<p>The main objective of this paper is to prove that liquidity costs do exist in option pricingtheory. To achieve this goal, a martingale approach to option pricing theory is usedand, from a model by Jarrow and Protter [JP], a sound theoretical model is derived toshow that liquidity risk exists. This model, derived and tested in this extended theory,allows for liquidity costs to arise. The expression liquidity cost is used in this paper tomeasure liquidity risk relative to the option price.</p>

The main objective of this paper is to prove that liquidity costs do exist in option pricingtheory. To achieve this goal, a martingale approach to option pricing theory is usedand, from a model by Jarrow and Protter [JP], a sound theoretical model is derived toshow that liquidity risk exists. This model, derived and tested in this extended theory,allows for liquidity costs to arise. The expression liquidity cost is used in this paper tomeasure liquidity risk relative to the option price.

In this study, we apply "the equilibrium price" to investigate the efficiency and the elasticity of Taiwan securities trading market. The "the equilibrium price" of each transaction are used to represent the true price of the security. The intra-daily tick-by-tick data of the Taiwan security market is used to obtain the equilibrium prices. Empirical transaction of the two companies Uni-President Enterprises Corporation and Formosa Plastics Corporation are studied. Time-series models of the equilibrium price and the transaction price are established. The time lengths returning to the equilibrium status are also studied, called the efficiency time. Based on the results, we discuss the efficiency of the two stocks. In order to understand the impact of the efficiency time, linear regression models of the efficiency time are built. Furthermore, the variance ratios of the two stocks are also investigated to study their market efficiency. Finally, the elasticity of demand and the elasticity of supply are studied and their Markov chain models are established. The results show that the two companies stay more time in the inelastic states.

nÃo hà / O objetivo deste trabalho à estimar uma equaÃÃo de exportaÃÃo que explique o comÃrcio internacional brasileiro de aÃÃcar, com a finalidade de identificar quais variÃveis impactam no desempenho exportador dessa commodity e medir a elasticidade-preÃo da oferta de aÃÃcar, tendo como metodologia adotada a dos mÃnimos quadrados ordinÃrios (MMQO). O perÃodo em anÃlise compreende a maio de 1997 a dezembro de 2010, com valores contabilizados mensalmente. As principais variÃveis identificadas como determinantes dessas exportaÃÃes foram o preÃo e a renda mundial. Os coeficientes do modelo estimado apresentaram resultados compatÃveis com a teoria econÃmica, mostrando que o preÃo e a renda mundial influenciam nas exportaÃÃes brasileiras, tendo como resultado a elasticidade-preÃo da oferta inelÃstica. / The objective of this paper is to estimate an equation explaining the export Brazilian sugar trade, in order to identify variables impact the performance of exports of this commodity and measure the price elasticity of supply of sugar, with the methodology of the ordinary least squares (MMQO). The analysis covers the period May 1997 to December 2010, with values &#8203;&#8203;recorded monthly. The variables identified as key determinants of these exports were price and world income. The estimated coefficients of the model presented results consistent with economic theory, showing that the price and income global influence in Brazilian exports, resulting in the price elasticity of supply inelastic.

Submitted by Guilherme Hideo Assaoka Hossaka (ghossaka@gmail.com) on 2018-09-07T17:43:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Stochastic_Supply_Curves_and_Liquidity_Costs.pdf: 6114705 bytes, checksum: 383773b2814d582892c750a566229869 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-09-18T13:52:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Stochastic_Supply_Curves_and_Liquidity_Costs.pdf: 6114705 bytes, checksum: 383773b2814d582892c750a566229869 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T20:00:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stochastic_Supply_Curves_and_Liquidity_Costs.pdf: 6114705 bytes, en checksum: 383773b2814d582892c750a566229869 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-26 / Market Liquidity is characterized by the easiness and freedom to trade assets at desired volumes and for prices perceived as representative of their values. When there is a scarcity of bid and ask offers at those terms, traders face the so called Market Liquidity Risk and they must offer concessions on their original offers, leading to additional costs. Approaches to model this phenomena exist in broad variety but a common component of most Market Liquidity models is an instantaneous cost component, also known as transaction/execution costs or realized/instantaneous impact. This element, here the Liquidity Cost, gives the actual trading prices faced by a trader, frequently a deviation from the unobservable “true price”, normally represented as a GBM with the mid-price as a proxy for modeling purposes. Although it is clear that Liquidity Costs are a relevant aspect of Market Liquidity Risk and it is present in many models, it is relegated to a more simplistic treatment, being though as well-behaved, deterministic, smooth and static. The main point of this work is to follow a different approach by evaluating Liquidity Costs at a microstructural level by estimating the Stochastic Supply Curve from C¸ etin-Jarrow-Protter Model for Brazilian equities. To do so, high-frequency-data from B3’s ftp is used and to build Limit Order Books for several stocks at intraday periods. The empirical findings support the existence of non-trivial Stochastic Supply Curves as a representation for Liquidity Costs in several equities on Brazilian Markets. Additionally, there is evidence that Liquidity Costs may behave in contrast with some of the literature, being stochastic with time-varying functional representations on the LOB and with liquidity parameters that could be represented as mean-reverting stochastic process.

As the transition from the use of fossil fuels torenewable sources takes place, consumption of electricity willgreatly increase. The shift in energy sources will have a deepimpact on how financial decisions in the grid will be made. Toensure that the necessary investments are made to meet the newneeds, many network administrators have used different typesof markets for capacity. This project reviews how the networkadministrator PJM in the US uses capacity markets to secure thesupply of electricity and stability in the grid. A literature studywas conducted together with a market simulation and the resultsfrom the simulation shows that the use of a separate capacitymarket is a successful concept for securing future electricitysupply and stability in the grid. / I takt med att övergången från användningen av fossila bränslen till förnybara källor sker, kommer elförbrukningen att öka kraftigt. Skiftet av energikällorkommer att ha en stor påverkan på hur finansiella beslut inom elnätet kommer att tas. För att se till att nödvändiga investeringar görs för att klara de nya behoven har många nätverksadministratörer använt sig av olika slags marknader för kapacitet. I detta projekt undersöks hur nätverksadministratören PJM i USA använder sig av kapacitetsmarknader för att säkra elproduktionen och stabiliteten i nätet. En litteraturstudie genomfördes tillsammans med en marknadssimulering och resultatet från undersökningen visar på att användningen av en separat kapacitetsmarknad är ett framgångsrikt koncept för att säkra framtida elförsörjning och stabilitet i nätet. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2022, KTH, Stockholm

Cada vez mais, a competividade fortalece a filosofia de administração empresarial baseada na orientação para o cliente e para o lucro. A busca de novas formas de relacionamento com os clientes requer instrumentos que possam personalizar inclusive os preços que compõem a equação de valor de cada um. O que temos visto, na prática, são ações que não consideram a dinâmica das forças do mercado, representada pelas curvas de oferta e demanda, e por isso expõem a organização ao risco de propor um processo de troca que não atenda ao preceito de que deve beneficiar tanto o vendedor quanto o comprador, como fator mais importante para a manutenção de um relacinamento de longo prazo. Os instrumentos apresentados como equações matemamáticas, pretendem viabilizar a adoção de forma monitorada com os objetos da gestão econômica. Como benefício complementar, os intrumentos por requererem regras claras, objetivas e bem delimitadas para os processos de negociação, permitem compartilhar de maneira justa, a responsabilidade sobre o atingimento dos resultados através de transações comerciais. / Competitiveness fortifies the entrepreneurial management philosophy that prioritizes more and more, customers and profit. The search for new relationship between companies and customers requires appropriate tools to even, embody the prices that composes the equation of value. We have noticed according to the procedures, actions disrespecting the dynamic of market forces, represented by supply and demand curves and, as a consequence, the companies can be involved in a trading process that can not serve neither the seller nor the buyer, damaging the relationship in the long run. The algorithms presented as mathematical equation aim at enabling the approval of the dynamic prices in trading processes to support their own flexibility in a controlled way that is connected to the goals of the economic management. As a complementary benefit, the algorithms require clear, delimitative and objective rules for the dealing processes and make possible sharing in a fair way, the responsability for the achievement of the results through the trading negotiations.

Cada vez mais, a competividade fortalece a filosofia de administração empresarial baseada na orientação para o cliente e para o lucro. A busca de novas formas de relacionamento com os clientes requer instrumentos que possam personalizar inclusive os preços que compõem a equação de valor de cada um. O que temos visto, na prática, são ações que não consideram a dinâmica das forças do mercado, representada pelas curvas de oferta e demanda, e por isso expõem a organização ao risco de propor um processo de troca que não atenda ao preceito de que deve beneficiar tanto o vendedor quanto o comprador, como fator mais importante para a manutenção de um relacinamento de longo prazo. Os instrumentos apresentados como equações matemamáticas, pretendem viabilizar a adoção de forma monitorada com os objetos da gestão econômica. Como benefício complementar, os intrumentos por requererem regras claras, objetivas e bem delimitadas para os processos de negociação, permitem compartilhar de maneira justa, a responsabilidade sobre o atingimento dos resultados através de transações comerciais. / Competitiveness fortifies the entrepreneurial management philosophy that prioritizes more and more, customers and profit. The search for new relationship between companies and customers requires appropriate tools to even, embody the prices that composes the equation of value. We have noticed according to the procedures, actions disrespecting the dynamic of market forces, represented by supply and demand curves and, as a consequence, the companies can be involved in a trading process that can not serve neither the seller nor the buyer, damaging the relationship in the long run. The algorithms presented as mathematical equation aim at enabling the approval of the dynamic prices in trading processes to support their own flexibility in a controlled way that is connected to the goals of the economic management. As a complementary benefit, the algorithms require clear, delimitative and objective rules for the dealing processes and make possible sharing in a fair way, the responsability for the achievement of the results through the trading negotiations.