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The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of stitching architectures by using different stitching periodic patterns on the in-plane and out-of-plane mechanical properties. By using the inherent periodic architecture of these composites, their mechanical properties may be tailored for specific applications. Composite structures are extensively used in several industries such as aerospace, automotive, sports, and construction due to their many advantages, which include tailorable mechanical properties, high strength-to-weight ratios, and high specific stiffness. However, due to their low interlaminar tensile strength, composites are prone to delaminations, which can degrade the overall mechanical performance of the structure. Through-thickness stitching provides the third-direction reinforcement to enhance the interlaminar tensile and shear strengths. In this study, quasi-isotropic composite test articles were manufactured and stitched through-thickness using different chain stitch patterns. Full-field surface strain measurements were collected through the non-contact digital image correlation (DIC) technique. A design of experiments (DoE) approach was used to investigate the stitch parameters, such as stitch density (number of stitches per unit area), stitch angle (stitch seam orientation), and linear thread density (thread diameter), and their interactions on the in-plane and out-of-plane mechanical properties. Experimental results are then used to develop a statistically informed response surface model (RSM) to find optimal stitching parameters based on a maximum predicted tensile strength, tensile modulus and flexural strength.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ra_dr_prud.pdf: 10400710 bytes, checksum: 4c4e6b235bd849c0d16074edea702847 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Recentemente, os sensores hiperespectrais miniaturizados entraram no mercado e alguns modelos adquirem bandas hiperespectrais com geometria de quadro, com a vantagem de serem também operados em veículos aéreos remotamente pilotados (VARP). As imagens deste tipo de câmara podem ser utilizadas para a geração de modelos digitais de superfície hiperespectral (MDSHs) de alta resolução, usando o VARP, sem a necessidade do registro de dados de diferentes sensores ou diferente datas de aquisição. MDSHs aumentam o conhecimento sobre os alvos, uma vez que permitem modelar a reflectância do alvo utilizando dados provenientes de diferentes direções. Neste trabalho, a câmara hiperespectral de quadro utilizada não adquire todas as bandas instantaneamente, causando um deslocamento entre as bandas devido ao movimento da plataforma. Os principais objetivos deste projeto foram estudar e desenvolver técnicas para a geração de MDSHs em áreas de florestas, investigando e avaliando as principais etapas para o processamento das imagens da câmara hiperespectral de quadro até a geração do MSDH. Considerando que a tecnologia da câmara baseia-se em filtros ajustáveis, o estudo avaliou: a auto-calibração da câmara, verificando o comportamento dos parâmetros de orientação interior em diferentes bandas espectrais; o corregistro das bandas através de transformações geométricas 2D; e a estimativa dos parâmetros de orientação exterior. Em relação à geração do MDS, uma abordagem baseada em correspondência de imagem no espaço do objeto foi desenvolvida, adaptando o método de busca em linha vertical (VLL) para a geração MDSH e foi nomeado como VLL hiperespectral (HVLL). Adicionalmente, o uso de imagens classificadas para a adaptação dos parâmetros de correspondência foi avaliado com o objetivo de melhorar o processo de correspondência para diferentes objetos (HVLLC). Posteriormente, foram utilizadas múltiplas bandas no processo de correspondência de imagens, dados como múltiplos ângulos de visada e informação espectral foram calculados simultaneamente ao processo de correspondência de imagens. A avaliação da qualidade foi realizada comparando-se os MDSs gerados com os produzidos por um software comercial e por dados Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS). Esta investigação demonstrou que a técnica proposta pode ser usada para a geração de modelos 3D integrados aos dados hiperespectrais multiangulares da câmara hiperespectral de quadro. A avaliação de todas as etapas demonstrou que esta tecnologia pode fornecer dados geométricos e espectrais precisos e os MDSHs resultantes possuem potencial para várias aplicações de sensoriamento remoto. / Recently, miniaturized hyperspectral sensors, operable from small Remotely Piloted Aerial Systems (RPAS), have entered the market and some of these sensors acquire hyperspectral bands in frame geometry. Images of the lightweight hyperspectral 2D frame camera can be used to generate high-resolution hyperspectral digital surface models (HDSMs), without the registration of data from different sensors or different dates of acquisition. HSDMs increase the knowledge about the targets since it allows modeling the target reflectance using data coming from different directions. In this study, the hyperspectral 2D frame camera used does not acquire all bands instantaneously, causing band misalignment due to the platform motion. The main aims of this project were to study and develop techniques for the generation of HDSMs in forest areas, studying and assessing the main steps to process the hyperspectral 2D frame camera images until the HDSM generation. Considering that the camera technology is based on tunable filters, the study have assessed the orientation and DSM generation steps: the self-calibrating bundle adjustment to verify the behaviour of the interior orientation parameters using different spectral bands; the co-registration of the bands using 2D geometric transformation; the exterior orientation parameter estimation. Regarding to the DSM generation, an approach based on object space image matching was developed, adapting the vertical line locus (VLL) method for HDSM generation, and was named as hyperspectral VLL (HVLL). Additionally, the use of image classification data was investigated in order to adapt the image matching parameters and improve the process of image matching for different objects (hyperspectral VLL classes - HVLLC). Further, multiple bands were used and the spectral and multiangular viewing geometry were computed simultaneously to the image matching method. Quality assessment was performed by comparing to DSMs generated to those produced by commercial software and also by Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data. This investigation demonstrated that the proposed technique can be used to generate integrated 3D information and multiangular hyperspectral data from hyperspectral 2D frame camera. The assessment of all steps showed that the hyperspectral 2D frame technology can provide accurate geometric and spectral data and the resulting HDSMs have potential for several remote sensing applications. / FAPESP: 2013/17787-3 / FAPESP: 2013/14444-0 / FAPESP: 2014/24844-6

L’évolution du climat sur les prochaines dizaines voire centaines d’années pose de nombreuses interrogations, du fait de l’impact de l’homme. Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre depuis le début de l’ère industrielle entrainent une augmentation des températures. Celle-ci est susceptible d’affecter les écosystèmes terrestres, notamment dans les régions boréales où les augmentations de température observées et projetées sont plus importantes. Une évolution de ces écosystèmes peut entrainer des rétroactions sur le climat. Ainsi le phénomène actuel observé de verdissement des régions boréales (ou « Arctic greening ») peut augmenter ce réchauffement via une diminution de l’albédo. Afin de répondre à ces interrogations, des modèles climatiques ont été développés, intégrant des modèles de surface continentale représentant les flux de matière et d’énergie. Le travail effectué dans cette thèse a été mené à partir de l’un d’eux, le modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE, qui comprend une description succincte de la végétation boréale. L’objectif de cette thèse était donc l’implémentation puis la modélisation de la végétation boréale.Afin de décrire la végétation présente au niveau des hautes latitudes, i.e. les toundras et les steppes, de nouveaux types de végétation (PFTs) ont été intégrés au modèle à partir des PFTs déjà présents. Tout d’abord, les plantes non vasculaires (NVPs) ont été introduites pour représenter les lichens et les bryophytes, ensuite les buissons pour représenter une strate intermédiaire entre les arbres et les herbacées, et enfin des herbacées C3 boréales pour distinguer la végétation considérée dans les steppes boréales et les prairies tempérées. La description de cette végétation boréale s’est accompagnée de l’intégration de nouveaux processus caractéristiques, allant de l’implémentation d’interactions nouvelles telles que la protection des buissons par la neige en hiver, au simple choix de nouveaux paramètres du PFT, en passant par la modification de processus déjà présents dans le modèle comme la conductance stomatique des NVPs. D’autres processus en lien avec la végétation ont également été mis à jour ou corrigés. Enfin, pour modéliser la dynamique de la végétation boréale, les nouveaux PFTs ont été intégrés à la description initialement présente dans le modèle.Ces modifications ont permis de modéliser la végétation boréale et ses impacts sur les autres variables du système (flux de matière ou d’énergie), soit avec une végétation prescrite (simulations de la période récente), soit avec une végétation dynamique (simulations présentes et futures, à partir des scénarios RCPs 4.5 et 8.5). Les simulations effectuées avec la végétation prescrite montrent que l’on représente mieux le comportement de la végétation avec les nouveaux PFTs. Avec les PFTs originaux la productivité et la biomasse étaient surestimées dans les régions boréales et entrainaient une sous-estimation de l’albédo et une surestimation de la transpiration. Les simulations avec une végétation dynamique ont démontré la capacité du modèle à représenter avec la nouvelle végétation boréale les biomes actuels ainsi que l’« Arctic greening ». Par contre, l’embuissonement observé dans plusieurs études n’a pas été reproduit. Globalement l’introduction des PFTs boréaux s’est traduite par une meilleure description des écosystèmes arctiques et des échanges d’énergie et de matière avec l’atmosphère. Par contre, la protection du pergélisol par les NVPs n’a pas été aussi importante qu’attendu et a été compensée par une augmentation de l’humidité du sol.L’introduction de la nouvelle végétation boréale dans le modèle ORCHIDEE semble donc pertinente et met en évidence l’importance de la représentation de ces écosystèmes. Ce travail ouvre donc des perspectives pour améliorer les simulations climatiques, tant futures que passées. Comme la modélisation de la végétation depuis l’Holocène afin de simuler la quantité de carbone contenu aujourd’hui dans le pergélisol. / Climate evolution over the next ten to hundred years involves many questions, linked to the impact of man. Indeed, greenhouse gases emissions since the beginning of the industrial era lead to an increase in temperature. The latter can affect terrestrial ecosystems, particularly in boreal regions where observed and projected temperature increase is larger than in mid-latitudes. Evolution of these ecosystems can trigger climate feedbacks. For example, the currently observed « Arctic greening » phenomenon could enhance the warming via a decrease in albedo due to the increase in vegetation cover. In order to address these questions, climate models were developped, including continental surface models taking into account the fluxes of mass and energy. In this thesis, such a model was used, the continental surface scheme ORCHIDEE, which includes a succinct description of boreal vegetation. The aim of this work was thus the implementation and the modeling of boreal vegetation.In order to describe high-latitude vegetation, i.e. toundras and steppes, new plant functional types (PFTs) were integrated into the model based on existing PFTs. First, non-vascular plants (NVPs) were integrated to represent lichens and bryophytes found in desert toundras and peatlands, then shrubs to represent an intermediate stratum between trees and grasses in toundras, and finally boreal C3 grasses to distinguish vegetation found in boreal steppes and temperate grasslands. The description of this boreal vegetation was accompanied by the integration of new charachteristic processes, from the implementation of new interactions such as the protection of shrubs by snow in winter, to the simple choice of new PFT parameters such as the lower photosynthetic capacity of boreal C3 grasses compared to temperate C3 grasses, through the modification of existing processes such as the stomatal conductance of NVPs. Other processes linked to vegetation were also updated or corrected. Finally, to model the dynamics of boreal vegetation, new PFTs were integrated into the initial description in the model.Those changes enabled the modeling of boreal vegetation and its impact on other variables (mass or energy fluxes), either using a prescribed vegetation (simulations on the recent period), or using a dynamical vegetation (recent and future simulations using RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). Simulations using the prescribed vegetation indicated that vegetation behaviour is better represented with the new PFTs. With original PFTs, productivity and biomass were overestimated in boreal regions, and lead to an underestimation of albedo and an overestimation of transpiration. Simulations using a dynamical vegetation demonstrated the ability of the model, using the new boreal vegetation, to represent current-day biomes as well as « Arctic greening ». However, the shrubification observed in several studies was not reproduced. Similarly, the impact of new PFTs on other model outputs is important, with for example a decrease in productivity or albedo in winter compared to the original vegetation. Thus, the introduction of boreal PFTs generally resulted in a better description of Arctic ecosystems and of the exchanges of energy and mass with the atmosphere. On the other hand, the protection of permafrost by NVPs was not as substantial as expected and was compensated by an increase in soil humidity (due to shrubs and boreal grasses).The introduction of the new boreal vegetation in the ORCHIDEE model thus seems relevant, and highlights the importance of representing these ecosystems. This work opens up new perspectives to improve future and past climate simulations. The next step consists in modeling vegetation since the Holocene into the future in order to simulate the current amounts of carbone in the permafrost, and to project the outcome of these stocks in the context of climate change and permafrost melt.

The representation of high-latitude surface processes and quantifying surface-climate feedbacks are some of the most serious shortcomings of present day Arctic land surface modelling. The energy balance of seasonally snow-covered sparse deciduous forests at high latitudes is poorly understood and inaccurately represented within hydrological and climate models. Snow cover plays an important role in wintertime fluxes of energy, water and carbon, controlling the length of the active growing season and hence the overall carbon balance of Arctic ecosystems. Snow cover is non-uniform and spatially variable, as wind redistributes snow from areas of exposed open tundra to sheltered areas within the forest, where a deeper snowpack develops. Low solar zenith angles, coupled with sparse deciduous leafless trees, cast shadows across the snow surface. The spatial distribution of canopy gaps determines the timing of direct radiation which penetrates down through the canopy to the snow surface. The forest canopy also excludes incoming longwave radiation and yet also emits longwave radiation to the snow surface. Consequently the forest canopy plays a key role in the radiation balance of sparse forests. To improve our knowledge of these complex processes, meteorological and field observations were taken in an area of highly heterogeneous birch Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii forest in Abisko, Sweden during the spring of 2008 and 2009. Detailed measurements of short and longwave radiation above and below the canopy, hemispherical photographs, tree temperatures and snow surveys were conducted to quantify the radiation balance of the sparse deciduous forest. An array of below canopy pyranometers found the mean canopy transmissivity to be 74 % in 2008 and 76 % in 2009. Hemispherical photographs taken at the pyranometer locations analysed with Gap Light Analyzer (GLA) showed reasonable agreement with a mean canopy transmissivity of 75 % in 2008 and 74 % in 2009. The canopy transmissivity was found to be independent of the diffuse fraction of radiation as the canopy is very sparse. A series of survey grids and transects were established to scale up from the below canopy pyranometers to the landscape scale. Hemispherical photographs analysed with GLA showed the sparse forest canopy had a mean transmissivity of 78 % and a mean LAI of 0.25, whereas the open tundra had a mean transmissivity of 97 % and a mean LAI of < 0.01. Snow surveys showed the sparse forest snow depth to vary between 0.34 and 0.55 m, whereas the snow depth in the open tundra varied between 0.12 and 0.18 m. Observations of canopy temperatures showed a strong influence of incident shortwave radiation warming the tree branches to temperatures up to 15 °C warmer than ambient air temperature on the south facing sides of the trees, and up to 6 °C on the north facing sides of the trees. To reproduce the observed radiation balance, two canopy models (Homogenous and Clumped) were developed. The Homogeneous canopy model assumes a single tree tile with a uniform sparse canopy. The Clumped canopy model assumes a tree and a grass tile, where the tree tile is permanently in shade from the canopy and the grass tile receives all the incoming radiation. These canopy models identified the need for a parameter that accounts for the spatial and temporal variation of the shaded gaps within the sparse forest. JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) is the community land surface model used in the UK Hadley Centre GCM suite. Modifications of the land-surface interactions were included in JULES to represent the shaded gaps within the sparse deciduous forest. New parameterisations were developed for the time-varying sunlit fractions of the gap (flit), the sky-view fraction (fv), and the longwave radiation emitted from the canopy (LWtree). These model developments were informed by field observations of the forest canopy and evaluated against the below canopy short and longwave radiation observed data sets. The JULES Shaded gap model output showed a strong positive relationship with the observations of below canopy shortwave and longwave radiation. The JULES Shaded gap model improves the ratio of observed to modelled short and longwave radiation on sunny days compared to the JULES model. The JULES Shaded gap model reduces the time to snow melt by 2 to 4 days compared to the JULES model, making the model output more aligned with in-situ observational data. This shortening of the modelled snow-season directly impacts on the simulated carbon and water balance regionally and has wider relevance at the pan-Arctic scale. When JULES Shaded Gap was evaluated on the global scale, it improved the modelled snowmass across large areas of sparse forest in northern Canada, Scandinavia and Northern Russia with respect to GlobSnow. The performance of the land surface-snow-vegetation interactions of JULES was improved by using the Shaded gap to model the radiation balance of sparse forests in climate-sensitive Arctic regions. Furthermore these observational data can be used to develop and evaluate high latitude land-surface processes and biogeochemical feedbacks in other earth system models.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2957688 bytes, checksum: ef8183fb03ec7b7417a321bf7d2a225e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-31 / The purpose of this study is the quality assessment of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) generated from stereo pairs of PRISM/ALOS images, considering aspects regarding different approaches of geometric correction, image matching strategies, grid distance and positional accuracy. The standard of accuracy expected for the products evaluated considers the Technical Standards of the National Cartography, defined by the Cartographic Accuracy Standard of the brazilian systematic mapping for 1:25,000 scale, class A. In the geometric correction step are considered the approaches of rigorous sensor model and generalized model using Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPCs). The ground control points used in geometric correction and in global assessment of the positional accuracy of orthoimages and DSMs, were determined by GPS relative static positioning. The local assessments, aiming the analysis of DSMs as to different morphologies, are performed from control points determined by relative kinematic GPS positioning in low-slope surfaces and on inclined surfaces. The global results achieved indicate that the geometric modeling, the number of control points considered, as well as the strategies for image matching and grid distance influence the vertical accuracy of the DSM, in relation to the expected accuracy standard. The experiments performed to orthorectify the nadir images using the DSMs previously selected, show that variations as to these factors, beyond different vertical accuracies, not affect the expected horizontal accuracy of the orthoimage, portraying, therefore, the same horizontal quality standard for the MDSs used in the orthorectification. The statistical tests for trend and precision detection, confirm the relative consistency on all orthoimages and MDSs generated. However, most of these products presents trend, except for some isolated cases. As to the local assessment, the results indicate that different morphologies influence the accuracy of the DSM, in relation to global assessment. In general, the results in low-slope areas present greater accuracy. The local analyses also indicate that the slope, associated with factors such as failure image matching and interpolation procedures, provides degradation of DSM vertical accuracy. / O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise da qualidade de Modelos Digitais de Superfície (MDSs) gerados a partir de pares estereoscópicos de imagens do sensor PRISM/ALOS, considerando-se aspectos quanto a diferentes abordagens de correção geométrica, estratégias de correlação de imagens, espaçamento da grade e acurácia posicional. O padrão de acurácia esperado para os produtos avaliados considera as Normas Técnicas da Cartografia Nacional, através do Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfica (PEC) para a escala 1:25.000, classe A, do mapeamento sistemático brasileiro. Na etapa de correção geométrica são consideradas as abordagens do modelo rigoroso do sensor e do modelo generalizado com uso de Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPCs). Os pontos de controle usados na correção geométrica, bem como para avaliação global da acurácia posicional de ortoimagens e MDSs, foram determinados por posicionamento GPS relativo estático. As avaliações locais, visando análise do comportamento dos MDSs segundo diferentes morfologias, são realizadas a partir de pontos de controle determinados por posicionamento GPS relativo cinemático, em superfícies de baixa declividade e em encostas de anfiteatros. Os resultados alcançados em nível global sinalizam que a modelagem geométrica utilizada, o número de pontos de controle considerados, assim como estratégias de correlação e espaçamento da grade influenciam a acurácia altimétrica dos MDSs, relativamente ao padrão de acurácia esperado. Os experimentos realizados para ortorretificar as imagens nadir com emprego de MDSs previamente selecionados, demonstram que variações quanto a esses fatores, além de acurácias altimétricas diferentes, não influenciam a qualidade planimétrica esperada para as ortoimagens, retratando, portanto, o mesmo padrão de qualidade planimétrica para os MDSs empregados na ortorretificação. Os testes estatísticos quanto à tendência e precisão confirmam a consistência relativa das ortoimagens e MDSs gerados, porém, a maioria desses produtos apresenta tendência, com exceção de alguns casos isolados. Quanto à avaliação local, os resultados indicam que diferentes morfologias influenciam a acurácia dos MDSs relativamente à análise global. De forma geral, áreas com menor declividade apresentam resultados com maior acurácia. As análises locais indicam ainda que a variável declividade, associada a fatores como a falha na correlação e procedimentos de interpolação, proporciona degradação da acurácia altimétrica dos MDSs.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this study, simulated to net radiation and energy flux in a region with rotation of crops, for two distinct periods: Period 1 (01 / Feb / 2009 to 31 / Jan / 2010) and period 2 (14 / Dec / 2009 to 28 / Apr / 2010). In these simulations we used the NOAH LSM surface model. For the period 1 initially, without any calibration simulations were performed only with the input of the local weather conditions, an adjustment of an experiment controlfile file and spin up for the stabilization of the initial conditions. In these simulations, the results were very poor, indicating a need to test the sensitivity of the model especially because of the launch conditions of temperature and soil moisture. After these tests it was found that the initial predictions of impact can be considerable conditions for the two cases. It is noticed that the soil moisture changes generate greater impact in the model that temperature variations boot. As a result, proposed a calibration for the model. The calibration method was to make some simulations manually varying the parameters of soil and vegetation, or both, according to the deficiencies of the NOAH LSM. The tests were carried out until they could get a more optimized forecast for the period studied. The initial analysis of the local conditions of the experimental site was very important for calibration, as it allowed establishing previous parameters corresponding to values close to those parameters when calibrated. Simulation results after calibration applied satisfactorily exhibited liquid radiation and heat flows. So it can be said that the calibration is proposed representing characteristics of vegetation and soil correctly. Nevertheless, the corrections that the model still needs, especially in sensible and latent heat fluxes, may be associated with representation in heat distribution processes and water, or by the fact that the colder months had considerable regime rains. So when there is cloud cover, the model still has problems in representation. Results for long periods of data, as in this work, may lose some of representativeness due to the seasonality of the vegetation parameters, for which varied the parameters for periods culture and fallow. The most important contribution made in this work was a model fit for an agricultural ecosystem area and validate it for the future, it may be used as an initial boundary condition in numerical weather prediction models. The implementation variations in LAI and albedo parameter applied in the simulations of period 2 (soybean) improved the description of the heat flux and net radiation. / Neste estudo simulou-se a radiação líquida e os fluxos de energia para uma região com rotações de cultivos agrícolas, para dois períodos distintos: Período 1 (01/Fev/2009 até 31/Jan/2010) e período 2 (14/Dez/2009 até 28/Abr/2010). Nestas simulações utilizou-se o modelo de superfície NOAH LSM. Inicialmente, para o período 1, foram feitas simulações sem nenhuma calibração, apenas com a entrada das condições meteorológicas locais, um ajuste do arquivo controlfile e um experimento spin up para a estabilização das condições iniciais. Nestas simulações, os resultados foram muito insatisfatórios, indicando uma necessidade de testar a sensibilidade do modelo principalmente frente às condições de inicialização da temperatura e da umidade do solo. Após estes testes verificou-se que impactos das previsões às condições iniciais podem ser consideráveis para os dois casos. Percebe-se que as variações de umidade do solo geram maior impacto no modelo devido à temperatura do solo que é simulada. Na sequência, propôs-se uma calibração para o modelo. O método de calibração consistiu em fazer algumas simulações variando-se manualmente os parâmetros de solo e vegetação, ou ambos, de acordo com as deficiências do NOAH LSM. Assim, os testes foram realizados até que se conseguisse uma previsão mais otimizada para o período estudado. A análise inicial das condições locais do sítio experimental foi de suma importância para a calibração, pois ela possibilitou estabelecer parâmetros prévios que correspondem a valores próximos dos parâmetros quando calibrados. Os resultados das simulações, após a calibração aplicada, representaram satisfatoriamente a radiação líquida e os fluxos de calor. Portanto, pode-se dizer que a calibração proposta está representando as características de vegetação e de solo de forma correta. Apesar disso, as correções que o modelo ainda necessita, principalmente nos fluxos de calor sensível e latente, podem estar associadas a representação nos processos de distribuição do calor e da água, ou ainda pelo fato de que os meses mais frios tiveram um considerável regime de chuvas. Assim, quando há nebulosidade, o modelo ainda apresenta problemas na representação. Os resultados para períodos longos de dados, os quais foram considerados neste trabalho podem perder um pouco da representatividade em função da sazonalidade dos parâmetros de vegetação, motivo pelo qual variou-se os parâmetros para períodos com cultura e com pousios. A contribuição mais importante realizada neste trabalho foi um ajuste do modelo para uma região de ecossistema agrícola e a sua validação para que futuramente, possa ser utilizado como condição de contorno inicial em modelos de previsão numérica do Tempo. A implementação das variações diárias no parâmetro IAF e no albedo, aplicada nas simulações do período 2 na cultura de soja, melhorou a descrição dos fluxos de calor e da radiação líquida.

In this thesis, an approach to automatically derive information about land cover from the remotely sensed data is presented. The data interpretation was done with classification process and performed in software eCognition Developer. The Object-based image analysis, which assignes the classes - for example land cover types, to clusters of pixels (=objects), was used. For the classification, products of two different data sources were combined - the orthophotos generated from aerial imagery and Normalized Digital surface model derived from LiDAR data. Five types of landscape elements were identified and classified.

This diploma thesis deals with the processing and evaluation of the pictures taken by unmanned aerial vehicles - UAV. The introductory part is devoted to the definition, use, applications and types of UAV especially for photogrammetric purposes. Also the software equipment is described, including a description and examples of several types of possible outcomes. Further the measurements, computational works and process of elaboration in used software programs are described. Achieved outcomes of elaboration are also presented. In conclusion, the overall evaluation and assessment of the results of measurement is done of set of points.

Cette thèse étudie les problèmes posés par l’estimation automatique de modèles numériques d’élévation de la surface terrestre à partir de photographies prises par des satellites. Ce travail a bénéficié d’une collaboration avec le CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales) sur le développement d’outils de vision stéréoscopique pour Pléiades, le premier satellite d’observation de la Terre capable de produire des paires ou triplets d’images quasi-simultanées. Le premier chapitre de la thèse décrit un modèle simplifié de caméra pushbroom destiné aux satellites d’observation de la Terre, et aborde le problème de la correction des données de calibration en faisant intervenir des mesures externes. Ce chapitre propose un nouvel algorithme pour affiner les paramètres d’orientation du satellite à partir d’un jeu de points de contrôle. Il est utilisable pour tous les satellites munis de caméras pushbroom. Dans le but d’appliquer aux images satellitaires les nombreux algorithmes de mise en correspondance stéréoscopique développés en traitement d’images et en vision par ordinateur, le deuxième chapitre explore l’adaptation de la théorie de la rectification épipolaire aux images prises par des caméras pushbroom. La rectification épipolaire est utilisée habituellement pour réduire la complexité du problème de mise en correspondance stéréoscopique, et permet d’appliquer les algorithmes les plus récents à des images satellitaires. Le chapitre suivant étudie les effets des erreurs de calibration géométrique sur la rectification et propose une méthode pour éliminer leur impact sur la mise en correspondance. Le quatrième chapitre décrit et analyse en détails une implémentation de l’algorithme Semi-Global Matching (SGM), classé actuellement parmi les meilleurs algorithmes de mise en correspondance stéréoscopique. En se fondant sur une réinterprétation récente de SGM, ce chapitre en propose une variante qui permet de réduire d’un facteur cinq son écart en énergie par rapport aux algorithmes de référence pour la minimisation de champs aléatoires de Markov. En assemblant les blocs algorithmiques décrits dans les chapitres précédents, le cinquième chapitre décrit S2P, une chaîne stéréoscopique complète qui produit des modèles numériques d’élévation à partir d’images satellitaires. Un modèle d’évolution de paysage est présenté dans le sixième chapitre comme exemple d’application. Le modèle est utilisé pour simuler numériquement la structure fine du réseau hydrographique sur des modèles numériques d’élévation obtenus à partir d’images prises par Pléiades. Le code source de la chaîne S2P2 est distribué en tant que logiciel open source. Afin d’assurer la reproductibilité des résultats obtenus, les algorithmes implémentés dans S2P sont en cours de publication dans le journal IPOL, accompagnés de descriptions et d’analyses détaillées, de codes sources documentés et de démonstrateurs en ligne. / This thesis deals with the problem of computing accurate digital elevationmodels of the Earth's surface from optical images taken by pushbroomobservation satellites. It takes advantage of the collaboration of thedefendant with CNES (the French Space Agency) on the development ofstereo vision tools for Pléiades, the first Earth observation satelliteproducing quasi simultaneous stereo pairs or triplets with small baseline.The first chapter describes a simple pushbroom camera model for observationsatellites orbiting around the Earth and addresses the correction of theacquisition geometry by involving extrinsic information. This chapter proposesa new algorithm to refine the orientation parameters from a set of groundcontrol points, applicable to all pushbroom satellites.With the goal of testing for satellite imaging the thriving exploration ofstereo matching by the computer vision community, the second chapter exploresthe adaptation of the theory of epipolar resampling to pushbroom images.Epipolar resampling is traditionally used in stereo to reduce the matchingcomputational cost, and permits to test for satellite imaging the mostcompetitive computer vision algorithms. The third chapter discusses the effectsof geometric calibration inaccuracies and proposes a method to cancel itsimpact on stereo matching.The fourth chapter analyzes and describes a detailed implementation of theSemi-Global Matching (SGM) algorithm, which is currently among the top-rankedstereo vision algorithms. Based on a recently proposed interpretation of SGM asa min-sum Belief Propagation algorithm, a variant is proposed that allows toreduce by a factor five the energy gap of SGM with respect to referencealgorithms for Markov Random Fields with truncated smoothness terms.By wrapping together the algorithmic blocks described in the previous chapters,the fifth chapter describes S2P, a complete stereo pipeline for producingdigital elevation models from satellite images. As an application, a landscapeevolution model is presented in the sixth chapter. The model is used tosimulate numerically the fine structure of the river networks on digitalelevation models obtained from Pléiades Earth observation images.The source code of the S2P stereo pipeline is distributed as open source. Toensure reproducibility, the algorithms implemented in each step of the S2Ppipeline are submitted to the IPOL journal, with detailed descriptions of thealgorithms, documented source codes and online demonstrations for each block ofthe pipeline.