Traditional vineyard floor management in humid regions consists of mown perennial grass or mown resident vegetation in aisles. Many vineyard sites in the eastern USA have climate and soil that support excessive vine vigor and rapid growth of aisle vegetation. Frequent mowing or unmanaged aisles are not a practical option. To explore vineyard floor management options for vine vigor and weed management while maintaining soil cover, vine balance, and fruit quality in the eastern USA, seven cover crop treatments: 1) grower control mown tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.), 2) chemically mown tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), 3) little barley (Hordeum pusillum Nutt.), 4) downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), 5) oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), 6) spring oats (Avena sativa L.), 7) chemically mown sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench sp.) were established for the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons in a commercial Cabernet franc vineyard, planted in 2000, in southern Illinois, on an Menfro silt loam soil. In fall 2011, oilseed radish reduced the fresh weight of grapevine shoots removed with summer hedging 46% compared to the grower control. In 2012, spring oats increased the weight of grapevine shoots removed with summer hedging 160% compared to the grower control. In 2012, spring oats, and chemically mown sorghum-sudangrass produced 82% and 73%, respectively, greater pruning weights compared to grower control mown fescue, also, spring oats, downy brome, and chemically mown sorghum-sudangrass produced 54%, 48%, and 50%, respectively, greater yields compared to the grower control in 2012. Cover crop did not affect Ravaz index in 2011 or 2012. Chemically mown sorghum-sudangrass reduced total soluble solids in grape must 7% compared to the grower control in 2012. Downy brome produced the most ground cover and greatest weed control at bloom time in 2011 and 2012, and harvest time in 2011. In 2012, oilseed radish at veraison and harvest time produced 97% and 177%, respectively, more ground cover than grower control. The persistent mulch produced by little barley and downy brome followed by burndown herbicide, Rely ® (glufosinate 1 lb ai/gal) 76 fl oz/acre in August reduced their average weed cover by a range of 99% to 89% compared to all other treatments except grower control at harvest 2012. Downy brome established in vineyard aisles had the greatest potential for maintaining weed control at bloom and harvest time, while increasing yield without decreasing vine size. However, more research is needed to develop a residue management program which encourages self-reseeding of downy brome and little barley. In a season with above average rainfall, oilseed radish reduced excessively vigorous vine growth. While all treatments studied had the potential for vineyard use, downy brome and oilseed radish had the most potential to be readily incorporated into practical vineyard aisle management systems provided they are managed to produce moderate vine size, without adverse effects to yield or fruit quality, while still maintaining effective weed control.

La thèse porte sur la proposition d’un protocole pour le développement durable de la viticulture du Brésil, avec un approche territorial, a partir de deux études exploratoires au Brésil, dans les régions viticoles de la Campanha Gaúcha et de la Vale do São Francisco, et basée sur des investigations préliminaires, ce qui impliquait des pratique de terrain dans trois pays (la France, l’Italie et l’Espagne) et l’observation des standards et programmes dans autres cinq (l’Afrique du Sud, l’Australie, la Nouvelle Zélande, les États Unis et le Chili). Le protocole proposé s’appelle BaccuS, qui est structurée sous forme matricielle, avec un axe correspondant à des dimensions et d'autres à des lignes directrices, organisées dans une ordre croissant de complexité et de développement. Les cinq dimensions (environnemental, économique, social, politique-institutionnelle et territorial) et les quatre directrices (la gestion, l’articulation et coopération, l’innovation et l’apprentissage et le développement durable) sont articulés par dix-huit thèmes, qui représentent les aspects principaux pour l’action pour promouvoir le développement durable dans les territoires du vin. Chaque thème a des indicateurs, qui sont détaillés en facteurs à considérer et des exemple pratique d’application au Brésil ou dans le contexte international. Ainsi, dix indicateurs de synthèse indiquent des initiatives ou programmes que peuvent être démarrés et répercuter positivement dans d’autres indicateurs. Le BaccuS peut être utilisé dans des échelles diverses, dans les producteurs ou territoires. / A tese envolve a proposição de um protocolo para a sustentabilidade da vitivinicultura do Brasil com uma abordagem territorial a partir de dois estudos exploratórios na Campanha Gaúcha e no Vale do São Francisco baseados em pesquisas prévias. Essas pesquisas contaram com trabalho de campo em três países (França, Itália e Espanha) e observação de protocolo em outros cinco (África do Sul, Austrália, Nova Zelândia, Estados Unidos e Chile). O protocolo proposto é chamado BaccuS. É estruturado em forma matricial, com um eixo correspondendo a dimensões e outro a diretrizes, ambas em ordem crescente de complexidade e desenvolvimento. As cinco dimensões de sustentabilidade (ambiental, econômica, social, político-institucional e territorial) e as quatro diretrizes (gestão, articulação e cooperação, inovação e aprendizado e sustentabilidade) são articuladas por 18 temas, que representam áreas principais para a ação, de modo a promover a sustentabilidade no território do vinho. Cada tema possui indicadores, nos quais exemplos práticos de aplicação no Brasil ou internacionalmente são considerados. Além disso, dez indicadores de síntese indicam iniciativa ou programas que podem ser implantados e repercutir positivamente em diversos indicadores. O protocolo BaccuS pode ser aplicado em diversas escalas, na vinícola ou no território. / The thesis involves the proposition of a framework for the sustainability of viticulture in Brazil using a territorial approach built from two exploratory studies in Brazilian wine regions of Campanha Gaúcha and Vale do São Francisco based on preliminary studies. Those studies involved technical visits in three countries (France, Italy and Spain) and frameworks’ observations in another five (South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, USA and Chile). The framework proposed is called BaccuS. It is structured on a matrix basis, with an axis corresponding to dimensions and other to guidelines, both in ascending order of complexity and development. There are eighteen topics that represent areas to act to promote the sustainability in the wine territories. They articulate the five sustainability dimensions (environment, economic, social, politicalinstitutional and territorial) and the four guidelines (management, articulation and cooperation, innovation and learning and sustainability). Each topic has indicators, in which factors to consider and practical examples in Brazil or internationally are detailed. Additionally, ten synthesis indicators specify initiatives or programs that can be implemented to impact positively on several indicators. The BaccuS framework can be applied in several scales, in the winery or the territory.

La thèse porte sur la proposition d’un protocole pour le développement durable de la viticulture du Brésil, avec un approche territorial, a partir de deux études exploratoires au Brésil, dans les régions viticoles de la Campanha Gaúcha et de la Vale do São Francisco, et basée sur des investigations préliminaires, ce qui impliquait des pratique de terrain dans trois pays (la France, l’Italie et l’Espagne) et l’observation des standards et programmes dans autres cinq (l’Afrique du Sud, l’Australie, la Nouvelle Zélande, les États Unis et le Chili). Le protocole proposé s’appelle BaccuS, qui est structurée sous forme matricielle, avec un axe correspondant à des dimensions et d'autres à des lignes directrices, organisées dans une ordre croissant de complexité et de développement. Les cinq dimensions (environnemental, économique, social, politique-institutionnelle et territorial) et les quatre directrices (la gestion, l’articulation et coopération, l’innovation et l’apprentissage et le développement durable) sont articulés par dix-huit thèmes, qui représentent les aspects principaux pour l’action pour promouvoir le développement durable dans les territoires du vin. Chaque thème a des indicateurs, qui sont détaillés en facteurs à considérer et des exemple pratique d’application au Brésil ou dans le contexte international. Ainsi, dix indicateurs de synthèse indiquent des initiatives ou programmes que peuvent être démarrés et répercuter positivement dans d’autres indicateurs. Le BaccuS peut être utilisé dans des échelles diverses, dans les producteurs ou territoires. / A tese envolve a proposição de um protocolo para a sustentabilidade da vitivinicultura do Brasil com uma abordagem territorial a partir de dois estudos exploratórios na Campanha Gaúcha e no Vale do São Francisco baseados em pesquisas prévias. Essas pesquisas contaram com trabalho de campo em três países (França, Itália e Espanha) e observação de protocolo em outros cinco (África do Sul, Austrália, Nova Zelândia, Estados Unidos e Chile). O protocolo proposto é chamado BaccuS. É estruturado em forma matricial, com um eixo correspondendo a dimensões e outro a diretrizes, ambas em ordem crescente de complexidade e desenvolvimento. As cinco dimensões de sustentabilidade (ambiental, econômica, social, político-institucional e territorial) e as quatro diretrizes (gestão, articulação e cooperação, inovação e aprendizado e sustentabilidade) são articuladas por 18 temas, que representam áreas principais para a ação, de modo a promover a sustentabilidade no território do vinho. Cada tema possui indicadores, nos quais exemplos práticos de aplicação no Brasil ou internacionalmente são considerados. Além disso, dez indicadores de síntese indicam iniciativa ou programas que podem ser implantados e repercutir positivamente em diversos indicadores. O protocolo BaccuS pode ser aplicado em diversas escalas, na vinícola ou no território. / The thesis involves the proposition of a framework for the sustainability of viticulture in Brazil using a territorial approach built from two exploratory studies in Brazilian wine regions of Campanha Gaúcha and Vale do São Francisco based on preliminary studies. Those studies involved technical visits in three countries (France, Italy and Spain) and frameworks’ observations in another five (South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, USA and Chile). The framework proposed is called BaccuS. It is structured on a matrix basis, with an axis corresponding to dimensions and other to guidelines, both in ascending order of complexity and development. There are eighteen topics that represent areas to act to promote the sustainability in the wine territories. They articulate the five sustainability dimensions (environment, economic, social, politicalinstitutional and territorial) and the four guidelines (management, articulation and cooperation, innovation and learning and sustainability). Each topic has indicators, in which factors to consider and practical examples in Brazil or internationally are detailed. Additionally, ten synthesis indicators specify initiatives or programs that can be implemented to impact positively on several indicators. The BaccuS framework can be applied in several scales, in the winery or the territory.

La thèse porte sur la proposition d’un protocole pour le développement durable de la viticulture du Brésil, avec un approche territorial, a partir de deux études exploratoires au Brésil, dans les régions viticoles de la Campanha Gaúcha et de la Vale do São Francisco, et basée sur des investigations préliminaires, ce qui impliquait des pratique de terrain dans trois pays (la France, l’Italie et l’Espagne) et l’observation des standards et programmes dans autres cinq (l’Afrique du Sud, l’Australie, la Nouvelle Zélande, les États Unis et le Chili). Le protocole proposé s’appelle BaccuS, qui est structurée sous forme matricielle, avec un axe correspondant à des dimensions et d'autres à des lignes directrices, organisées dans une ordre croissant de complexité et de développement. Les cinq dimensions (environnemental, économique, social, politique-institutionnelle et territorial) et les quatre directrices (la gestion, l’articulation et coopération, l’innovation et l’apprentissage et le développement durable) sont articulés par dix-huit thèmes, qui représentent les aspects principaux pour l’action pour promouvoir le développement durable dans les territoires du vin. Chaque thème a des indicateurs, qui sont détaillés en facteurs à considérer et des exemple pratique d’application au Brésil ou dans le contexte international. Ainsi, dix indicateurs de synthèse indiquent des initiatives ou programmes que peuvent être démarrés et répercuter positivement dans d’autres indicateurs. Le BaccuS peut être utilisé dans des échelles diverses, dans les producteurs ou territoires. / A tese envolve a proposição de um protocolo para a sustentabilidade da vitivinicultura do Brasil com uma abordagem territorial a partir de dois estudos exploratórios na Campanha Gaúcha e no Vale do São Francisco baseados em pesquisas prévias. Essas pesquisas contaram com trabalho de campo em três países (França, Itália e Espanha) e observação de protocolo em outros cinco (África do Sul, Austrália, Nova Zelândia, Estados Unidos e Chile). O protocolo proposto é chamado BaccuS. É estruturado em forma matricial, com um eixo correspondendo a dimensões e outro a diretrizes, ambas em ordem crescente de complexidade e desenvolvimento. As cinco dimensões de sustentabilidade (ambiental, econômica, social, político-institucional e territorial) e as quatro diretrizes (gestão, articulação e cooperação, inovação e aprendizado e sustentabilidade) são articuladas por 18 temas, que representam áreas principais para a ação, de modo a promover a sustentabilidade no território do vinho. Cada tema possui indicadores, nos quais exemplos práticos de aplicação no Brasil ou internacionalmente são considerados. Além disso, dez indicadores de síntese indicam iniciativa ou programas que podem ser implantados e repercutir positivamente em diversos indicadores. O protocolo BaccuS pode ser aplicado em diversas escalas, na vinícola ou no território. / The thesis involves the proposition of a framework for the sustainability of viticulture in Brazil using a territorial approach built from two exploratory studies in Brazilian wine regions of Campanha Gaúcha and Vale do São Francisco based on preliminary studies. Those studies involved technical visits in three countries (France, Italy and Spain) and frameworks’ observations in another five (South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, USA and Chile). The framework proposed is called BaccuS. It is structured on a matrix basis, with an axis corresponding to dimensions and other to guidelines, both in ascending order of complexity and development. There are eighteen topics that represent areas to act to promote the sustainability in the wine territories. They articulate the five sustainability dimensions (environment, economic, social, politicalinstitutional and territorial) and the four guidelines (management, articulation and cooperation, innovation and learning and sustainability). Each topic has indicators, in which factors to consider and practical examples in Brazil or internationally are detailed. Additionally, ten synthesis indicators specify initiatives or programs that can be implemented to impact positively on several indicators. The BaccuS framework can be applied in several scales, in the winery or the territory.

La thèse porte sur la proposition d’un protocole pour le développement durable de la viticulture du Brésil, avec un approche territorial, a partir de deux études exploratoires au Brésil, dans les régions viticoles de la Campanha Gaúcha et de la Vale do São Francisco, et basée sur des investigations préliminaires, ce qui impliquait des pratique de terrain dans trois pays (la France, l’Italie et l’Espagne) et l’observation des standards et programmes dans autres cinq (l’Afrique du Sud, l’Australie, la Nouvelle Zélande, les États Unis et le Chili). Le protocole proposé s’appelle BaccuS, qui est structurée sous forme matricielle, avec un axe correspondant à des dimensions et d'autres à des lignes directrices, organisées dans une ordre croissant de complexité et de développement. Les cinq dimensions (environnemental, économique, social, politique-institutionnelle et territorial) et les quatre directrices (la gestion, l’articulation et coopération, l’innovation et l’apprentissage et le développement durable) sont articulés par dix-huit thèmes, qui représentent les aspects principaux pour l’action pour promouvoir le développement durable dans les territoires du vin. Chaque thème a des indicateurs, qui sont détaillés en facteurs à considérer et des exemple pratique d’application au Brésil ou dans le contexte international. Ainsi, dix indicateurs de synthèse indiquent des initiatives ou programmes que peuvent être démarrés et répercuter positivement dans d’autres indicateurs. Le BaccuS peut être utilisé dans des échelles diverses, dans les producteurs ou territoires. / The thesis involves the proposition of a framework for the sustainability of viticulture in Brazil using a territorial approach built from two exploratory studies in Brazilian wine regions of Campanha Gaúcha and Vale do São Francisco based on preliminary studies. Those studies involved technical visits in three countries (France, Italy and Spain) and frameworks’ observations in another five (South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, USA and Chile). The framework proposed is called BaccuS. It is structured on a matrix basis, with an axis corresponding to dimensions and other to guidelines, both in ascending order of complexity and development. There are eighteen topics that represent areas to act to promote the sustainability in the wine territories. They articulate the five sustainability dimensions (environment, economic, social, political-institutional and territorial) and the four guidelines (management, articulation and cooperation, innovation and learning and sustainability). Each topic has indicators, in which factors to consider and practical examples in Brazil or internationally are detailed. Additionally, ten synthesis indicators specify initiatives or programs that can be implemented to impact positively on several indicators. The BaccuS framework can be applied in several scales, in the winery or the territory. / A tese envolve a proposição de um protocolo para a sustentabilidade da vitivinicultura do Brasil com uma abordagem territorial a partir de dois estudos exploratórios na Campanha Gaúcha e no Vale do São Francisco baseados em pesquisas prévias. Essas pesquisas contaram com trabalho de campo em três países (França, Itália e Espanha) e observação de protocolo em outros cinco (África do Sul, Austrália, Nova Zelândia, Estados Unidos e Chile). O protocolo proposto é chamado BaccuS. É estruturado em forma matricial, com um eixo correspondendo a dimensões e outro a diretrizes, ambas em ordem crescente de complexidade e desenvolvimento. As cinco dimensões de sustentabilidade (ambiental, econômica, social, político-institucional e territorial) e as quatro diretrizes (gestão, articulação e cooperação, inovação e aprendizado e sustentabilidade) são articuladas por 18 temas, que representam áreas principais para a ação, de modo a promover a sustentabilidade no território do vinho. Cada tema possui indicadores, nos quais exemplos práticos de aplicação no Brasil ou internacionalmente são considerados. Além disso, dez indicadores de síntese indicam iniciativa ou programas que podem ser implantados e repercutir positivamente em diversos indicadores. O protocolo BaccuS pode ser aplicado em diversas escalas, na vinícola ou no território.