Nine independent and four dependent variables are used to build a response surface to calculate strip crown using the difference in the industry standard strip height measurements. The single element response surface in use provides the advantages of continuous derivatives and decouples rolling load from the determination of exit height. The data points to build the response surface are the product of a calibrated finite element model. The rolling dynamics in the finite element model creates a transient that requires nonlinear regression to find the system steady-state values. Weighted-least squares is used to build a response surface using isoparametric interpolation with the non-rectangular domain of the mill stands represented as a single element. The regression statistics, the 1-D projections, comparisons against other response surface models and the comparisons against an existing strip crown model are part the validation of the response surface generated. A four-high mill stand is modeled as a quarter-symmetry 3-D finite element model with an elastic-plastic material model. A comparison of the pressure distribution under the arc of contact with existing research supports the pressure distribution found with experiments conducted by Siebel and Lueg [16] and it also suggests the need for one improvement in the initial velocity for the strip in the finite element model. The strip exit heights show more sensitivity to change than strip exit crown in seven out of the nine independent variables, so a response surface built with the strip exit height is statistically superior to using the derived dependent variable strip exit crown. Sensitivity of strip exit crown and the strip exit heights to changes in work-roll crown are about equal. Backup-roll diameter sensitivity is small enough that oversampling for the mean trend has to be considered or ignore backup-roll altogether. Strip entry velocity is a new independent variable, unless the response surface is built from the derived variable, strip exit crown. A problem found is that the sensitivity of strip entry crown and work-roll crown requires a larger than typical incremental change to get a reliable measure of the change strip exit crown. A narrow choice of high and low strip entry crowns limits the usefulness of the final response surface. A recommendation is to consider the use of the strip cross-section as an exit crown predictor. / Master of Science

Flygfotografering med Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) är i jämförelse med traditionell fotogrammetri effektivare, billigare och säkrare vilket har medfört att denna teknik föredras av många aktörer. Ett tidskrävande arbete som varit svårt att kringgå är att etablera flygsignaler på marken som används för att georeferera och kontrollera flygbilderna med. Under 2018 presenterade UAS-tillverkaren DJI sin nya quadcopter med integrerad Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)-modul. I samband med detta kan kontinuerliga och noggranna positioner levereras via Nätverks-RTK (NRTK) och behovet av markstödpunkter reduceras. I denna studie undersöktes lägesosäkerheterna i plan för ortofoton som framställdes med hjälp av en DJI Phantom 4 RTK där flygbilderna georefererades med begränsat antal eller utan markstödpunkter. Lägesosäkerheterna beräknades och kontrollerades enligt Handbok i mät- och kartfrågor (HMK) – Ortofoto, vilket är ett stöddokument inom ämnet. Vid framställning av ett ortofoto krävs även en digital terrängmodell (DTM) eller en digital ytmodell (Digital Surface Model, DSM) och kvaliteten av denna har stor inverkan på ortofotots kvalitet. I denna studie kontrollerades och utvärderades därför en del av den DSM som användes vid ortofotoframställning för respektive uppsättning enligt den tekniska specifikationen SIS-TS 21144:2016. Resultatet från studien visar att ett ortofoto går att framställas utan markstödpunkter och samtidigt klara kraven på specificerad lägesosäkerhet enligt HMK-standardnivå 3. Den sammanlagda lägesosäkerheten beräknades till 0,029 m vilket är 5 mm högre i jämförelse med ett ortofoto som baserats på traditionell georefereringsmetod, dvs. med markstödpunkter. Kravet på kvalitet i höjddata uppfylldes också för ortofotoframställning trots att en systematisk effekt i höjd uppkom. Denna effekt påverkade inte ortofotots koordinater i plan då standardosäkerheterna i höjd var låga. Resultatet visade att om två markstödpunkter adderades i vardera änden av området, kunde de systematiska effekterna i höjd minimeras och det var då möjligt att skapa en DSM som uppfyller kraven för detaljprojektering (noggrannhetsklass 1–3) enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016. / Aerial photography with UAS is in comparison with traditional photogrammetry more efficient, cheaper and safer which has led to this technology being preferred by many performers. A time-consuming job that has been difficult to avoid is to establish signals at the ground that are used for georeferencing and evaluate the results. In 2018, the UAS manufacturer DJI presented its new quadcopter with integrated Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) module. This allows continuous and accurate positions delivered via Network RTK (NRTK) and the need of ground control points can be reduced. In this study, investigations of the position uncertainties in orthophotos produced using a DJI Phantom 4 RTK carried out where the aerial images were georeferenced with limited numbers or without ground control points. The position uncertainties were calculated and controlled according to the Swedish HMK – Ortofoto (Orthophoto) which is a document within the subject. When producing an orthophoto, a digital terrain model (DTM) or a digital surface model (DSM) is also required and the quality of this has a great impact on the result. Therefore, a part of the DSM used for orthophoto production for each set was checked and evaluated according to the Swedish technical specification, SIS-TS 21144:2016. The result of the study shows that an orthophoto can be produced without ground control points and at the same time meet the requirements for specified position uncertainty according to HMK standard level 3. The total position uncertainty was calculated to be 0,029 m, which is 5 mm higher compared to the orthophoto based on the traditional georeferencing method, i.e. with ground control points. The requirement for quality in height data was also met for orthophoto production even though a systematic effect in height occurred. This effect did not affect the plane coordinates in the orthophoto because of the low standard uncertainties in height. The result showed that if two ground control points were added at each end of the area, the systematic effects were minimized, and it was possible to produce a DSM that fulfils the requirements for accuracy class 1-3 according to SIS-TS 21144:2016.

O sistema de varredura a LASER aerotransportado é uma tecnologia competitiva para levantamentos que visam à geração de modelos digitais de superfície (MDS) e modelos digitais de terreno (MDT). Esta tecnologia sofreu certa resistência por parte das empresas de aerolevantamento e de alguns usuários, porém vem conquistando o mercado, graças à grande quantidade de trabalhos recentemente publicados. Uma das limitações associadas ao levantamento a LASER é a correta detecção de objetos não pertencentes ao terreno como árvores e edificações. Esses objetos, quando devidamente identificados, são essenciais para várias aplicações como cadastro e avaliação da qualidade cartográfica. Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de identificação de edificações através da detecção de suas bordas, em uma rede triangular (TIN) construída sobre a nuvem de pontos. A utilização da TIN preserva os valores originais da amostra e, representa o universo real com melhor fidelidade que os modelos matriciais. A detecção é realizada calculando-se as declividades para todos os triângulos da TIN. Após esta etapa, são segmentados todos os triângulos que possuem valor de declividade acima de um limiar, pois representam variações abruptas no terreno, condizentes com edificações. A definição do limiar depende da resolução da nuvem de pontos, padrão de varredura e natureza do terreno. O trabalho apresenta ferramentas preliminares para automatizar a vetorização das bordas detectadas. As edificações extraídas pela metodologia e ferramentas apresentadas, podem ser utilizadas para avaliação da qualidade cartográfica do MDS/MDT. Para isso, compara-se o MDS a um documento cartográfico de referência, e realizam-se testes para: detecção e eliminação de erros grosseiros, detecção de tendências e minimização de erros sistemáticos, testes de precisão e de atendimento ao Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfico (PEC). Após análises, conclui-se que a metodologia de detecção de bordas propostas é eficiente, porém as ferramentas de automatização precisam ser aperfeiçoadas. Conclui-se também que o MDS oriundo do levantamento a LASER tem qualidade cartográfica compatível com o produto cartográfico de referência. Recomenda-se aplicação das metodologias propostas em outros conjuntos de dados. / The airborne LASER scanner is competitive technology for surveys that generates digital surface models (DSM) and Digital Terrain Models (DTM). This technology suffered some resistance by the aerosurvey enterprise (and some users), but is conquering its market share due the amount of papers recently published in this field. A limitation associated with this technique is the correct detection of the offterrain objects, like trees and buildings. These objects, when well identified, are essential to a sort of applications like cadastre e map quality evaluation. This dissertation proposes a methodology to identify buildings by the edge detection of a triangular irregular net (TIN) built over the point cloud. The utilization of TIN preserves the original values, representing the real 3D universe with fidelity despite the raster models. The detection is done calculating the slopes for all triangles of the TIN. After that, the triangles with slope values above a threshold are segmented. The Threshold definition depends on resolution of the point cloud, scan pattern and target behavior. Triangles with high slope values represent hard variation and may mean buildings. This work shows preliminary tools to automate the vectorization of the detected edges. The extracted buildings may be used for map quality evaluation of the DSM/DTM, by comparing it with a reference map. This means: test for detection e elimination of bundles, test for detection and minimization of systematic errors, precision tests and evaluate the meeting the Brazilian cartographic accuracy standard (PEC). Theses analysis concludes that the proposed methodology of edge detection is efficient but the developed tools of automation may be sharpened. Also, concludes that the DSM built with LASER scanner survey is compatible with reference map. Its recommended the application of the methodology on other collections of data.

Generation of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) from stereo satellite (spaceborne) images is classically performed by Ground Control Points (GCPs) which require site visits and precise measurement equipment. However, collection of GCPs is not always possible and such requirement limits the usage of spaceborne imagery. This study aims at developing a fast, fully automatic, GCP-free workflow for DSM generation. The problems caused by GCP-free workflow are overcome using freely-available, low resolution static DSMs (LR-DSM). LR-DSM is registered to the reference satellite image and the registered LR-DSM is used for i) correspondence generation and ii) initial estimate generation for 3-D reconstruction. Novel methods are developed for bias removal for LR-DSM registration and bias equalization for projection functions of satellite imaging. The LR-DSM registration is also shown to be useful for computing the parameters of simple, piecewise empirical projective models. Recent computer vision approaches on stereo correspondence generation and dense depth estimation are tested and adopted for spaceborne DSM generation. The study also presents a complete, fully automatic scheme for GCPfree DSM generation and demonstrates that GCP-free DSM generation is possible and can be performed in much faster time on computers. The resulting DSM can be used in various remote sensing applications including building extraction, disaster monitoring and change detection.

O sistema de varredura a LASER aerotransportado é uma tecnologia competitiva para levantamentos que visam à geração de modelos digitais de superfície (MDS) e modelos digitais de terreno (MDT). Esta tecnologia sofreu certa resistência por parte das empresas de aerolevantamento e de alguns usuários, porém vem conquistando o mercado, graças à grande quantidade de trabalhos recentemente publicados. Uma das limitações associadas ao levantamento a LASER é a correta detecção de objetos não pertencentes ao terreno como árvores e edificações. Esses objetos, quando devidamente identificados, são essenciais para várias aplicações como cadastro e avaliação da qualidade cartográfica. Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de identificação de edificações através da detecção de suas bordas, em uma rede triangular (TIN) construída sobre a nuvem de pontos. A utilização da TIN preserva os valores originais da amostra e, representa o universo real com melhor fidelidade que os modelos matriciais. A detecção é realizada calculando-se as declividades para todos os triângulos da TIN. Após esta etapa, são segmentados todos os triângulos que possuem valor de declividade acima de um limiar, pois representam variações abruptas no terreno, condizentes com edificações. A definição do limiar depende da resolução da nuvem de pontos, padrão de varredura e natureza do terreno. O trabalho apresenta ferramentas preliminares para automatizar a vetorização das bordas detectadas. As edificações extraídas pela metodologia e ferramentas apresentadas, podem ser utilizadas para avaliação da qualidade cartográfica do MDS/MDT. Para isso, compara-se o MDS a um documento cartográfico de referência, e realizam-se testes para: detecção e eliminação de erros grosseiros, detecção de tendências e minimização de erros sistemáticos, testes de precisão e de atendimento ao Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfico (PEC). Após análises, conclui-se que a metodologia de detecção de bordas propostas é eficiente, porém as ferramentas de automatização precisam ser aperfeiçoadas. Conclui-se também que o MDS oriundo do levantamento a LASER tem qualidade cartográfica compatível com o produto cartográfico de referência. Recomenda-se aplicação das metodologias propostas em outros conjuntos de dados. / The airborne LASER scanner is competitive technology for surveys that generates digital surface models (DSM) and Digital Terrain Models (DTM). This technology suffered some resistance by the aerosurvey enterprise (and some users), but is conquering its market share due the amount of papers recently published in this field. A limitation associated with this technique is the correct detection of the offterrain objects, like trees and buildings. These objects, when well identified, are essential to a sort of applications like cadastre e map quality evaluation. This dissertation proposes a methodology to identify buildings by the edge detection of a triangular irregular net (TIN) built over the point cloud. The utilization of TIN preserves the original values, representing the real 3D universe with fidelity despite the raster models. The detection is done calculating the slopes for all triangles of the TIN. After that, the triangles with slope values above a threshold are segmented. The Threshold definition depends on resolution of the point cloud, scan pattern and target behavior. Triangles with high slope values represent hard variation and may mean buildings. This work shows preliminary tools to automate the vectorization of the detected edges. The extracted buildings may be used for map quality evaluation of the DSM/DTM, by comparing it with a reference map. This means: test for detection e elimination of bundles, test for detection and minimization of systematic errors, precision tests and evaluate the meeting the Brazilian cartographic accuracy standard (PEC). Theses analysis concludes that the proposed methodology of edge detection is efficient but the developed tools of automation may be sharpened. Also, concludes that the DSM built with LASER scanner survey is compatible with reference map. Its recommended the application of the methodology on other collections of data.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The following study quantifies the seasonal and annual distribution of energy balance components (sensible heat fluxes, latent, soil, and net radiation) in this flooded irrigated rice ecosystem in Southern Brazil for three different periods (Fallow 1: 22 July 2003 to 24 November 2003; Rice: 25 November 2003 to 04 April 2004 and Fallow 2: 05 April 2004 to 21 July 2004). In addition, it has been applied the Noah Land Surface Model with the objective of estimating the surface energy fluxes. An important challenge is to implement a new version of Noah Land Surface Model applied to flooded agricultural land called Noah-Paddy. The stabilization of the models has been performed using the atmospheric forcing data obtained from South American Land Data Assimilation System (SALDAS) for the period 22 July 2000 to 21 July 2003. The models were simulated using the observed atmospheric forcing from a micrometeorological tower installed on a flooded irrigated rice paddies located in the city of Paraíso do Sul - RS. The initial conditions were obtained from the last time step of the spin-up experiment performed with atmospheric forcing data of SALDAS. The models results were compared with experimental data for surface energy fluxes. From the simulated results generated by the Noah Land Surface Model, it seems that when the rice crop is flooded, the model does not satisfactorily represents the experimental data. However, using the Noah-Paddy model the components of surface energy balance are more realistic for the system surface-water-atmosphere. The most important contribution performed in this research was to describe the diffent physical processes originated by the presence of a body of water between the soil surface and the atmosphere. This physical system occorr always in flooded agricultural crops in wich the rice paddies field are predominant. / No presente trabalho, quantifica-se a distribuição sazonal e anual das componentes do balanço de energia (fluxos de calor sensível, latente, do solo e saldo de radiação) em um ecossistema de arroz irrigado por inundação localizado no Sul do Brasil para três períodos distintos ao longo do ano (Pousio 1: 22Jul2003 a 24Nov2003; Arroz: 25Nov2003 a 04Abr2004 e Pousio 2: 05Abr2004 a 21Jul2004). Além disso, é utilizado o Modelo de Superfície Noah (Noah LSM) com o objetivo de estimar os fluxos de energia superficiais. Um dos desafios mais importantes é a implementação de uma nova versão do Noah LSM aplicado para áreas agrícolas alagáveis chamado Noah-Paddy. A estabilização dos modelos foi realizada utilizando dados de forçantes atmosféricas do South American Land Data Assimilation System (SALDAS) para o período de 22Jul2000 a 21Jul2003. Os modelos foram executados usando dados de forçantes atmosféricas observados obtidos a partir da torre micrometeorológica instalada sobre uma cultura de arroz irrigado por inundação localizada em Paraíso do Sul - RS. As condições iniciais foram obtidas a partir do último passo de tempo do experimento spin-up realizado com os dados de forçantes atmosféricas do SALDAS. O desempenho dos modelos estudados foi comparado com dados experimentais de fluxos de energia superficiais. A partir dos resultados obtidos pela simulação do Noah LSM verifica-se que, quando a cultura do arroz está irrigada, o modelo não representa satisfatoriamente os dados experimentais. Porém, utilizando o Noah-Paddy as trocas de energia superficiais são representadas de forma mais realísticas para o sistema superfície-água-atmosfera. A contribuição mais importante realizada neste trabalho foi a descrição dos diferentes processos físicos originados pela presença de uma massa de água entre a superfície do solo e a atmosfera. Esse sistema físico ocorre sempre em culturas agrícolas alagadas nas quais as plantações de arroz são predominantes.

Un modèle de surface continentale (LSM en anglais) est un modèle numérique décrivant les échanges d'eau et d'énergie entre la surface terrestre et l'atmosphère. La physique de la surface de la terre comprend une vaste collection de processus complexes. L'équilibre entre la complexité du modèle et sa résolution, confronté à des limitations de calcul, représente une question fondamentale dans le développement d'un LSM. Les observations des phénomènes étudiés sont nécessaires afin d’adapter la valeur des paramètres du modèle à des variables reproduisant le monde réel. Le processus d'étalonnage consiste en une recherche des paramètres du modèle qui minimisent l’écart entre les résultats du modèle et un ensemble d'observations. Dans ce travail, nous montrons comment l'assimilation variationnelle de données est appliquée aux bilans d'énergie et d'eau du modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE afin d’étalonner les paramètres internes du modèle. Cette partie du modèle est appelé SECHIBA. Le logiciel YAO est utilisé pour faciliter la mise en œuvre de l'assimilation variationnelle 4DVAR. Une analyse de sensibilité a été réalisée afin d'identifier les paramètres les plus influents sur la température. Avec la hiérarchie des paramètres obtenue, des expériences jumelles à partir d'observations synthétiques ont été mises en œuvre. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que l'assimilation de la température de surface a le potentiel d'améliorer les estimations de variables, en ajustant correctement les paramètres de contrôle. Enfin, plusieurs assimilations ont été faites en utilisant des observations de données réelles du site SMOSREX à Toulouse, France. Les expériences faites en utilisant différentes valeurs initiales pour les paramètres, montrent les limites de l'assimilation de la température pour contraindre les paramètres de contrôle. Même si l'estimation des variables est améliorée, ceci est dû à des valeurs finales des paramètres aux limites des intervalles prescrit de la fonction de coût. Afin de parvenir à un minimum, il faudrait permettre aux paramètres de visiter des valeurs irréalistes. Les résultats montrent que SECHIBA ne simule pas correctement simultanément la température et les flux et la relation entre les deux n’est pas toujours cohérente selon le régime (ou les valeurs des paramètres que l’on utilise). Il faut donc travailler sur la physique pour mieux simuler la température. En outre, la sensibilité des paramètres à la température n’est pas toujours suffisante, donnant une fonction de coût plate dans l’espace des paramètres prescrit. Nos résultats montrent que le système d'assimilation mis en place est robuste, puisque les résultats des expériences jumelles sont satisfaisants. Le couplage entre l'hydrologie et la thermodynamique dans SECHIBA doit donc être revu afin d'améliorer l'estimation des variables. Une étude exhaustive de l'erreur des mesures doit être menée afin de récupérer des termes de pondération dans la fonction de coût. Enfin, l'assimilation d'autres variables telles que l'humidité du sol peut maintenant être réalisée afin d'évaluer l'impact sur les performances de l’assimilation. / A land surface model (LSM) is a numerical model describing the exchange of water and energy between the land surface and the atmosphere. Land surface physics includes an extensive collection of complex processes. The balance between model complexity and resolution, subject to computational limitations, represents a fundamental query in the development of a LSM. With the purpose of adapting the value of the model parameters to values that reproduces results in the real world, measurements are necessary in order to compare to our estimations to the real world. The calibration process consists in an optimization of model parameters for a better agreement between model results and a set of observations, reducing the gap between the model and the available measurements. Here we show how variational data assimilation is applied to the energy and water budgets modules of the ORCHIDEE land surface model in order to constrain the model internal parameters. This part of the model is denoted SECHIBA. The adjoint semi-generator software denoted YAO is used as a framework to implement the 4DVAR assimilation. A sensitivity analysis was performed in order to identify the most influent parameters to temperature. With the parameter hierarchy resolved, twin experiments using synthetic observations were implemented for controlling the most sensitive parameters. Results obtained suggest that land surface temperature assimilation has the potential of improving the output estimations by adjusting properly the control parameters. Finally, several assimilations were made using observational meteorology dataset from the SMOSREX site in Toulouse, France. The experiments implemented, using different prior values for the parameters, show the limits of the temperature assimilation to constrain control parameters. Even though variable estimation is slightly improved, this is due to final parameter values are at the edge of a variation interval in the cost function. Effectively reaching a minimum would require allowing the parameters to visit unrealistic values. SECHIBA does not correctly simulates simultaneously temperature and fluxes and the relationship between the two is not always consistent according to the regime (or parameter values that are used). We must therefore work on the physical aspects to better simulate the temperature. Likewise, the parameter sensitivity to temperature is not always sufficient, giving as a result a flat cost function. Our results show that the assimilation system implemented is robust, since performances results in twin experiments are satisfactory. The coupling between the hydrology and the thermodynamics in SECHIBA must be reviewed in order to improve variable estimation. An exhaustive study of the prior errors in the measurements must be conducted in order to retrieve more adapted weighing terms in the cost function. Finally, the assimilation of other variables such as soil moisture should be performed to evaluate the impacts in constraining control parameters

No description available.

L'évolution naturelle du climat, perturbée depuis les révolutions industrielles, est fortement marquée dans les hautes latitudes en particulier en Sibérie où une anomalie de température de +0.8°C est constatée depuis les années 2000 contre une anomalie moyenne de +0.4°C pour les moyennes latitudes. La Sibérie est couverte par des pergélisols lui conférant ainsi des particularités, notamment pour les régimes hydrologiques des rivières. Les projections climatiques prédisant jusqu'à un réchauffement de l'ordre de +5°C d'ici 2100, il est primordial d'en évaluer les impacts. La modélisation numérique à bases physiques s'avère être un outil intéressant pour répondre à ces questions. Ainsi, afin d'évaluer la réponse hydrologique au changement climatique en Sibérie nous avons travaillé sur l'évaluation multi-échelles des bilans d'énergie et d'eau avec le modèle ORCHIDEE. Ce modèle a été adapté aux caractéristiques des milieux froids, avec une amélioration de la représentation de la neige, une prise en compte du gel de l'eau du sol et une carte de végétation plus représentative de la végétation sibérienne. Une évaluation en mode forcé i.e. sans couplage avec l'atmosphère a été menée dans un premier temps. Ainsi, nous avons évalué ORCHIDEE au temps présent (1979-2009) à l'échelle du site en nous concentrant sur les données d'humidité et de température du sol dont nous disposions. Une analyse de sensibilité du modèle nous a permis d'identifier les paramètres les plus influents sur les bilans d'énergie et d'eau dans le sol. Leur étalonnage sur sites nous a permis de montrer que le modèle ORCHIDEE est capable de simuler correctement les transferts verticaux de chaleur et d'eau et les contenus en eau et températures du sol résultants. Par la suite nous avons étendu l'évaluation à la région de la Sibérie en confrontant nos résultats de simulation à des produits satellitaires, permettant une évaluation sur une série temporelle conséquente et sur une grande zone. Nous avons rassemblé un grand nombre d'observations telles que des données d'albédo, d'équivalent en eau pour la neige..., auxquelles nous avons comparé nos résultats de simulation. Ce travail nous a permis de montrer que le modèle simule de façon satisfaisante les bilans d'énergie et d'eau en Sibérie, mais aussi de mettre en avant l'importance du choix du forçage climatique. Ainsi, l'utilisation d'un second forçage climatique nous a permis de montrer l'importance du partitionnement pluie/neige ainsi que la sous-estimation possible des précipitations dans les forçages. Le modèle validé a été utilisé ensuite pour mener des études d'impacts, en utilisant 2 forçages climatiques sur le temps futur (2005 à 2099) sous scénario d'émission des gaz à effet de serre RCP8.5. Ainsi nous avons pu évaluer la variabilité liée au forçage et l'impact de l'évolution du climat sur les variables des bilans d'énergie et d'eau. Une limite autour de la latitude 60°N a été définie lors de l'analyse des précipitations futures et choisie pour orienter notre analyse selon deux zones de part et d'autre de la limite. Nous avons analysé les cycles saisonniers des variables de surface nous permettant de mettre en évidence les impacts du réchauffement climatique en lien avec l'augmentation de la température de l'air et leurs différences spatiales. Nous avons montré que la fonte du manteau neigeux est plus précoce au Sud et engendre une avance temporelle du pic de crue de printemps pour la Lena et l'Amour. Sur l'Ob et le Ienisseï, des changements ont été aussi montrés (une diminution du débit au cours du temps pour l'Ob et une augmentation pour le Ienisseï, sans changement de phasage temporel), qui pourraient conduire à des impacts socio-économiques importants pour les populations locales. Cette étude nous a également permis de montrer que les nouvelles conditions climatiques sont plus favorables à la végétation. Nous avons montré aussi la cohérence des deux projections climatiques étudiées. / The natural evolution of the climate, disturbed since the industrial revolutions, is strongly marked in the high latitudes especially in Siberia where a temperature anomaly of +0.8°C has been observed since the 2000s against an average anomaly of + 0.4°C for The mid-latitudes. Siberia is covered by permafrost, giving it particularities, especially for the hydrological regimes of rivers. Climatic projections predicting up to +5°C warming by 2100, it is essential to evaluate their impacts. Physical-based numerical modeling is an interesting tool to answer these questions. Thus, in order to evaluate the hydrological response to climate change in Siberia we worked on the multi-scale evaluation of energy and water balances with the ORCHIDEE model. This model was adapted to the characteristics of cold environments, with an improvement of the representation of the snow, a consideration of the freezing of the soil water and a map of vegetation more representative of the Siberian vegetation. An evaluation in forced mode i.e. without coupling with the atmosphere was carried out initially. Thus, we evaluated ORCHIDEE at the present time (1979-2009) at the site scale, concentrating on the soil moisture and soil temperature data available. A sensitivity analysis of the model allowed to identify the most influential parameters on the balance of energy and water in the soil. Their on-site calibration allowed to show that the ORCHIDEE model is able to correctly simulate the vertical transfers of heat and water and the resulting water and soil temperature contents. We then extended the evaluation to the Siberian region by comparing simulation results with remote sensing data, allowing an evaluation over a substantial time series and over a large area. We collected a large number of observations such as albedo data, water equivalent for snow ..., on which we compared the simulation results. This work allowed to show that the model simulates satisfactorily the energy and water balance in Siberia, but also to highlight the importance of the choice of climatic forcing. Thus, the use of a second climatic forcing enabled to show the importance of rain/snow partitioning and the possible underestimation of precipitation in forcing. The validated model was then used to carry out impact studies, using 2 climatic forcings on the future time (2005 to 2099) under scenario of emission of greenhouse gases RCP8.5. Thus, we were able to evaluate the variability related to forcing and the impact of climate change on the variables of energy and water balance. A boundary around latitude 60°N has been defined in the analysis of future precipitation and chosen to orient our analysis in two zones on either side of the boundary. We analyzed the seasonal cycles of the surface variables allowing us to highlight the impacts of global warming in relation to the increase in the air temperature and their spatial differences. We have shown that the melting of the snowpack is earlier in the South and generates a temporal advance of the spring flood peak for the Lena and the Amur. On the Ob and Yenisei, changes have also been shown (a decrease in flow over time for the Ob and an increase for the Yenisei, without any change in temporal phasing), which could lead to socio-economic impacts Important for local populations. This study also allowed us to show that the new climatic conditions are more favorable to vegetation. We also showed the coherence of the two climate projections studied.

This diploma thesis deals with a static analysis of a highway bridge structure with respecting of construction stages. Computational models of the bridge were created using RFEM 6 software. Gradual prestressing of the structure was applied in the models. Construction stages analysis is also applied to the bridge models in combination with modal and stability analysis. This thesis also deals with time – dependent analysis, therefore influence of rheological properties of material.