O treinamento por natação leva a uma sobrecarga de volume no coração, que induz a hipertrofia cardíaca (HC) excêntrica, com aumento da massa e do diâmetro cardíaco. Neste trabalho foram investigadas as adaptações no sistema cardiovascular e na expressão de genes relacionados à HC patológica, na gênese da HC por treinamento de natação. 42 ratas wistar foram divididas em grupos: sedentário controle (SC) treinado protocolo 1 (P1) e treinado protocolo 2 (P2). O treinamento de P1 foi de 1x60min/dia, 5x/semana, por 10 semanas. O de P2 foi igual ao P1 até a 8ª semana. Na 9ª semana 2x/dia e na 10ª semana 3x/dia. Os grupos treinados, em relação ao SC, apresentaram bradicardia de repouso, melhora no desempenho físico do teste máximo e do consumo máximo de oxigênio e HC, sem alterar a pressão arterial média e a expressão dos genes do fator natriurético atrial e da alfa actina esquelética. O grupo P2 apresentou aumento no diâmetro cardíaco e redução da expressão do gene da beta miosina de cadeia pesada. Este último resultado é contrário à literatura para a HC patológica, que mostra o aumento não só da expressão deste gene como a dos outros genes estudados. Os resultados de HC de P2 assemelham-se aos encontrados em estudos recentes com atletas de modalidades de maior componente aeróbio, sendo este um bom modelo para investigação dos mecanismos envolvidos na HC destes atleta / Swimming training leads to a cardiac volume overload that induces excentric cardiac hypertrophy (CH) with an increase in cardiac mass and diameter. Cardiovascular system adaptations and expression of genes relatated with pathological CH were investigated in swimming training CH. We studied 42 wistar females, divided in sedentary control (SC) group, protocol 1 trained group (P1) and protocol 2 trained group (P2). The P1 training program was once a day for 5 times/week for 10 weeks. P2 was the same as P1 until 8th week. In 9th week it was twice a day and in 10th week 3 times a day. Trained groups, in contrast with SC, showed rest bradycardia, improvement in physical performance, maximum oxygen uptake and CH, with no alteration in the medium arterial pressure and in the expression of atrial natriuretic factor and skeletal alpha actin genes. Moreover, P2 showed an increase in cardiac diameter and decrease in the expression of beta myosin heavy chain gene. This expression result is different of patological CH literature wich shows an increase of this gene expression and also in the others genes we had investigated. P2 CH results were similar to those recently found in endurance-type athletes, sugesting this is a good model to investigate mechanisms involved in endurance-type athletes CH

The aim of the this thesis is to map the compulsory lessons of children of younger school age in the Central Bohemian Region. It also focuses on the question of teaching the first method of swimming in individual swimming schools, on the teaching methods used, and as well on the education and length of practice of their teachers in these schools in the choosen region. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces the history of swimming lessons, the legislation of swimming schools, the importance of swimming, the swimming methods taught in basic compulsory swimming lessons and the characteristics of children of younger school age. In the practical part, we should compare the level of individual swimming schools in the region in compulsory swimming lessons, as well as the components that can affect this lessons. At the same time, we should map the teaching of individual swimming methods and teaching methods in these swimming schools in the Central Bohemian Region. KEYWORDS swimming training, swimming school, swimming method, swimming, teaching, pupil, instructor, swimming skills, teaching methods, education

The work was reflecting the effect of basic swimming training and the water environment on the fine motor skills of the upper limbs in a group of pupils with specific learning disabilities. Part of the work is a comparison with a group of pupils of the same age with specific learning disabilities without said swimming training. The main goal of the work is to observe a group of pupils from a Prague based private elementary school with focus on education of children with specific learning disabilities and evaluation of potential changes in fine motor skills of the upper limbs. The selected group of pupils consisted of children diagnosed with one or more specific learning disability, such as developmental dysphasia, dyspraxia, dysgraphia, dyslexia, ADHD syndrome and Asperger's syndrome in ages 8 to 10. The training was a mandatory basic swimming training in third grade and happened during the school year 2018/2019 with total of 15 participants. Input testing for fine motor skills and test of level of swimming abilities were organised in the beginning of the training. Output testing was organised in February of 2019 after completion of 20 hours of swimming training. This was then compared to level of fine motor skills of a group of pupils of same age without basic swimming training. Key words swimming...