This dissertation provides empirical and theoretical support for the antecedents and consequences of cyber resilience via three essays on cyber resilience. Essay 1 comprises 2 studies using a multi-method empirical research effort to determine whether emphasizing suppliers' implementation and use of business continuity management (S-BCM) is actually beneficial to buyers. In Study 1, data from 150 managers was collected via a survey-based questionnaire to determine whether buyers' adoption of monitoring supplier operational performance (MS-OP) and monitoring S-BCM (MS-BCM) enhances S-BCM implementation and use. Evidence from Study 1 suggests that MS-BCM is more effective than MS-OP. Moreover, the results suggest that while buyer power positively augments the effectiveness of MS-BCM, it actually has a diminishing effect on the effectiveness of MS-OP. Study 2 uses the data of 114 managers from a vignette-based experiment to determine whether S-BCM leads to improved buyer operational and financial performance. Study 2 offers evidence that confirms the positive link between S-BCM and buyer operational and financial performance. The results also suggest that the use of reward power further enhances the association between S-BCM and buyer performance. Using two studies, Essay 2 examines how supply chain power and learning can be related to cyber resilience capability. Study 1 indicated that powerful buyers and supply chain learning from new knowledge contribute to visibility to build cyber resilience while dominant suppliers are reluctant to share information. The results of Study-2 show that supply chain and operations managers believe that companies and their suppliers would have better operational performance if they invest in the accuracy of visibility. Moreover, supply chains properly can avoid, maintain, and recover from cyber disruption when real-time information is available. Essay 3 focuses on the role of downstream complexity along with enterprise resource planning (ERP) in building cyber resilience in supply chains. The results reveal that ERP systems help supply chains to mitigate the negative effect of downstream complexity on the impact of information sharing in a secure system needed to build cyber resilience in times of data breaches and cyber-attacks. Although the use of information technology increases cyber risk, supply chain managers should take advantage of ERP systems to mitigate the negative effect of complexity in supply chain cyber resilience.

Supply-chain management is the practice combining theory from logistics, operations management, production management and inventory control. Therefore, it is often associated exclusively with manufacturing or materials management industries. Application of supply-chain management to other industries often results in implementations that do not satisfy the needs of the involved enterprises. To improve the implementation of supply-chain solutions outside of the materials management and manufacturing industries there is a need for industry specific standards. One industry sector in need of a standard is the services industry. The current problem facing the services sector is the inability to adapt current frameworks to the provisioning of a service. Provisioning a service translates into the supply-chain for the services industry since it influences the services supply and demand. A solution to the problem is development of a supply-chain standard specific to the provisioning of a service. Objectives of the research are to define comprehensively, a new services supply-chain model that is applicable to the United States government classification of a service and to ensure the scalability and integration capability of the model. To satisfy these objectives, it is necessary to understand the characteristics describing the services supply-chain process. The characteristics are the input into deriving the processes and terminology of the generalized services supply-chain. Terminology and processes are then used to create a supply-chain framework using input from the Supply-Chain Council's Supply-Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model. SCOR provides a foundation for describing the processes and defining the terminology in an already accepted format. A final verification of the model by industry experts insures conceptually that the framework is applicable to the current problem. This research developed a three-level framework similar in structure to the SCOR framework. Presentation of the framework is a specification that defines and sequences the processes for implementation. A detailed case study applies the model using the framework and the definition of a comprehensive supply-chain.

Background: Sustainable Supply Chain Performance Measurement (SSCPM) and management are pivotal processes for any organisation to ensure the attainment of strategic intent. Large enterprises have been successful with the implementation of SSCPM. One of the reasons is that their motives and attitudes are consistent with SSCPM that yield sustainable returns. First, large companies usually have shareholders who are not the management of these companies. This means the management of the company is held accountable for adopting practices that create sustainable shareholder value. As such, management's attitudes to issues such as SSCPM tend to be positive because of the implications on the bottom-line of the firm. Consequently, management's behaviour is one of quick and comprehensive adoption of any practices that support the creation of sustainable shareholder value, and that includes SSCPM. Second, large companies tend to be in the spotlight when it comes to anything that can go wrong. Finally, these companies are also under pressure from their global suppliers and customers, who may want SSCPMs to be embedded in their operations as a condition for doing business with them. We can therefore conclude that there are three aspects associated with the adoption of SSCPM by large companies, namely motivation, attitude, and behaviour. What is not clear is whether the same aspects of motivation, attitude and behaviours operate in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). This study focuses on three types of SMEs, namely necessity, opportunity, and legacy, as they relate to motives. Given the differences in ownership, management, and scope of operations between large companies and SMEs, do motives, attitudes and behavioural variables operate within SMEs in the context of the adoption of SSCPM? We do not seem to have enough research to answer this question. Therefore, this study seeks to understand how entrepreneurial motivation, attitude, and behaviour influence SSCPM in manufacturing SMEs. Moreover, SMEs, particularly in developing contexts, are still lagging behind with sustainability integration in their Supply Chain Management (SCM). While much is said about SMEs, there is less concern for integrated systems, SCM practices and their future. There is a dearth of research on how entrepreneurial motives, attitudes and behaviour influence these performance measurements by SMEs. Methodology: The researcher's purpose in this study was to observe reality as it existed to maintain an objectivity which is devoid of value judgements. This objectivity resonates with the researcher's philosophical view which lends itself to a functionalist paradigm. Quantitative data were collected through a survey of manufacturing SMEs on entrepreneurial motives, attitudes, and behaviour towards SSCPM. The survey was directly administered to approximately 566 manufacturing SMEs, of which 211 completed questionnaires were received. The data were analysed through Partial Least Square-structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Results: Opportunity-motivated entrepreneurs depict a positive attitude towards the adoption and implementation of SSCPM in their SCM. These SMEs are formed and run by professionals and experienced individuals who desire to grow their businesses. Legacy-motivated entrepreneurs do not show any attitudinal disposition towards SSCPM. As they are familyowned and run businesses that span many generations, legacy-entrepreneurs are likely to adopt the inherited culture in their practices. Necessity-entrepreneurs have a positive attitude towards SSCPM with a predominant focus on economic sustainability. They are mostly pushed into business by the need to survive and this makes them focus mostly on that which enables them to generate revenue while avoiding anything that entails having to invest in other areas. For instance, necessity-motivated entrepreneurs have a negative attitude towards environmental and social sustainability. The only time they begin to embrace it is when there are other forces around such as institutional pressures or resources that will directly affect their attitude towards SSCPM. The results reveal that institutional isomorphic patterns and resources impact in varying degrees on the SMEs' adoption and implementation of SSCPM. Government policies or coercive isomorphic pressures are generally weak about enforcing SSCPM at SMEs. For instance, limited resources hinder SMEs' willingness and ability to adopt and implement SSCPM practices in line with government policies. Limited resources therefore make the impact of government policies on the adoption and implementation of SSCPM at SMEs ineffective. The results showed that normative isomorphic pressures were major enablers of the adoption and implementation of SSCPM at SMEs. These normative pressures were mostly inflicted by large corporate customers who demanded that SMEs complied with sustainable sourcing and production. Mimetic isomorphic pressures come into play because of the need for all SMEs to attain economic sustainability. Resources are a major enabler for the adoption of environmental and social SSCPM while both the institution and resources shape the attitude of SMEs in a significant way towards sustainable developments. Lack of resources leads to a negative attitude to sustainability endeavours. Theoretical contribution: The study has contributed to sustainability literature, the interface among entrepreneurial motives, attitudes, and behaviour linkages with SSCPM. To the best of the researcher's knowledge this perspective has not been explored in either SCM or Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM). Many frameworks in SCM focus on the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) from a measurement perspective. The framework created in this study interfaces SSCM with entrepreneurial motives, attitudes and behaviour in the adoption of SSCPM at manufacturing SMEs. It further places the application of theory (Institutional and Resource Based View Theories) in a new empirical situation; more importantly, confirming the inability of coercive pressures to be placed on the adoption of environmental and social sustainability while re-enforcing the impact of normative pressures on the uptake of SSCPM. The SMEs' entrepreneurial attitude towards environmental and social sustainability is predominantly negative without institutional isomorphic pressures and the direct impact of resources on their attitude towards SSCPM. The analysis methodology adopted in this study reveals the shortcomings of Cronbach Alpha, which is rarely, if not always, silent in the social sciences. Cronbach Alpha does not only measure internal reliability, but it is also a test of length. If Cronbach is used to test internal consistency where the items are few, the tau-equivalence is immediately violated and that decreases reliability. However, if the number of items in a scale are more, reliability increases. Researchers in the social sciences, particularly SCM researchers, ought to know about this revelation. Practical Implications: These results will assist governments to find strategies to support entrepreneurs that are intrinsically motivated towards adopting sustainable integration practices. Governments may also embark on a customer awareness programme to enforce the taking up of sustainability practices in organisations while also exerting pressure on entrepreneurs who exhibit a negative attitude towards SSCPM. This strategy will go a long way towards adopting sustainable integration practices. Normative pressures from large customers have been identified as major players in enforcing SSCM at manufacturing SMEs. Big corporations may partner with SME suppliers to assist and guide them through compliance and taking the necessary steps to achieve sustainability integration. Collaboration among SMEs may help mitigate resource constraints to adopting sustainability practices as this may enable collaborative efforts in assisting themselves to reach their SSCM goals. Practitioners may also provide training and development programmes on SSCM for manufacturing SMEs. These training programmes should be conducted at no cost (through government funding) with manufacturing SMEs to achieve a wider impact on sustainability advancement. SMEs are central to economic growth, hence providing support, mentoring, and coaching on SSCPM which may go a long way towards strengthening the sector. Government may fund special projects that address SDG 12 and bring about collaboration between international and local buyers to guide the process in these SMEs. This research provides a platform for SME development and the enhancement of the community. SMEs may engage with community activists and NGOs on how to create sustainable relationships that last longer than expected. Development communities ranging from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the World Bank and African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), among others, may form partnerships with developing countries' governments specifically to address SSCM at manufacturing SMEs. For instance, AGOA may extend primary access to United States' (US) markets by adding sustainability support on export apparel to manufacturing firms in listed countries. The World Bank could direct resource support with clear accountability measures to developing countries on manufacturing SSCM-integration, while USAID may have ambassadors/directors in various countries to oversee its dedicated support for sustainable production in the developing contexts.

The purpose of this three-essay dissertation is to synthesize and extend the effects of decentralization in decision-making and supply chain complexity in the context of supply chain resilience (SCRES).First essay contributes to theory and practice by expanding resilience thinking into including supply chain orientation and organizational structure and their implications and also responds to prior research arguing for the importance of identifying organizational factors that improve supply chain resilience. Second essay contributes to the supply chain organizational structure and SCRES literature by not just providing empirical support for decentralization of decision making in times of disruptions but more precisely by showing the factors that either impede or facilitate decentralization at the organizational level. Understanding the interplay among these factors is critical to explaining the lack of success for decentralization in the context of SCRES. Third essay contributes to practice by reviewing some of the major complexity drivers present in the supply chains and providing strategies along with a four-step process that practitioners can use to manage complexity.

In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, it became apparent that the way organizations conduct business activities within and between themselves would be forever altered. Specifically, the way the firms share and distribute goods became an important area of interest to ensure the security of their supply chain partners and ultimately, society in general. Supply chain security (SCS) is defined as activities that protect supply chains from damage, terrorism, and contraband. This dissertation adds to an emerging knowledge base – SCS efforts. More specifically, this dissertation attempts to address three key areas concerning SCS: 1) understand what type of SCS activity taxonomy exists; 2) understand what is driving those taxonomy categories to exist; and 3) understand what, if any, relationship between the SCS taxonomy categories and organizational performance exists. To gain this knowledge, inductive and deductive techniques were utilized. First, in-depth semi-structured interviews with 19 executives across a variety of industries concerning SCS issues were conducted to help frame the research and develop research hypotheses. Through content analyzing the interview transcripts, it became salient that institutional environmental pressures were what respondents indicated were the causes of security activities. As such, Institutional Theory was used as a theoretical framework for the dissertation. Second, a survey method was used to collect data concerning supply chain security activities, pressures that cause them, and organizational performance. In the empirical examination of SCS, it was found that three categories of security exist. The taxonomy that emerged had three categories that were named Security Pros, Follow-the-Leaders, and Necessary Evils. The next part of the empirical examination was to determine which, if any, of the identified drivers impact the SCS categories. Using multiple discriminant analysis, it was determined that customers and societal pressures are significant in impacting the SCS categories. Finally, a multiple analysis of variance was conducted to determine if different types of SCS categories were associated with different types of organizational performance. The results indicated that different groups were not related to different levels of firm, customer, market, and supply chain performance.

Supply chain transparency is principally focused on a company's efforts toward disclosing information about their products, and their supply chain operations to the public. Essay 1 is a conceptual paper that examines the risks of disclosing supply chain mapping information to consumers and proposes an approach to developing risk mitigation strategies. This essay also develops a set of supply chain mapping conventions that support the development of an agility-focused supply chain map. Essay 2 employs an experimental design methodology to examine the impact of disclosing the ethnicity of a supplier on consumers' behaviors, while also capturing the extent to which a consumers' ethnic identity and prosocial disposition influence their behaviors. Finally, also using an experimental design, Essay 3 analyzes consumer outcomes based on disclosing no, partial, and full supply chain transparency information, and accounts for heterogenous consumer traits such as the importance of information to a consumer and their perceived quality of information. Collectively, these essays advance the body of knowledge that seeks to understand the risks and benefits of supply chain transparency, by conceptually identifying risks and proposing an approach to minimize the risks associated with supply chain transparency, and by illuminating the conditions that prompt favorable consumer outcomes.

The purpose of this research is to learn about quality measurement practices in a wood products supply chain. According to the Supply Chain Management paradigm, companies no longer compete as individual entities, but as part of complex networks of suppliers and customers, linked together by flows of materials and information. Evidence suggests that a high degree of integration between supply chain members is essential to achieve superior market and financial performance. This study investigates the potential benefits from adopting supply chain quality management practices, focusing specifically on quality measurement. A case-study was conducted to accomplish the objectives of the research. An exemplary wood products supply chain was studied in great detail. The current state was compared with best practices, as reported in the literature. Supply chain quality metrics were used to assess current performance and a simulation model was developed to estimate the impact of changes in significant factors affecting quality, such as production volume, on the supply chain's quality performance. Quality measurement practices in the supply chain of study are described in detail in this dissertation. A high degree of internal integration was observed in the focal company, attributed in great part to the leadership of management, which formulates comprehensive quality planning, specifying quality measurement practices and goals. These practices provide the company with a competitive advantage, and have undoubtedly contributed to its relatively strong market share and financial performance. Significant improvements in defect rate and on-time performance at all levels in the supply chain have been achieved in great part thanks to current initiatives. There is room for improvement, however, regarding external integration; the supply chain of study could benefit from more information sharing with its external suppliers and increasing its supplier development efforts. There is also a lack of true measures of supply chain quality performance that could facilitate tracing variances back to their origin upstream the supply chain. Supply chain metrics must reflect the contribution of each supply chain member to the overall performance, and span the entire supply chain. This is the first study that looks in depth at quality measurement practices from a supply chain perspective. It is also one of very few studies of supply chain management applied to the wood products industry. Examples are presented of how a supply chain performance measurement system can be developed. Results from this research show that it is important to adopt a supply chain perspective when designing a performance measurement system, not least to avoid sub-optimization. Poor quality at any point in the supply chain eventually translates into higher prices for the final customer, is detrimental to customer dissatisfaction, and hurts profitability; with the end result of declining competitiveness of the entire system. / Ph. D.

Yes / Purpose: The aim of this research is to evaluate if the Complex Adaptive Systems theory can be used to explain resilience strategies within the pharmaceutical supply chain Research Approach: An in depth review of literature surrounding resilience in the pharmaceutical supply chain. In order to pursue this study agenda, data was collected from Scopus, the largest peer review journal as well as EBSCOhost. The PRISMA guideline was adopted in the systematic review process where 34 peer reviewed papers in the field of CAS, supply chain and supply chain resilience were identified with respect to methodologies employed, location of the study and approaches. Findings and Originality: The systematic review of literature shows that there are inherent similarities between the concept of resilience and the CAS theory. The CAS theory explains that PSC’s are dynamic, have emergent behaviours complex, adaptive, interconnected as well as possess schemas that regulate their operations. Hence if resilience strategies are to be employed to mitigate disruptive events they need to be harnessed in a manner to fit this particular supply chain. This work is innovative as it provides a new insight into the contemporary discourse on resilience strategy creation and deployment, examining the use of this theory in the PSC, and thus provides original contribution. Research Impact: This study contributes to the existing literature base, by providing theoretical underpinnings in the area of resilience and the pharmaceutical supply chain. This furthers the CAS agenda, SCR agenda and also presents an innovative output which warrants more detailed analysis and feasibility testing. Practical Impact: Complexity principles are multi-scaled and multi-domain and as such the suggestions put forward in this theoretical framework can be adopted in various supply chain networks as well as disruptive events. It provides new insights with regards to structures for managers seeking to design and improve resilience supply chains, a key element of which is the adoption of a holistic analysis by SC managers when developing resilience strategies. This is critical if disruptions are to be identified and mitigated before their impact is felt.

The strategic importance of FMCG SME's supply chains makes it paramount that their performances are measured. Performance measurement in the context of on-time delivery is of high importance to SME's. SME's compete with large companies within the FMCG sector, as such gaining a competitive advantage is an extremely difficult task for these small and medium companies. There is an everincreasing interest toward the field of supply chain management and much attention has been deemed towards the importance of information sharing in gaining competitive advantage for SMEs. The integration of the chain both internally and externally through information sharing ( visibility) can lead to increase supply chain performance such as on-time delivery, therefore increasing competitive advantage for the SME's. The study aim to develop a conceptual framework and a model to evaluate the impact of visibility tools usage in FMCG SME's. This research highlights some visibility tools such as ERP systems, Sage software that influences the level of information shared among the parties within the SME supply chain. This research examined the potential of information technology based tools and visibility factors and aims to provide factors that may influence the sharing of information between suppliers and customers along the supply chain, thus meeting on time delivery schedules. This research employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches, with regression and correlation tests also conducted. Two questionnaires were administered, one at the case study company, the other at 100 SME's across London, 63 valid questionnaires were received and analyzed using SPSS software (manufactured by IBM, version 20). The findings of this research revealed that having shared values among SME's influenced the level of information that is shared and thus the level of visibility achieved within the supply chain. Further, it was revealed that large companies are able to utilize more in depth IT based systems, while small and medium sized companies had a tendency to utilize informal means for their visibility tools. In addition, the analysis of the research model indicated that supplier lead time and supplier chain reliability greatly influenced the ICT infrastructure of a FMCG SME. The model analysis also indicated that the delivery lead time influenced on-time delivery. In addition supply chain responsiveness was found to explain 30.9% of the variances found in supply chain visibility.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:41:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo7318_1.pdf: 3907134 bytes, checksum: af97373928b4c23f70471b3cadc5592d (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / O gerenciamento da cadeia logística e suprimentos "supply chain management" significa a integração completa de todos os parceiros e processos de uma cadeia logística. Este tem sido um objetivo perseguido por muitas empresas que buscam aumentar a competitividade diante de mercados cada vez mais concorridos. No entanto, como não há um padrão único a ser seguido, para integrar sua cadeia logística, uma empresa deve antes de tudo mudar a si mesma, passando de organização vertical para horizontal, fazendo com que todas as suas áreas e processos trabalhem de forma sincronizada, aqui surge a maior dificuldade enfrentada atualmente pelas empresas nesse processo. Diante desse quadro, este trabalho demonstra, através de simulação, como a utilização do fluxograma de processo pode contribuir para diagnosticar o estágio atual da cadeia, aperfeiçoar os fluxos de produtos e informações identificando as operações que não agregam valor, bem como as mudanças necessárias para reestruturação das atividades. Dessa forma, evidencia-se como através da análise de micro-processos a empresa pode estabelecer ações para otimizar o caminho crítico, gerar valor na cadeia logística, reduzir custos e aumentar a satisfação dos seus clientes