networks. The areas covered by the DMAs are defined by taking into consideration parameters like number of connections, minimum and maximum pressure requirements, current leakage level, limits of the water supply system as pump areas, and pressure reducing valves areas, or boundaries defined by studies that identify strategic locations for deployment of flowmeters. After having established DMAs, management of water losses is performed supervising the pressures and flow rates. The pressure management result in positive effects reducing water losses through reduced pressures. The measurement of flow in water distribution networks is another important factor in water loss control, because it¿s proper use has a direct influence on loss rates, where can identify areas with high levels of leakage. This study presents a case study about implementation of DMAs in the city of Bragança Paulista, operated by the Water Sanitation & Company of the State of São Paulo - SABESP, showing the tools used to manage pressures and flow rates, and proposes a methodology to improve works about water losses reduction in DMAs, through a Geographic Information System, performance indicators used by the International Water Association (IWA) and the development with the free water balance software from the World Bank, WB EasyCalc. The results shows that the tool allows effective management of water losses through actions in DMAs wich have the highest water losses. Keywords: District Metered Area (DMA), Water Distribution Network (WDN), Water Loss / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

This research study addresses the problem of whether local government can afford free basic water in rural areas. To achieve this objective a comprehensive literature study was performed, which included: · Lessons in water sector approaches from international experience and how these experiences compare with the South African situation. 1.The current basic water supply legislation in South Africa and how this legislation affects the subsidy arrangements and the financing of free basic water. 2.The operation and maintenance cost and the benefits of effective operation and maintenance of water supply schemes. A model was developed that could estimate the cost of rural water supply per household per month from the operation and maintenance data that was collected over a period of twenty-two months from a water supply scheme. As part of the provision of free basic water, a nine-step flow chart was developed to determine rural water operation and maintenance subsidy and a free basic water policy to help local government make informed decisions. The model was tested on different water supply schemes to verify the accuracy of the models estimation of the cost of rural water supply per household per month. The information obtained from the literature and from the test of the model resulted in various recommendations and conclusions.

Abstract The aim of this study is to deepen current understanding concerning cyclicality in the Finnish sawmill industry. Traditionally, economic actors in the sawmill industry have faced dramatic price and demand fluctuations. Managers often regard cyclicality as natural and unavoidable in the industry. Accordingly, research related to business cycles in the Finnish sawmill industry has consisted of short-term studies that have mainly focused on predicting the turning points of cycles. In contrast to these short-term investigations, this study proffers research on cyclicality that is both empirical and historical. It aims to emphasise the actor perspective that seems to be absent in existing research on business cycles and cyclicality. In line with the adopted perspective, business cycles are not merely objective economic phenomena external to their observers. As regards the research, the above view necessitates a more complete understanding of business cycles and historical knowledge of the industry and the actors in its supply chain. The idea that heavy economic fluctuation is detrimental to all is emphasised in this thesis, though it has been argued that in the short term, some actors at the lower end of a distribution chain may take advantage of cyclicality by game playing. However, in the long run there are very few actors, if any, who profit from business cycles. The empirical data was primarily collected during a number of discussions with sawmill experts and in essence, the problem of cyclicality is observed through the eyes of Finnish sawmill managers. However, interviews with intermediaries as well as many public statistics and archive documents were also used to describe and explain the economic fluctuations over three decades in the industry. Industry-, supply chain- and dyadic business relationship-levels are used in the empirical and theoretical parts of the thesis. Business cycle theories by economists form the context for the study of cyclicality. Systems thinking presents the total picture of cyclicality as a problem in a specific industry, whereas the Bullwhip/Forrester effect describes cyclicality in a supply chain, and explanations for cyclicality in the Finnish sawmill industry are studied in terms of supply chain management. In particular, the presented sub-cases of dyadic business relationships shed light on the power of long-term business relationships as a smoothing-out strategy. The findings of this study reveal that there is another option for managers other than considering the cycles as being "natural", and that there is an opportunity to affect the traditional mode of behaviour in coping with business cycles. It is argued that the structures, behavioural patterns and management components of supply chain management play major roles when the sources of cyclicality and opportunities to moderate business cycles are investigated.

Den globala uppvärmningen anses idag vara ett av de största hoten mot vår planet. Vi människor är en stor bidragande orsak, efter årtionden av ständigt ökande utsläpp och gränslös konsumtion. Åtgärder måste genomföras inom samtliga sektorer i vårt samhälle. En av dessa sektorer är textilindustrin som årligen producerar mängder med nya produkter för att täcka kunders behov av ständig förnyelse. Som ett steg bort från det linjära slit-och-släng-samhället har företag börjat implementera cirkulära försörjningskedjor, s.k. closed-loop supply chains (CLSC). Denna studie undersöker hur svenska detaljhandelsföretag inom modebranschen arbetar med CLSC för att minska sin klimatpåverkan men även för att skaffa sig konkurrensfördelar. Detta görs genom en teorigenomgång som ligger till grund för en empirisk studie av fyra företag, där två av företagen studeras djupgående genom intervjuer med representanter från företagen. De två andra företagen har studerats på grundare nivå genom granskning av företagens hållbarhetsredovisning och hemsidor. Författarna undersöker även vilka drivkrafter och hot som företag ser med CLSC.

A conceptual end use model for residential water demand and return flow is presented in this thesis. The model requires a unique description of a single residential stand in terms of all its end-uses. The end-uses include toilet flushing, bathing and showering, garden watering, leaks, et cetera. Various parameters describe each of the end-uses. The model predicts five components relating to water demand and wastewater flow at a residence: indoor water demand, outdoor water demand, hot water demand, wastewater flow volume and concentration of solutes in the wastewater. Twelve monthly results are calculated, for each of the five components, to provide a typical seasonal pattern as well as an annual value. The large number of input parameters in an end-use model allows for powerful and detailed analysis. The parameters required to populate the model are discussed and guideline values are presented. The end-use model is used to conduct a sensitivity analysis of each independent parameter for each of the five individual model components. The elasticity and sensitivity is determined at a base point with respect to each parameter for all five results. A research significance index is also devised to integrate the elasticity and availability of data for each parameter. The result is a prioritised list of the most critical parameters for each of the five components, which are the ones that should receive the focus for future study and data recording. The parameters are combined to obtain a list of the overall most important parameters in the model for all components combined, and based on a combination of the elasticity-based rank and the sensitivity based rank. The five most important parameters are the household size, toilet flush frequency, toilet flush volume, the washing machine event frequency and the volume of leaks on a stand. The practical application of the model is illustrated. The researchers first apply the model to mimic a few commonly accepted characteristics of water demand. The effectiveness of some specific water demand management measures are evaluated by adjusting selected model parameters. The measures include xeriscaping, the installation of dual-flush toilets, low-flow showerheads, pool ownership and pool cover use. The model also enables practitioners to obtain an insight into the water use habits of homeowners. The model forms the basis for further research work in the field. Its relatively simple structure and realistic data requirement encourages its integration into existing commercially available software suites for water and sewer system analysis and -management in the civil engineering industry in South Africa, as well as abroad. / Prof. J. Haarhoff

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / This thesis examined a pre-paid water metering pilot project which was implemented in Klipheuwel , Cape Town, South Africa in 2001. It was anticipated that the implementation of pre-paid water meters would help improve the management of water service delivery in the Cape Metropolitan Area. However, just four years after its implementation the project has collapsed. / South Africa

Please read the abstract in the 00front part of this document / Thesis (PhD (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Please read the abstract in the 00front part of this document / Dissertation (MCom (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

In an overcapacity world, where the customers can choose from many similar products to satisfy their needs, enterprises are looking for new approaches and tools that can help them not only to maintain, but also to increase their competitive edge. Innovation, flexibility, quality, and service excellence are required to, at the very least, survive the on-going transition that industry is experiencing from mass production to mass customization. In order to help these enterprises, this research develops a Supply Chain Capability Maturity Model named S(CM)2. The Supply Chain Capability Maturity Model is intended to model, analyze, and improve the supply chain management operations of an enterprise. The Supply Chain Capability Maturity Model provides a clear roadmap for enterprise improvement, covering multiple views and abstraction levels of the supply chain, and provides tools to aid the firm in making improvements. The principal research tool applied is the Delphi method, which systematically gathered the knowledge and experience of eighty eight experts in Mexico. The model is validated using a case study and interviews with experts in supply chain management. The resulting contribution is a holistic model of the supply chain integrating multiple perspectives, and providing a systematic procedure for the improvement of a company’s supply chain operations.

Outsourcing breaks up the supply chain and often increases in number of stakeholders and organizations and therefore puts a higher demand on a well-functioning coordination of the material supply. The logistical task spectrum is characterized by a great degree of variety and dissimilarity which is due to the logistical role itself, functions within both overall economic and business processes, in value-added steps from the processing of raw material to the end user. Research in the field of global sourcing environment has been conducted in prior research, however, the outsourcing environments differs one from another. The purpose of this study is to identify critical logistical factors when transferring to a third party stakeholder. The findings are based on an extensive literature study in the field of logistics and a single case study. An interactive investigation at a large, multinational company provided opportunities to observe and participate in an ongoing global transfer and verify the applicability of the result (matrix concept). The observations were done over a three months’ period and gave the author the opportunity to investigate the logistical setup for the ongoing transfer. The company henceforth Genopower AB, is transferring the assembly and testing to a third party stakeholder located in Indonesia. The motives for the transfer is to increase the company’s market shares in Indonesia and further into Asia. The third party stakeholder, henceforth PT PAK does not have any prior experience in the Gas turbine (Power generation) industry. The study provides a generalized matrix with critical logistical factors which affects the logistical performance measurements, logistical cost and customer service elements. By presenting the findings in terms of factors, the matrix can be applicable on future outsourcing projects and give a clear insight in which of the factors is worth investigating further; prior, during or after the actual transfer as an evaluation tool.