Background: The aim of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) is to prevent surgical site infection (SSI) by administering an appropriate antimicrobial agent perioperatively. However, SAP may be associated with adverse effects and incurs added costs. The primary objective of this prospective study is to establish whether clinicians are adhering to existing perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines in terms of indication, dosage and timing of SAP. Secondary objectives are to determine the proportion of patients receiving inappropriate antibiotics; and to evaluate correct practice concerning re-dosing and duration of SAP. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective audit of the anaesthetic records and prescription charts of surgical patients was conducted at Groote Schuur Hospital, a tertiary level teaching hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, over a period of one week. Data were collected by anaesthetists – blinded to the study objectives – and the investigators; then captured on Excel spread sheets and compared to existing SAP guidelines. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used for analysis. Results: Of the 192 patients consented, 180 questionnaires were completed for data analysis. The median age of participants was 44.5 years (IQR: 31.5-58), with a preponderance of females (58.7%). SAP was administered in 149 cases (82.8%) and withheld in 31 (17.2%). This was appropriate in 91.9% (137/149) and 77.4% (24/31) respectively. Twelve patients (6.7%) received inappropriate antibiotics and in seven (3.9%) it was inappropriately withheld. Of the 156 patients who should have received SAP, choice of drug was correct in 121 (77.6%), dosage in 110 (70.5%) and timing in 87 (55.8%). Absolute compliance was achieved in 44.4% (80/180). Errors were mostly related to timing, re-dosing and duration of SAP. Conclusion: Anaesthetists and surgeons at Groote Schuur Hospital demonstrate variable adherence to surgical antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines. Interventions aimed at improving compliance are warranted.

Background: Surgical site infections are the second most common healthcare-related infection and implies high costs for the healthcare. It causes suffering for the patient and places high demands on the nursing care. The nurse's preoperative preparation of the patient is an important part where the patient's possible risk factors should be identified. It is also important that the patient receives information that is suitable for the patient's needs of nursing care. The nurse carries the primary liability of nursing care and has a responsibility to prevent surgical site infections from occurring. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the nurse's prerequisites to prevent the occurrence of surgical site infections in hospital care. Method: The chosen method was a literature review based on ten articles of qualitative and quantitative methods published between 2013–2022. Results: The analysis resulted in the following themes and sub-themes:Necessary communication with the sub-themes Team collaboration and Information transfer.Availability of principles and resources with the sub-themes Access to evidence-based guidelines, Pre-, intra- and post-operative premises and knowledge, A safe environment andAccess to materials. Pedagogical ability with the sub-themes Meeting the patient individually and Adequate patient education. Conclusion: The results showed that there were both positive and negative aspects regarding the nurse's prerequisites for preventing surgical site infections, but the negative aspects were overrepresented. The nurses often had the required knowledge but did not use their abilities tothe same extent during work. This resulted in limited nursing care with insufficient complianceto the evidence-based guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: Hospital systems and regulating agencies enforce strict guidelines barring personal items from entering the operating room (OR) - touting surgical site infections (SSIs) and patient safety as the rationale. We sought to determine whether or not evidence supporting this recommendation exists by reviewing available literature. BACKGROUND DATA: Rules and guidelines that are not evidence based may lead to increased hospital expenses and limitations on healthcare provider autonomy. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CINAHL were searched in order to find articles that correlated personal items in the OR to documented SSIs. Articles that satisfied the following criteria were included: (1) studies looking at personal items in the OR, such as handbags, purses, badges, pagers, backpacks, jewelry phones, and eyeglasses, but not just OR equipment; and (2) the primary outcome measure was infection at the surgical site. RESULTS: Seventeen articles met inclusion criteria and were evaluated. Of the 17, the majority did not determine if personal items increased risk for SSIs. Only one article examined the correlation between a personal item near the operative site and SSI, concluding that wedding rings worn in the OR had no impact on SSIs. Most studies examined colonization rates on personal items as potential infection risk; however, no personal items were causally linked to SSI in any of these studies. CONCLUSION: There is no objective evidence to suggest that personal items in the OR increase risk for SSIs.

Höft- och knäprotesoperationer är idag en vanlig operation vid artros i höft- och knäled. Trotsminutiösa infektionsförebyggande förberedelser inför operationen drabbas ändå en delpatienter av postoperativa infektioner. Vid ortopedisk proteskirurgi är postoperativainfektioner ett direkt hot mot den nya inopererade leden och kan leda till långabehandlingstider som påverkar patientens livskvalitet under lång tid. Syftet med studien var att utforska patienters möjlighet till delaktighet i tidig upptäckt avpostoperativ infektion utifrån given information vid operation för höft- eller knäprotes. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med tio patienter med diagnostiserad postoperativinfektion efter höft- eller knäprotesoperation. Transkriberade intervjuer analyserades medinnehållsanalys. Journaler granskades för att beskriva patientens tidigare sjukdomar. Resultatet visade att första tecknen på infektion kan beskrivas med temat: Vad är normalt ochvad är inte normalt. Två kategorier beskriver patienternas Möjlighet till delaktighet ochHinder till delaktighet i det infektionsförebyggande arbete före, under och efter operation. Det handlade om hur patienten hade förstått eller inte förstått given information, vilketkategoriserades som subkategorier. Personcentrerad vård kan vara ett redskap för att stärka patienternas förutsättningar tilldelaktighet och ökar möjligheterna för att förhindra att vårdskador så som postoperativainfektioner uppstår. / Surgery with prosthetic joint replacement of the hip and knee in patients with osteoarthritis is a common procedure. Despite meticulous preparation prior to surgery, surgical site infections develop in some patients. A surgical site infection is a direct threat to the new implanted joint and can lead to long treatments that affect quality of life over time. The aim of this study was to explore patients´ participation in early detection of a surgical site infection based on the information given in conjunction to surgery for hip and knee replacement. Semi structured interviews were conducted with ten patients diagnosed with surgical site infection after hip or knee replacement surgery. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using content analysis. Medical records were reviewed to describe the patients´ comorbidity. The result showed that the first signs of infection can be described with the theme; What is normal and what is not normal? Two categories describe patients´ Possibility of participation and Barriers to participation in infection prevention before and after surgery. It was all about How the patient had understood or not understood the given information which was categorized as subcategories. Person-centered care can be a tool that enables patients´ possibilities to participate in their care and increases the possibilities to prevent adverse events such as surgical site infections.

Bakgrund: Postoperativa sårinfektioner drabbar ca 2,3 % av de patienter som genomgått ett kirurgiskt ingrepp i svensk hälso- och sjukvård. Dessa infektioner kan ge upphov till förlängd vårdtid, ytterligare kirurgiska ingrepp och ökad mortalitet. Postoperativa sårinfektioner innebär ett lidande för patienten samtidigt som det är kostsamt för sjukvården. Inom sjukvården används utarbetade arbetssätt för att minska riskerna för att patienten ska drabbas. Samtidigt utvecklas och studeras nya metoder i det preventiva arbetet mot postoperativa sårinfektioner, exempelvis suturer belagda med antibakteriella substanser. En av dessa är triklosanbelagda suturer. Dock råder viss oenighet om dess preventiva effekter och roll i det förebyggande arbetet mot postoperativa sårinfektioner. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka om suturer med beläggning av triklosan har en förebyggande effekt mot postoperativa sårinfektioner. Metod: Studien utformades som en systematisk litteraturstudie med metaanalys av 7 randomiserade kontrollerade studier. Dessa studier hade en uppföljningstid om 30 dagar samt använt bedömningskriterier för förekomst av postoperativa sårinfektioner enligt CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Resultat: Inget statistiskt signifikant resultat kunde erhållas gällande triklosanbelagda suturers preventiva effekt mot postoperativa sårinfektioner. (RR=0,8, 95 % CI=0,63-1,02, p=0.07). Slutsats: Studien indikerar att triklosanbelagda suturer inte rutinmässigt bör användas i preventivt syfte mot postoperativa sårinfektioner. Ytterligare forskning behövs på området. / Background: Approximately 2,3 % of the patients undergoing surgery in Swedish healthcare develop surgical site infections. These infections are often associated with prolonged hospital stay, additional surgical procedures and increased mortality. Surgical site infections cause patient suffering and increase healthcare costs. In healthcare, standard guidelines and work methods are used to prevent patients from developing surgical site infections. New methods to reduce the risk of surgical site infections are being developed and studied, such as sutures with antibacterial coating. One of these is Triclosan-coated sutures. However, there is some disagreement on its preventive effects and role in reducing surgical site infections. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if Triclosan-coated sutures have a preventive effect against surgical site infections. Method: This study was conducted as a systematic literature review with meta-analysis of 7 RCT. These studies all had a follow up time of 30 days and used the criteria of CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to identify surgical site infections. Result: This study showed no statistically significant results of Triclosan-coated sutures preventive effect against surgical site infections. (RR=0,8, 95 % CI=0,63-1,02, p=0.07). Conclusion: This study indicates that Triclosan-coated sutures should not be used routinely to prevent surgical site infections. More studies are needed.

Castro, PTO. Fatores de risco para infecção do sítio cirúrgico em cirurgias oncológicas do aparelho digestório do Hospital de Câncer de Barretos. 2009. 49 p. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Medicina: Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto. 2009. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é a infecção hospitalar (IH) de maior prevalência em pacientes cirúrgicos, determinando aumento do tempo de hospitalização, dos custos e da morbidade e letalidade. É importante conhecer os principais fatores de risco desta infecção para estabelecer medidas de prevenção através dos fatores que podem ser modificáveis. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a ocorrência de ISC e estudar os seus fatores de risco em cirurgias oncológicas do aparelho digestório no Hospital de Câncer de Barretos. Indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia oncológica do aparelho digestório, no período de 01/08/2007 a 10/08/2008, foram acompanhados prospectivamente por 30 dias para diagnóstico de ISC. Simultaneamente, foram estudados possíveis fatores de risco, ligados ao paciente e ao procedimento cirúrgico. Foram avaliadas 210 cirurgias, com uma incidência global de ISC de 23,8% . As seguintes variáveis apresentaram associação independente de risco: tempo de cirurgia, tipo de cirurgia, radioterapia antes da cirurgia e tempo de experiência do cirurgião. Os fatores de risco encontrados neste estudo descrevem um grupo de indivíduos com maior risco de ISC, nos quais novos protocolos de prevenção devem ser considerados. / Castro, PTO. Risk factors for Surgical Site infection during oncology surgeries of digestive system at Barretos Cancer Hospital. 2009. 59 p. Dissertation (Master degree). School of Medicine : University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto. 2009. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the most prevalent hospital infection among surgical patients, and it increases length of stay hospitalization, higher cost and greater morbidity and mortality. It is important to know the main risk factors for such infections, in order to establish prevention measures through factors that can be modified. The objective of this study is to describe the occurrence of SSI and possible risk factors during oncology surgery of the digestive system, at Barretos Cancer Hospital. Between August 1 2007 and August 10 2008, individuals undergoing oncology surgery of the digestive system were followed up prospectively for 30 days in order to diagnose any SSI. Possible risk factors related to the patient and to surgery were studied. Two hundred ten operations were evaluated. The overall incidence of SSI was 23.8%. The following variables were independently associated with SSI: duration of surgery, type of surgery, radiotherapy prior to surgery and the surgeons length of experience. Risk factors found in this study describes a group of individuals with increased risk of ISC, in which new protocols of prevention should be considered.

A infecção do sítio cirúrgico ocupa o segundo lugar em incidência dentro do ambiente hospitalar e está relacionada à vitória do microrganismo sobre a defesa do hospedeiro; envolve, também, interesses econômicos e sociais e se constitui num desafio aos profissionais de saúde. A presente investigação teve como objetivo identificar os fatores de risco relacionados à infecção do sítio cirúrgico, em paciente submetido à cirurgia eletiva de gastrectomia, potencialmente contaminada, na especialidade de Gastrocirurgia, no período compreendido entre 1998 a 2002, em um hospital público do interior paulista. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, por meio do levantamento de informações contidas nos prontuários médicos, utilizando-se para a análise estatística dos dados os testes não paramétricos: Mann-Whitney (variáveis quantitativas) e coeficiente de contingência (variáveis qualitativas). Em 181 casos investigados, detectou-se a ocorrência de infecção do sítio cirúrgico em 17 situações (9,4%), sendo 23,5% classificadas como infecção incisional superficial; 52,9%, infecção incisional profunda e 23,5%, infecção de órgão/espaço. Quanto às variáveis referentes ao período de internação pós-operatório, período de internação total, tempo de cirurgia, sondagem vesical de demora foram associadas à presença de infecção do sítio cirúrgico. Neste estudo não se verificou associação entre infecção do sítio cirúrgico e as variáveis referentes à idade, período de internação pré-operatório, utilização de dreno, sexo, raça, diagnóstico etilismo, tabagismo, presença de doenças crônicas, realização de tricotomia, antibioticoprofilaxia, anti-sepsia, tipo de cirurgia, transfusão sangüínea e focos infecciosos à distância. / Surgical site infection occupies the second place in terms of incidence in the hospital environment and is not only related to the victory of the microorganism on the defense of its host, but also includes economic and social interests. Moreover, it also constitutes a challenge to health professionals. This research aimed to identify the risk factors related to surgical site infection in patients submitted to a potentially contaminated elective gastrectomy, as a part of Gastric surgery, in the period between 1998 and 2002, at a public hospital in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil. Therefore, a transversal study was carried out by means of a medical record information survey, using the following non-parametric tests for statistical data analysis: Mann-Whitney (quantitative variables) and contingency coefficient (qualitative variables). Out of the 181 cases that were examined, the occurrence of surgical site infection was detected in 17 situations (9.4%), 23.5% of which were categorized as superficial incisional infection, 52.9% as deep incisional infection and 23.5% as organ/space infection. The following variables were associated with the presence of surgical site infection: post-operative hospitalization period, total hospitalization period, surgery time, time to dwelling vesical catheter removal. No link could be found between surgical site infection and the variables age, pre-operative hospitalization period, drain usage, gender, race, alcoholism, smoking, history of chronic illnesses, trichotomy, antibiotic prophilaxis, antisepsis, kind of surgery, blood transfusion and distant infection sources.

A infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é uma complicação frequente que pode acometer o paciente submetido ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico. A importância dessa problemática está no aumento da morbidade, mortalidade e dos custos hospitalares, e ainda, em relação ao paciente, pelo sofrimento emocional e físico, bem como o prolongamento do período de afastamento de suas atividades profissionais e do convívio social. A presente investigação teve como objetivo geral analisar a incidência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos à neurocirurgia eletiva e limpa em hospital privado filantrópico, nível terciário, do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Para tal, realizou-se estudo com delineamento de pesquisa não experimental, tipo descritivo e prospectivo. A amostra foi composta por 85 sujeitos submetidos a neurocirurgias eletivas e limpas. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se instrumento validado por estudioso da temática, esse procedimento ocorreu durante o acompanhamento do paciente no perioperatório (pré, intra e pós-operatório) e, após a alta, no trigésimo dia após o procedimento cirúrgico, sendo agendado o retorno do paciente na sala de curativos do hospital onde a pesquisa foi conduzida. A coleta de dados teve a duração de onze meses (junho de 2012 a abril de 2013). A indicência de ISC foi de 9,4%, resultado superior ao preconizado na literatura para o tipo de procedimento cirúrgico estudado (cirurgia limpa). As variáveis estudadas relacionadas ao paciente foram idade, classificação ASA, Índice de Massa Coporal e presença de doenças crônicas. As variáveis investigadas relacionadas ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico foram duração da anestesia, duração da cirurgia, uso de antibioticoprofilaxia e tempo total de internação. Em relação ao momento do diagnóstico, dos oito pacientes com ISC, cinco (62,5%) tiveram o diagnóstico durante o período em que permaneceram internados; dois (25%) após a alta por ocasião de reinternação devido ISC e um (12,5%) no retorno agendado na sala de curativos. O estudo fornece subsídios para a reflexão dos profissionais de saúde sobre a incidência e os fatores predisponentes de ISC em neurocirurgia, os quais podem auxiliar na implementação de medidas de prevenção e controle para a problemática em razão dos efeitos deletérios acarretados no tocante aos custos e as repercussões familiares, sociais e financeiras ao paciente cirúrgico / The surgical site infection (SSI) is a common complication that can occur in patients undergoing the surgical anesthetic procedure. The importance of this problem is the increasing of morbidity, mortality and hospital costs, and also in relation to patients, the emotional and physical distress, as well as the extension of the period of absence from their professional and social life. This study aimed to analyze the incidence of surgical site infection in patients undergoing clean elective neurosurgery in a private philanthropic hospital, tertiary level, in the state of São Paulo. For this, a descriptive and prospective study with non-experimental research design was performed. The sample consisted of 85 subjects undergoing clean elective neurosurgery. For data collection, an instrument validated by an expert was used; this procedure occurred during the follow up of the patient in the perioperative period (pre, intra and post- operative) and, after discharge, in the thirtieth day after the surgical procedure. The patient\'s return was scheduled in the dressing room of the hospital where the research was conducted. Data collection lasted eleven months (from June 2012 to April 2013). The incidence of SSI was of 9.4%, and this result was higher than that recommended in the literature for the type of surgical procedure studied (clean surgery). The studied variables related to the patient were age, ASA score, body mass index and chronic diseases. The studied variables related to surgical anesthesia were duration of anesthesia, duration of surgery, use of antibiotic and total hospitalization time. Regarding the time of diagnosis, from the eight patients with SSI, five (62.5%) were diagnosed during the period in which they were hospitalized, two (25%) after discharge at the time of readmission due to SSI, and one (12, 5%) in the return scheduled at the wound dressing. The study provides support for reflection of health professionals on the incidence and predisposing factors for SSI in neurosurgery, which can assist in the implementation of prevention and control measures for the problem because of the deleterious effects due to costs and social, financial and family repercussions to the surgical patient

A infecção do sítio cirúrgico ocupa o segundo lugar em incidência dentro do ambiente hospitalar e está relacionada à vitória do microrganismo sobre a defesa do hospedeiro; envolve, também, interesses econômicos e sociais e se constitui num desafio aos profissionais de saúde. A presente investigação teve como objetivo identificar os fatores de risco relacionados à infecção do sítio cirúrgico, em paciente submetido à cirurgia eletiva de gastrectomia, potencialmente contaminada, na especialidade de Gastrocirurgia, no período compreendido entre 1998 a 2002, em um hospital público do interior paulista. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, por meio do levantamento de informações contidas nos prontuários médicos, utilizando-se para a análise estatística dos dados os testes não paramétricos: Mann-Whitney (variáveis quantitativas) e coeficiente de contingência (variáveis qualitativas). Em 181 casos investigados, detectou-se a ocorrência de infecção do sítio cirúrgico em 17 situações (9,4%), sendo 23,5% classificadas como infecção incisional superficial; 52,9%, infecção incisional profunda e 23,5%, infecção de órgão/espaço. Quanto às variáveis referentes ao período de internação pós-operatório, período de internação total, tempo de cirurgia, sondagem vesical de demora foram associadas à presença de infecção do sítio cirúrgico. Neste estudo não se verificou associação entre infecção do sítio cirúrgico e as variáveis referentes à idade, período de internação pré-operatório, utilização de dreno, sexo, raça, diagnóstico etilismo, tabagismo, presença de doenças crônicas, realização de tricotomia, antibioticoprofilaxia, anti-sepsia, tipo de cirurgia, transfusão sangüínea e focos infecciosos à distância. / Surgical site infection occupies the second place in terms of incidence in the hospital environment and is not only related to the victory of the microorganism on the defense of its host, but also includes economic and social interests. Moreover, it also constitutes a challenge to health professionals. This research aimed to identify the risk factors related to surgical site infection in patients submitted to a potentially contaminated elective gastrectomy, as a part of Gastric surgery, in the period between 1998 and 2002, at a public hospital in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil. Therefore, a transversal study was carried out by means of a medical record information survey, using the following non-parametric tests for statistical data analysis: Mann-Whitney (quantitative variables) and contingency coefficient (qualitative variables). Out of the 181 cases that were examined, the occurrence of surgical site infection was detected in 17 situations (9.4%), 23.5% of which were categorized as superficial incisional infection, 52.9% as deep incisional infection and 23.5% as organ/space infection. The following variables were associated with the presence of surgical site infection: post-operative hospitalization period, total hospitalization period, surgery time, time to dwelling vesical catheter removal. No link could be found between surgical site infection and the variables age, pre-operative hospitalization period, drain usage, gender, race, alcoholism, smoking, history of chronic illnesses, trichotomy, antibiotic prophilaxis, antisepsis, kind of surgery, blood transfusion and distant infection sources.

Castro, PTO. Fatores de risco para infecção do sítio cirúrgico em cirurgias oncológicas do aparelho digestório do Hospital de Câncer de Barretos. 2009. 49 p. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Medicina: Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto. 2009. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é a infecção hospitalar (IH) de maior prevalência em pacientes cirúrgicos, determinando aumento do tempo de hospitalização, dos custos e da morbidade e letalidade. É importante conhecer os principais fatores de risco desta infecção para estabelecer medidas de prevenção através dos fatores que podem ser modificáveis. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a ocorrência de ISC e estudar os seus fatores de risco em cirurgias oncológicas do aparelho digestório no Hospital de Câncer de Barretos. Indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia oncológica do aparelho digestório, no período de 01/08/2007 a 10/08/2008, foram acompanhados prospectivamente por 30 dias para diagnóstico de ISC. Simultaneamente, foram estudados possíveis fatores de risco, ligados ao paciente e ao procedimento cirúrgico. Foram avaliadas 210 cirurgias, com uma incidência global de ISC de 23,8% . As seguintes variáveis apresentaram associação independente de risco: tempo de cirurgia, tipo de cirurgia, radioterapia antes da cirurgia e tempo de experiência do cirurgião. Os fatores de risco encontrados neste estudo descrevem um grupo de indivíduos com maior risco de ISC, nos quais novos protocolos de prevenção devem ser considerados. / Castro, PTO. Risk factors for Surgical Site infection during oncology surgeries of digestive system at Barretos Cancer Hospital. 2009. 59 p. Dissertation (Master degree). School of Medicine : University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto. 2009. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the most prevalent hospital infection among surgical patients, and it increases length of stay hospitalization, higher cost and greater morbidity and mortality. It is important to know the main risk factors for such infections, in order to establish prevention measures through factors that can be modified. The objective of this study is to describe the occurrence of SSI and possible risk factors during oncology surgery of the digestive system, at Barretos Cancer Hospital. Between August 1 2007 and August 10 2008, individuals undergoing oncology surgery of the digestive system were followed up prospectively for 30 days in order to diagnose any SSI. Possible risk factors related to the patient and to surgery were studied. Two hundred ten operations were evaluated. The overall incidence of SSI was 23.8%. The following variables were independently associated with SSI: duration of surgery, type of surgery, radiotherapy prior to surgery and the surgeons length of experience. Risk factors found in this study describes a group of individuals with increased risk of ISC, in which new protocols of prevention should be considered.