Model Forests were developed to bridge the gap between the emerging policy and the practice of sustainable forest management (SFM) in the early 1990s and, as such, to facilitate uptake of research findings into practice. The purpose of this study was to explore mechanisms that may explain why some research results are used in the policy and practice of SFM and others are not. Based on interviews in three Model Forests in Canada, the most prominent factors influencing research utilization identified were (1) relevance of the research findings to users’ needs, (2) effective research design and scientific credibility, and (3) user involvement in the research process. However, it was evident that there is no one factor that influences uptake, but rather a combination dependent upon the circumstances of each situation. This study also deepens understanding of the science–practice/policy interface by exploring the notion of Model Forests as boundary organizations.

The tropical hardwood forests of Mozambique are among its most important natural resources. Long-term sustainable management of these resources will require proper forest management, which depends on understanding the growth rates and the life history of important commercial species as well as the impacts of natural forces (e.g., climate variability) and human management. This study analyzes radial growth rate dynamics and climate-growth relationships of Millettia stuhlmannii and examines its dendrochronological potential. This tree locally known as Panga-panga or Jambirre is one of the most important timber species in Mozambique. Ranked as a first class commercial timber in Mozambique, it is frequently harvested in an unsustainable way and sustainable management of the species is urgently needed for the continued utilization of this resource. Five different methods demonstrate that the semi-ring porous tree rings of M. stuhlmannii are annual: (1) Ring structure and anatomy; (2) Successful cross-dating within and between trees; (3) Ring counting in trees with known age (young trees collected from an experimental "plantation") (4) Cambial wounding and (5) Correlation between ring width and climate data. Through these methods, M. stuhlmannii trees showed distinct reaction to pinning, adding one annual ring after one year. Cross dating of annual ring width growth was successful within and among selected M. stuhlmannii trees, which indicates that this species forms annual rings and that growth responds to an external climate variability. M. stuhlmannii annual growth ring boundaries were characterized by alternating patterns of parenchyma and fibre vessels and marginal parenchyma. Precipitation during previous December (r= 0.30; p<0.05), current February (r=0.30; p<0.05) and the entire rainy season (NDJFM; r=0.43, p<0.01) over a long period (1900-1996) showed a significant influence on Panga-panga tree ring growth. Declining rainfall has caused a growth increment decrease since 1940. The results of this study show that the mean annual increment of M. stuhlmannii is 0.51 cm/year and it takes about 75 years for an average M. stuhlmannii tree to reach the minimum lawful cutting diameter of 40 cm DBH (diameter at breast height). Temporal differences in movement through increasing diameter classes are large among and within classes. The median time necessary for trees to grow into the next diameter class was not statistically significant (Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 9.568, p>0.001). The relationship between stem diameter and percentage of heartwood is significantly high (R2 = 0.9701, p < 0.0001) and results suggest that from 33cm diameters on, the HW% remain stable. Partial correlation coefficients show that significant effects on growth to minimum cutting diameter occur while stems move through the 20-30 cm DBH class. This indicates the specific sizes at which silviculture treatments have to be started in order to maximize the productivity of this species. Correlation analyses revealed that heartwood width (HW) is positively correlated with total stem diameter (TSD), cambial Age (Ac), number of rings in heartwood (HWR), heartwood area (HWA), Total stem diameter area (TSDA) and Mean annual increment (MAI). This study suggests that further studies to improve diameter growth rate models as well as volume increment models need to be carried out. Strong correlation with precipitation during the rainy season suggests that this species is potentially useful for future climate reconstruction studies in Mozambique.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste estudo foram avaliadas a eficiência técnica e os custos da aplicação do tratamento silvicultural de desbaste de liberação seletivo, com anelamento e aplicação de herbicida (Tordon, 50% de diluição), em uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa no Estado de Roraima, manejada de acordo com os preceitos de exploração de impac o reduzido e legislação vigente. Para analisar o efeito das características das árvores na desvitalização, foi ajustado o modelo logístico binário, indicando uma menor velocidade de desvitalização para espécies secundárias. Foram aneladas 21,6 arv/ha para favorecer a liberação de 12 arv/ha, em uma relação de 1,8 competidores para cada Árvore Comercial potencial para Colheita Futura (ACCF) liberada. O resultado da aplicação do tratamento silvicultural demonstrou uma boa efetividade da técnica, alcançando 100% de mortalidade das árvores competidoras no período de 12 meses após o anelamento, com 69% das árvores desvitalizadas dentro do período de 6 meses. O custo por hectare atingiu valor total de R$ 77,88/ha, sendo o custo por árvore anelada de R$ 3,59 e o custo por árvore liberada de R$ 5,56. Ao analisar a distribuição dos custos, observou-se que 50% deveu-se ao insumo (no caso específico a aquisição do herbicida), 47% decorreu do custo da mão de obra, 2% deveu-se à aquisição de equipamento de proteção individual e 1% de materiais. O rendimento operacional alcançou 0,76 homem/dia.ha-1, abrangendo as atividades de localização das ACCF, identificação das competidoras, corte de cipós, anelamento e aplicação de herbicida. / This study presents the results of the analysis of technical efficiency and costs of silvicultural treatments carried out in a lowland Amazon rainforest logged under reduced impact logging guidelines. The silvicultural treatments consisted in the postharvest girdling and herbicide treatment (using the product Tordon in 50% solution) of remnant trees competing with future crop trees (FCTs). In order to analyze the effect of girdling on tree mortality, a binary logistic model was utilized. The model indicated a slower mortality process for secondary tree species. On average 21,6 competing trees per hectare were girdled in order to benefit 12 FCTs per hectare (on average 1,8 competitors for every FCT). Results demonstrate the high efficiency of the silvicultural treatments tested: mortality of competitors attained 69% within six months after girdling and 100% within twelve months after girdling. The total cost of girdling amounted to BRL 77,88 per ha, BRL 3,59 per girdled tree and BRL 5,56 per FCT. Of the total cost, 50% arose from production factors, especially herbicide acquisition, while 47% were labor costs. Only 2% of the total costs were generated from work safety equipment and 1% of other materials. The operative productivity attained 0,76 man days per hectare which included the activities competitor identification, climber cutting, girdling and herbicide application.

Masters of Science / Globally plantation forestry plays a pivotal role in terms of timber production, ecological services and maintaining local livelihoods. In South Africa commercial forestry occupies a relatively small portion of the total land area, but contributes significantly towards the national GDP. Forestry had been labelled as a streamflow reduction activity. Thus further afforestation is not possible. It is of paramount importance that plantations are managed on a sustainable basis in order to meet future timber demands. However, sustainability goes beyond the replenishment of natural resources or economic prosperity and also includes social responsibility. (CSR) initiatives are a means for companies to maximize the positive contribution their operations can make to the promotion of fair work practices and ecological sustainability. Plantations are mostly located in rural areas and often reflect the only form of local employment. Often employees are at risk of economic exploitation and high risk of injury while little scope for economic and educational betterment exists. CSR incorporates people, planet and profit. It is important to fulfil the basic needs of the workers in order for the company to realize environmental and economic prosperity. It is the aim of this study to highlight the essential role of people in insuring the long-term sustainability of the Western Cape plantations. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the over-all well-being of forestry workers in the Western Cape plantations. In order for people to reach the over-all goal of the organization, they first need to satisfy their basic needs. More often than not this is the case with forestry workers. Some of the issues that negatively impact on their over-all wellbeing are:  Their working environment and conditions  Lack of investment in resident / neighbouring communities  Lack of adequate stakeholder consultation  Poor standards of worker accommodation If companies wish to be sustainable, they need to address these issues that forest workers are being confronted with. The secondary aim of this study is to explore CSR initiatives that could address these issues in the Western Cape plantation villages.This study deploys a mixed approach, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data were collected through the distribution of structured questionnaires, interviews, meetings, company documents and reviewed literature. The research shows that the social issues that confront forest villages include poor sanitation facilities, lack of home ownership, poor state of worker accommodation, lack of extramural activities, substance abuse and relatively low remuneration rates. The company also faces challenges with regards to the implementation of its CSR programme. This study makes several recommendations which are based on the findings. One such recommendation is a tripartite approach to CSR. Here a tripartite approach refers to the partnership between the company, Government and civil society.

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22483号 / 農博第2387号 / 新制||農||1075(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5263(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 北島 薫, 教授 神﨑 護, 教授 北山 兼弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The emerging bioeconomy in Europe requires the intensification of forestry to meet the market demand for biomass. The policy conflict between increasing production and halting biodiversity loss has fueled debates in Sweden on sustainable forest use and management in recent years. While one side calls for increased production, the other side argues that this strategy jeopardizes environmental goals regarding biodiversity and counteracts sustainable forest management. In this study, a socio-cultural valuation approach was applied to examine perspectives of stakeholders representing environmental and production interests in Östergötland, southern Sweden on forest ecosystem services and sustainable forest management. Based on the values and challenges described by the stakeholders, this study aimed to identify pathways towards sustainable forest management. The results showed a divergence of views on whether intensification compromises environmental goals. While some stakeholders placed a high value on carbon substitution and emphasized the opportunities for sustainable development, other stakeholders were critical of the framing of intensification as sustainable. Despite the disagreements, opportunities were identified that could promote SFM. Possible ways forward include strengthening the resilience of production forests by increasingly adopting continuous cover forestry and mixed forests, redistributing production toward more long-lived forest products, and increasing the share of nature reserves. In addition, compensation funding and education might be viable ways to address conflicts arising from landowner conservation actions. To address conflicting perspectives the results point towards the need to resume dialogue and enable improved communication.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第24721号 / 地博第313号 / 新制||地||121(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 竹田 晋也, 准教授 小坂 康之, 准教授 柳澤 雅之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24659号 / 農博第2542号 / 新制||農||1098(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R5||N5440(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 北山 兼弘, 教授 北島 薫, 教授 柴田 昌三 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Despite the important values forests play in the tropics, sustainable forest management still remains a challenge as manifested through continued forest loss. The objective of this study was to provide information on the dynamics of forest cover and their drivers vital for enhancing sustainable forest management in the Lake Victoria crescent, Uganda. Several methodologies including remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems techniques, analysis of landscape patterns and various social science techniques were integrated in working towards the stated goal. Results showed that the Lake Victoria crescent, Uganda covering an area of about 1,509,228 ha, experienced a decline in forest cover from 9.0% in 1989 to 4.4% in 2009. This was in comparison with non-forest cover which increased from 58.7% in 1989 to 63.5% in 2009 while open water coverage generally remained unchanged averaging 32.3% from 1989 to 2009. Mean annual deforestation rate from 1989 to 2009 decreased with a weighted mean rate of 2.56%. Both deforestation and afforestation declined between 1989 and 2009 although deforestation still exceeded afforestation. In addition to deforestation, the Lake Victoria crescent also experienced forest fragmentation from 1989 to 2009. Forests greater than 100 ha in size were the most vulnerable to forest fragmentation yet they still constituted a big proportion of forest cover in 2009. Deforestation was a consequence of proximate causes which were triggered by a number of underlying drivers acting singly or in combination, with underlying drivers being more influential. In a bid to promote sustainable forest management, there is a need to continue with efforts to curb deforestation and forest fragmentation, especially amongst forests greater than 100 ha. This could be achieved through empowerment of local communities to take a core role in sustainable management of forest resources. / Ph. D.

Nas últimas décadas, novas formas de governança das florestas vêm se estabelecendo a partir da participação de diferentes atores sociais que interagem em arenas de ação para promover a gestão sustentável das florestas nativas na América do Sul. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma discussão sobre os arranjos de Governança e Política Florestal que têm como desafios promover o uso sustentável das florestas nativas e solucionar problemas relacionados à degradação, exploração ilegal dos recursos florestais e ao desmatamento. O estudo foi realizado em dois países da América do Sul, onde novos desafios são apresentados para os atores envolvidos na implementação de novas leis, como a Lei de Bosques Nativos (no Chile) e a Lei de Gestão de Florestas Públicas (no Brasil). A partir da perspectiva teórica, se identificou a necessidade tanto da Análise Institucional (OSTROM, 1990; TUCKER; OSTROM, 2009) quanto da Abordagem da Análise com Base na Prática (ARTS et al., 2013; BEHAGEL et al., 2013), o que determina que o conjunto de instituições (legislações, normativas, regras em uso) nem sempre produzem os resultados desejados ou projetados, e que os atores envolvidos têm a capacidade de transformar e alterar os acordos e instituições (CLEAVER, 2012), modificando o percurso da implementação de políticas públicas, conforme seus interesses e com base em suas lógicas. Os métodos de análise qualitativa possibilitaram a interpretação dos dados coletados, a partir de entrevistas com atores envolvidos na agenda florestal em diversas escalas (internacional e doméstica). Os resultados evidenciam que, apesar de existir uma arena de ação com múltiplos atores, as mudanças institucionais nem sempre promovem mudanças na prática, pois a governança florestal deve promover novos padrões de gestão, onde se valoriza o múltiplo uso das florestas proporcionando a sustentabilidade no manejo e o desenvolvimento de comunidades inseridas no contexto das florestas nativas. / In the past decades, new forms of forest governance have been established through the participation and the interaction of the different social actors in action arena to promote the sustainable management of native forests in South America. The objective of this study is to discuss the challenges faced by governance arrangements and forestry policy in promoting the sustainable use of native forests and in implementing solutions to the problems of degradation, illegal exploitation of forestry resources and deforestation. The study was undertaken in two South American countries, Brazil and Chile, where the implementation of new legislation such as the Law of Native Forests (in Chile) and the Law on the Management of Public Forests (in Brazil) present important challenges. From a theoretical perspective, the study builds on Institutional Analysis (OSTROM, 1990; TUCKER; OSTROM, 2009) as well as on Practice Based Approach Analysis (ARTS et al., 2013; BEHAGEL et al., 2013). The practice based approach indicates that institutions (legislation, norms, rules in use) do not always produce the desired or expected results. In addition, actors involved in such institutions have the capacity to transform them and to alter agreements (CLEAVER, 2012). By doing so, they modify the way in which public policies are implemented according to their interests and based on their logic. The methods used for qualitative analysis determined the interpretation of the data collected from interviews with actors involved in the development of forest agenda at differents levels (international and domestic). The results demonstrate that despite the existence of an action arena with multiple actors, institutional changes do not always bring modifications in practice. Accordingly, forest governance should promote new forms of management, emphasising multiple uses of forests, providing sustainable management and inserting communities in the context of native forests.