Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12893.pdf: 1625501 bytes, checksum: fe39dd92498184bf046e7732940f5cc2 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - POLI/USP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:40:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02944.pdf: 4594113 bytes, checksum: a3a3f6866bfb45e2b9c9b02b0a6f7796 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

The specific surface area, determined by the BET method, is a parameter often used to scale results of mineral studies of surface reactions in terms of rate and capacity to the field scale. Such extrapolations of results from small-scale laboratory experiments to the field-scale are important within many environmental applications. An example of this is for the prediction of radionuclide retention in the bedrock surrounding a deep repository for radioactive waste, following failure of the engineered barriers, where radionuclides may sorb onto minerals constituting the geological environment. As a first step, the approach used in this work is to study the relationship between specific surface area and the particle size (0.075-8 mm) and to approach the field scale via measurements on large, centimetre-sized pieces, for seven natural minerals commonly found in granite: apatite, biotite, chlorite, K-feldspar, hornblende, labradorite and magnetite. The underlying assumption is that sorption of radionuclides can be related to specific surface area of a particular mineral in a continuation of this project.The results show that the phyllosilicates biotite and chlorite have a specific surface area that is about 10 times larger than the other minerals. Over the range of particle size fractions studied, the specific surface area varies between 0.1 and 1.2 m2g-1 for biotite and chlorite. The other studied minerals have specific surface areas varying between 0.01 m2g-1 for the largest fraction and up to 0.06 - 0.12 m2g-1 for the smallest. Results show linear relationships between the specific surface area and the inverse of the particle size for all studied minerals for small particle sizes, as expected. For some minerals, however, the data seemingly can be divided in two linear trends, where a change in internal surface area, surface roughness and/or particle geometry as the particle size decreases may explain this behaviour. Interestingly, for larger particles, there is a deviation from the linearity observed for small particles. Tentatively, this behaviour is attributed to a disturbed zone, created by the mechanical treatment of the material during particle size reduction, extending throughout small particles, but not altering an undisturbed core of the larger particles. In agreement with this, measurements on large pieces show a surface area 5 to 150 times lower than expected from the linear trends observed for the crushed material, implying an overestimation of the surface area and possibly also of the sorption capacities of the rock material from simple extrapolations of experimental results employing finely crushed material to the field situation. / QC 20110929 / Äspö Radionuclide sorption

No description available.

Broiler birds have drastically increased in size over the past few decades through improvements in genetic selection. Physical measurements such as surface area, volume and physical dimensions are needed information in the construction of animal facilities and developing management guidelines. The objective of this study was to develop a three-dimensional scanning methodology to characterize surface area and envelope volume of poultry, livestock, and equine using a commercially available 3D digitizer system. The digitizing system used phase shift moiré to capture images of three test cylinders, four fiberglass animal models, and a live broiler bird. These images were spliced into physical models using image processing software. System accuracy (< 2%) was verified with cylinder models. Recommended camera orientations and placements were established with each species by the use of fiberglass models. The methods will have to be fine-tuned for live animals as observed in the live broiler test.

To clarify the role of charge in protein movement across the pulmonary endothelial barrier, we simultaneously measured the permeability-surface area product (PS) for native [isoelectric point (pI) 4.4-5.1] and cationic (pI 7.2-8.0) albumin in isolated rabbit lungs perfused with and without protamine sulfate. We focused our measurement on the initial (endothelial) barrier by using a technique that is based on the very rapid (3 min) uptake of tracer. This allowed us to distinguish the charge properties of the endothelium separate from other barriers. In control studies, PS was greater for cationic than for native albumin (8.67 ± 0.93 vs. 2.55 ± 0.20 x 10-2 ml · min-1 · g dry lung-1). In the presence of 1 mg/ml protamine sulfate, cationic albumin permeability was not different from control (7.34 ± 0.49 x 10-2 ml · min-1 · g dry lung-1), whereas PS for anionic albumin increased to 8.82 ± 1.32 x 10-2 ml · min-1 · g dry lung-1. Thus the protamine sulfate eliminated the difference between native and cationic albumin PS. This selective increase in anionic albumin permeability is presumably due to the cation, protamine sulfate, binding to the anionic charges on the endothelium and reducing the anionic charge-charge repulsion. If protamine sulfate had produced a general endothelial injury, the PS for both albumins would have increased. Our results suggest that the normal pulmonary endothelium is an anionic charge barrier restricting the transcapillary movement of negatively charged molecules.

Yes / Objectives This work investigated the impact of spray drying variables such as feedconcentration, solvent composition and the drying mode, on the micromeriticproperties of chlorothiazide sodium (CTZNa) and chlorothiazide potassium(CTZK).Methods Microparticles were prepared by spray drying and characterised usingthermal analysis, helium pycnometry, laser diffraction, specific surface area analysisand scanning electron microscopy.Key findings Microparticles produced under different process conditions pre-sented several types of morphology.To systematise the description of morphology ofmicroparticles, a novel morphology classification system was introduced. The shapeof the microparticles was described as spherical (1) or irregular (2) and the surfacewas classified as smooth (A) or crumpled (B). Three classes of morphology of micro-particles were discerned visually: class I, non-porous; classes II and III, comprisingdiffering types of porosity characteristics. The interior was categorised as solid/continuous (a), hollow (b), unknown (g) and hollow with microparticulate content(d). Nanoporous microparticles of CTZNa and CTZK, produced without recircula-tion of the drying gas, had the largest specific surface area of 72.3 and 90.2 m2/g,respectively, and presented morphology of class 1BIIIa.Conclusions Alteration of spray drying process variables, particularly solvent com-position and feed concentration can have a significant effect on the morphology ofspray dried microparticulate products. Morphology of spray dried particles may beusefully described using the morphology classification system. / The Irish Research Council for Science and Engineering Technology (IRCSET), the Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster (SSPC), supported by Science Foundation Ireland under grant number [07/SRC/B1158] and the Irish Drug Delivery Research Network, a Strategic Research Cluster grant (07/SRC/B1154) under the National Development Plan co-funded by EU Structural Funds and Science Foundation Ireland.

Yes / High-dose API powders which are to be tableted by direct compression should have high compactibility and compressibility. This note reports on a novel approach to the manufacture of crystalline powders intended for direct compaction with improved compactibility and compressibility properties. The poorly compactable API, chlorothiazide, was spray dried from a water/acetone solvent mix producing additive-free nanocrystalline microparticles (NCMPs) of median particle size 3.5 μm. Tablets compacted from NCMPs had tensile strengths ranging from 0.5 to 4.6 MPa (compared to 0.6–0.9 MPa for tablets of micronised CTZ) at compression forces ranging from 6 kN to 13 kN. NCMP tablets also had high porosities (34–20%) and large specific surface areas (4.4–4.8 m2/g). The time taken for tablets made of NCMPs to erode was not statistically longer (p > 0.05) than for tablets made of micronised CTZ. Fragmentation of NCMPs on compression was observed. The volume fraction of particles below 1 μm present in the suspension recovered after erosion of NCMP tablets was 34.8 ± 3.43%, while no nanosized particles were detected in the slurry after erosion of compacted micronised CTZ. / Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster (SSPC), supported by Science Foundation Ireland under grant number 07/SRC/B1158.

No / The commercial success of hydroxyapatite (HA) filled polyethylene composite has generated growing interest in improving the processability of the composite. A number of synthetic procedures and post synthesis heat treatment of HA has lead to the availability of powders with widely varying morphological features. This paper addresses the effect of morphological features of HA on the rheology and processability of an injection-moulding grade HA-HDPE composite. The results showed that low surface area HA filled composite exhibited better injection processing characteristics through improved rheological responses. The effect of reducing the surface area of the filler is to require less polyethylene to wet the filler and allows more polyethylene to be involved in the flow processes. These changes reduced the temperatures and pressures required for successful processing.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'amélioration de la connaissance sur la mesure de la surface des aérosols ultrafins. En effet, l'essor des nanotechnologies peut être à l'origine de situations d'exposition professionnelle aux particules nanostructurées dispersées dans l'air, ce qui soulève une problématique nouvelle de prévention. Si à ce jour aucun des trois indicateurs (masse, surface, nombre) ne fait l'objet d'un consensus, il semble que le paramètre de surface des particules permet une bonne corrélation avec les effets biologiques observés lorsqu'elles sont inhalées. Un travail théorique original a donc été mené afin de positionner le paramètre de surface vis-à-vis d'autres grandeurs caractéristiques des aérosols. En vue de caractériser des méthodes de mesure de la surface des aérosols nanostructurés, le banc d'essais CAIMAN (CAractérisation des Instruments de Mesure des Aérosols Nanostructurés) a été dimensionné et réalisé. Celui-ci permet la production d'aérosols nanostructurés de propriétés variables et maîtrisées (taille, concentration, nature chimique, morphologie, état de charge), offrant une très bonne stabilité dans le temps. Les aérosols générés en laboratoire ont été utilisés en vue d'évaluer expérimentalement la réponse des instruments de mesure étudiés (NSAM & AeroTrak 9000 TSI, LQ1-DC Matter Engineering). Les fonctions de réponse expérimentales établies sur des aérosols monodispersés présentent un bon accord avec les courbes théoriques, dans une large gamme d'étude de 15 à 520 nm. Par ailleurs, des hypothèses ont été avancées en vue d'expliquer les écarts raisonnables observés lors des mesures effectuées sur des aérosols polydispersés / This work aims at improving knowledge on ultrafine aerosols surface-area measurement. Indeed, the development of nanotechnologies may lead to occupational exposure to airborne nanostructured particles, which involves a new prevention issue. There is currently no consensus concerning what parameter (mass, surface-area, number) should be measured. However, surface-area could be a relevant metric, since it leads to a satisfying correlation with biological effects when nanostructured particles are inhaled. Hence, an original theoretical work was performed to position the parameter of surface-area in relation to other aerosol characteristics. To investigate measurement techniques of nanostructured aerosols surface-area, the experimental facility CAIMAN (ChAracterization of Instruments for the Measurement of Aerosols of Nanoparticles) was designed and built. Within CAIMAN, it is possible to produce nanostructured aerosols with varying and controlled properties (size, concentration, chemical nature, morphology, state-of-charge), stable and reproducible in time. The generated aerosols were used to experimentally characterize the response of the instruments in study (NSAM & AeroTrak 9000 TSI, LQ1-DC Matter Engineering). The response functions measured with monodisperse aerosols show a good agreement with the corresponding theoretical curves in a large size range, from 15 to 520 nm. Furthermore, hypotheses have been formulated to explain the reasonable biases observed when measuring polydisperse aerosols