Nas últimas décadas, novas formas de governança das florestas vêm se estabelecendo a partir da participação de diferentes atores sociais que interagem em arenas de ação para promover a gestão sustentável das florestas nativas na América do Sul. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma discussão sobre os arranjos de Governança e Política Florestal que têm como desafios promover o uso sustentável das florestas nativas e solucionar problemas relacionados à degradação, exploração ilegal dos recursos florestais e ao desmatamento. O estudo foi realizado em dois países da América do Sul, onde novos desafios são apresentados para os atores envolvidos na implementação de novas leis, como a Lei de Bosques Nativos (no Chile) e a Lei de Gestão de Florestas Públicas (no Brasil). A partir da perspectiva teórica, se identificou a necessidade tanto da Análise Institucional (OSTROM, 1990; TUCKER; OSTROM, 2009) quanto da Abordagem da Análise com Base na Prática (ARTS et al., 2013; BEHAGEL et al., 2013), o que determina que o conjunto de instituições (legislações, normativas, regras em uso) nem sempre produzem os resultados desejados ou projetados, e que os atores envolvidos têm a capacidade de transformar e alterar os acordos e instituições (CLEAVER, 2012), modificando o percurso da implementação de políticas públicas, conforme seus interesses e com base em suas lógicas. Os métodos de análise qualitativa possibilitaram a interpretação dos dados coletados, a partir de entrevistas com atores envolvidos na agenda florestal em diversas escalas (internacional e doméstica). Os resultados evidenciam que, apesar de existir uma arena de ação com múltiplos atores, as mudanças institucionais nem sempre promovem mudanças na prática, pois a governança florestal deve promover novos padrões de gestão, onde se valoriza o múltiplo uso das florestas proporcionando a sustentabilidade no manejo e o desenvolvimento de comunidades inseridas no contexto das florestas nativas. / In the past decades, new forms of forest governance have been established through the participation and the interaction of the different social actors in action arena to promote the sustainable management of native forests in South America. The objective of this study is to discuss the challenges faced by governance arrangements and forestry policy in promoting the sustainable use of native forests and in implementing solutions to the problems of degradation, illegal exploitation of forestry resources and deforestation. The study was undertaken in two South American countries, Brazil and Chile, where the implementation of new legislation such as the Law of Native Forests (in Chile) and the Law on the Management of Public Forests (in Brazil) present important challenges. From a theoretical perspective, the study builds on Institutional Analysis (OSTROM, 1990; TUCKER; OSTROM, 2009) as well as on Practice Based Approach Analysis (ARTS et al., 2013; BEHAGEL et al., 2013). The practice based approach indicates that institutions (legislation, norms, rules in use) do not always produce the desired or expected results. In addition, actors involved in such institutions have the capacity to transform them and to alter agreements (CLEAVER, 2012). By doing so, they modify the way in which public policies are implemented according to their interests and based on their logic. The methods used for qualitative analysis determined the interpretation of the data collected from interviews with actors involved in the development of forest agenda at differents levels (international and domestic). The results demonstrate that despite the existence of an action arena with multiple actors, institutional changes do not always bring modifications in practice. Accordingly, forest governance should promote new forms of management, emphasising multiple uses of forests, providing sustainable management and inserting communities in the context of native forests.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans un contexte d’intégration des contraintes de désassemblage dans la conception modulaire des produits manufacturés. Ce contexte est caractérisé par une collaboration pluridisciplinaire où un nombre très important d’informations est utilisé, manipulé et échangé. Pour ce faire, la contribution de ce travail consiste en :• La définition d’un modèle multi-vues orienté désassemblage permettant une représentation et l’exploitation des informations associées aux domaines du produit et du processus de désassemblage et en conséquence, une aide à l’intégration.• La définition d’un cadre méthodologique permettant de prendre en compte les problématiques de désassemblage dès la phase préliminaire de conception modulaire de produits manufacturés. Ce cadre méthodologique vise à :o Faire intervenir les différents acteurs concernés par les problématiques de désassemblage au moment le plus opportun et en particulier lors de la phase de conception préliminaire.o Définir une architecture modulaire d’une famille de produits. Un algorithme dédié au développement des modules de composants qui sont utilisés dans la conception d’une famille de produits est proposé.o Générer les séquences de désassemblage en phase préliminaire de conception. Un algorithme de définition des séquences de désassemblage admissible d’une famille de produits prenant en compte l’architecture modulaire est proposé.o Faire une optimisation multi-objective des séquences de désassemblage admissibles pour identifier la séquence de désassemblage optimale en fonction des critères imposés (critères fonctionnels, géométriques,…).o Apporter un contexte de désassemblage à l’architecte produit et au concepteur. Les informations issues de la séquence de désassemblage sont considérées afin de définir un contexte de désassemblage qui servira de base aux concepteurs pour identifier la géométrie du produit.Le modèle et le cadre méthodologique sont validés par l’expérimentation sur différents produits. À titre d’exemple, ils sont illustrés sur la conception de différentes familles de produits.Mots clés : Modèle multi-vues, Conception modulaire, séquence de désassemblage, Optimisation multi-objective. / This thesis work fails with in context of the integration of disassembly constraints into the modular design of manufactured products. This context is characterized by a multidisciplinary collaboration where a large deal of information is used, handled and exchanged. To this end the contribution of this work is:• The definition of a multi-view model oriented disassembly allowing representation and exploitation of information associated with the areas of product and disassembly process and consequently integration assistance.• The definition of methodological framework allowing taking into account the disassembly issues from the preliminary phases of modular design of manufactured products. This methodological framework aims to:o Involve different stakeholders by disassembly issues at the most appropriate time and in particular during the preliminary design phase.o Define a modular products family. An algorithm dedicated to the development of the component modules that are used in the design of a family of products is proposed.o Generated disassembly sequences in the preliminary design phase. An algorithm for defining the eligible disassembly sequences of products by taking into account the modular architecture is proposed.o Perform a multi-objective optimization of the eligible disassembly sequences in order to identify the optimal one. The uncertainties inherent in the disassembly area as well as functional and geometric criteria are taken into consideration in order to find the optimal disassembly sequence thus providing a generic structure of a family of products.o Provide the disassembly context to the product architect and the product designer. The information from the disassembly sequence is considered to define a disassembly context as a basis for designers to identify the geometry of the product.The model and the methodological framework are validated by experiments on different products. They are illustrated in the design of different products family.Keywords: Multi-view model, Modular design, Disassembly sequence, Multi-objective Optimization.

Au cours des soixante dernières années, la population mondiale a connu un sursaut spectaculaire, passant de 2,5 milliards d’habitants à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale à 7 milliards en 2011. Cette croissance démographique se distingue des précédents épisodes tant par son importance que par l'apparition conjointe d'une tendance nouvelle et soutenue à la concentration des populations au sein des villes. Appelée à se renforcer partout dans le monde, cette tendance au grossissement des villes lance un véritable défi à la communauté internationale en matière de durabilité de notre système économique en général et alimentaire en particulier. Cette thèse propose un traitement théorique de la question de la durabilité des systèmes d'approvisionnement alimentaires en milieu urbain. A la frontière entre économie publique et économie géographique, elle poursuit comme objectif principal de permettre la conduite d'une analyse formalisée des arbitrages environnementaux et sociaux dans un cadre spatial explicite. En outre, l'idée selon laquelle aucune réponse ne saurait être satisfaisante sans qu'une attention spécifique soit portée aux interactions spatiales, économiques et écologiques entre espaces urbains et agriculture constitue l'un des positionnements clés défendus dans ce travail. De manière générale, les travaux de cette thèse font apparaître l'élément majeur suivant: du fait de la forte et inextricable interconnexion entre milieux urbain et rural, l'évaluation environnementale, sociale et économique d'un système alimentaire ne peut se faire qu'en connaissance des caractéristiques démographique et physique de la ville concernée. / Over the past sixty years, the world population has experienced a dramatic surge from 2.5 billion people by the end of World War II, to 7 billion in 2011. This population growth differs from previous episodes not only in importance, but also because of the joint emergence of a new and ongoing trend of rising urbanization. Expected to strengthen worldwide, this trend is a real challenge for the international community in terms of sustainability, especially for food supply. This thesis provides a theoretical treatment of food supply chain sustainability in a context of rapid and unrelenting urbanization. Halfway between economic geography and environmental economics, its primary goal is to allow for a theoretical formalization of ecological and social trade-offs in a spatially explicit framework. Besides, we argue that this issue cannot satisfactorily resolved without paying specific attention to urban-rural interactions. Our work discloses the following major element : because of the tight and inextricable interconnection between urban and rural areas, the ecological assessment of any food supply chain can only be achieved by taking into account both the demographic and physical features of cities.