No description available.

Coal firing power stations represent the second largest source of global NOx emissions. The current practice of predicting likely exit NOx levels from multi-burner furnaces on the basis of single burner test rig data has been proven inadequate. Therefore, to further improve current NOx reduction technologies and assist in the assessment of NOx levels in new and retrofit plant cases, an improved understanding of the impact of burner interactions is required. The aim of this research is two-fold: firstly, to experimentally investigate isothermal flow interactions in multi-burner arrays for different swirl directions and burner pitches in order to gain a better understanding of burner interaction effects within multi-burner furnaces. Secondly, to carry out numerical modelling in order to determine turbulence models which give the best agreement to experimental data. Experimental investigations were carried out using flow visualisation for qualitative and 3D laser Doppler anemometry for quantitative measurements. Numerical modelling was performed using the computational fluid dynamics software, Fluent, to compare performance between k-ε, k- ω and RSM turbulence models. Experimental investigation showed that the recirculation zone of the chequerboard configuration is more sensitive to the change in pitch than that of the columnar configuration. Further, it was found that the smaller pitch is more sensitive to change in configuration than the wider pitch. The analysis of fluctuating components, u’, v’ and w’ showed that the burner flow is highly anisotropic at burner exit. Numerical investigation showed that the k-ω turbulence model consistently performed below the other two models. The statistical comparison between k-ε and RSM turbulence models revealed that, for prediction of the swirl velocity profiles, the RSM model overall performed better than the k-ε turbulence model. The visual and statistical analyses of turbulent kinetic energy profiles also showed that the RSM turbulence model provides a closer match to the experimental data than the k-ε turbulence model.

Biogas is a renewable gaseous fuel with low calorific value and a low burning velocity. This burning characteristic makes stabilizing biogas flame difficult especially in high flow velocity applications, and hence presenting a real challenge for power generation systems. This thesis presents an experimental investigation of the effect of burner geometry (i.e., fuel nozzle geometry and swirl strength of the co-airflow) on the stability limits of a turbulent non-premixed biogas surrogate flame. Three different co-airflow swirl strengths (S = 0, 0.31, 0.79) were implemented using swirl generators with vane angle of 0º, 25º and 50º, respectively. Six different fuel nozzle geometries were used in order to study the effect of fuel jet centerline velocity on the stability limits of a low swirling (i.e., 25º) non-premixed biogas flame. Moreover, the biogas surrogate fuel composition was kept constant (60% CH4 and 40% CO2 by volume) using a mixture of pure methane and carbon dioxide gases. The results of the effect of co-airflow swirl strength on the stability limits of biogas flame revealed that the swirl plays an important role on both the flame mode and its stability limits for both attached and lifted flames. The experimental results revealed that at low swirl strength the attached flame lifts off and stabilizes at a distance above the burner, while at high swirl strength the flame remains attached but shortens and burns blue. Overall, the high swirl attached flame was found to stabilize over a wider range of flow conditions in comparison to the attached and lifted flame produced by low swirl. Importantly, the central fuel jet characteristics (induced by varying the fuel nozzle geometry) were found to drastically influence the upper and lower blowout limits of the low swirl biogas lifted flame, while multi-hole fuel nozzle geometry was found to significantly enhance the stability ranges. 2D PIV data was used to explain the stability limits and the experimental flame results were used to propose semi-empirical correlations capable of describing the turbulent biogas blowout stability limits. / October 2016

Diante do nível de emissões extremamente rigoroso exigido pela legislação ambiental, todos os aspectos que afetam a combustão no motor devem ser controlados e explorados. Sendo o \"Swirl\" (turbilhonamento do ar na câmara de combustão) um fenômeno que afeta a combustão, este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar experimentalmente o seu efeito nas emissões de poluentes e consumo de combustível em um motor com sistema de injeção COMMON RAIL. Para tanto, foram fundidos cabeçotes com diferentes valores de Swirl, para analisar o desempenho do motor. Os quatro conjuntos de amostras confeccionadas apresentam valores de Swirl maximizados, minimizados e próximos ao padrão. Os testes em bancada contemplaram curvas de plena carga, ciclos ESC e um ciclo ESC diferenciado onde filtros foram usados para coletar o material particulado em cada ponto do ciclo. Além disso, testes foram feitos alterando-se o início da injeção, antecipando e atrasando-o. As emissões analisadas foram monóxido de carbono (CO), óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx), hidrocarbonetos (HC) e material particulado (MP), sendo adicionados comentários sobre os resultados obtidos. Os procedimentos adotados para a seleção de peças, medições e realização dos testes, bem como os resultados apresentados estão descritos no decorrer deste trabalho. / Owing to the extremely stringent level of emissions required by environmental legislation, all aspects affecting combustion in the engine must be controlled and explored. Since the Swirl is a phenomenon that affects combustion, this work aims to study experimentally its effect in the pollutant emissions and fuel consumption in an engine with COMMON RAIL injection system. For this purpose, cylinder heads with different Swirl values were casted to analyze the performance of the engine. The four sets of samples have maximized, minimized and near-standard Swirl values. The bench tests comprised full load curves, ESC cycles and a differentiated ESC cycle where filters were used to collect the particulate matter at each point in the cycle. Besides that, tests were done by altering the start of injection, anticipating and delaying it.The emissions analyzed were carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM), adding comments on the obtained results. The adopted procedures for the selection of parts, measurements and conducting tests, as well as the presented results are described in the course of this work.

Diante do nível de emissões extremamente rigoroso exigido pela legislação ambiental, todos os aspectos que afetam a combustão no motor devem ser controlados e explorados. Sendo o \"Swirl\" (turbilhonamento do ar na câmara de combustão) um fenômeno que afeta a combustão, este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar experimentalmente o seu efeito nas emissões de poluentes e consumo de combustível em um motor com sistema de injeção COMMON RAIL. Para tanto, foram fundidos cabeçotes com diferentes valores de Swirl, para analisar o desempenho do motor. Os quatro conjuntos de amostras confeccionadas apresentam valores de Swirl maximizados, minimizados e próximos ao padrão. Os testes em bancada contemplaram curvas de plena carga, ciclos ESC e um ciclo ESC diferenciado onde filtros foram usados para coletar o material particulado em cada ponto do ciclo. Além disso, testes foram feitos alterando-se o início da injeção, antecipando e atrasando-o. As emissões analisadas foram monóxido de carbono (CO), óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx), hidrocarbonetos (HC) e material particulado (MP), sendo adicionados comentários sobre os resultados obtidos. Os procedimentos adotados para a seleção de peças, medições e realização dos testes, bem como os resultados apresentados estão descritos no decorrer deste trabalho. / Owing to the extremely stringent level of emissions required by environmental legislation, all aspects affecting combustion in the engine must be controlled and explored. Since the Swirl is a phenomenon that affects combustion, this work aims to study experimentally its effect in the pollutant emissions and fuel consumption in an engine with COMMON RAIL injection system. For this purpose, cylinder heads with different Swirl values were casted to analyze the performance of the engine. The four sets of samples have maximized, minimized and near-standard Swirl values. The bench tests comprised full load curves, ESC cycles and a differentiated ESC cycle where filters were used to collect the particulate matter at each point in the cycle. Besides that, tests were done by altering the start of injection, anticipating and delaying it.The emissions analyzed were carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM), adding comments on the obtained results. The adopted procedures for the selection of parts, measurements and conducting tests, as well as the presented results are described in the course of this work.

No description available.

Neste trabalho pretende-se desenvolver o dispositivo para a fixação de cabeçotes e acionamento de válvulas em um equipamento para medição de swirl, que é um dos movimentos do ar dentro da câmara de combustão nos motores de ignição por compressão. Este desenvolvimento tem como objetivos facilitar a montagem do cabeçote no equipamento e desenvolver o avanço automático das válvulas, visando a redução do tempo total do ensaio. No desenvolvimento, foi feito um comparativo das características e componentes montados nos cabeçotes e nos diferentes modelos que serão testados no equipamento, para que não fossem necessários retrabalhos no cabeçote ou desmontagens de componentes para a realização dos ensaios, abrangendo a maior gama possível de produtos. Foram definidos os métodos de posicionamento do cabeçote no dispositivo e o sistema de fixação. Para garantir a precisão no acionamento das válvulas, foi definido um fuso de esferas recirculantes, acionadas por um motor de passo. O projeto foi concluído e o dispositivo foi fabricado e instalado no equipamento de medição. Testes realizados mostraram resultados de medição de swirl conforme esperado, além da diminuição no tempo total do teste. A partir de observações feitas após a fabricação e os testes no dispositivo, algumas melhorias estão sendo propostas, como, por exemplo, acionamentos por balancins independentes para cada válvula. / In this work, the aim is to develop the device for the fixture of the cylinder head and the valve actuation in a swirl meter test bench. Swirl is a movement inside the combustion chamber in a compression ignition engine. The development aims to facilitate the assembling of the cylinder head in the equipment and develop the valve lift device, focusing in decreasing the total time for the test. Also, the valve actuator shall be able to perform the continuous valve lift in the swirl measurement. During the development of this work, a comparative of the main features and the components assembled in the different cylinder head types to be tested in the equipment was done, to avoid rework or disassembling of components for the test, including the most variety of types. It was defined the positioning method for cylinder head in the device and the fixation system. To ensure the precision in the valve actuation, it was defined a ball screw, driven by a step motor. The project was finalized, manufactured and installed in the measurement equipment. Performed tests have showed results of swirl measurement according to expected, and the total time of test was decreased. After this first project, some improvements are proposed in the device, for example, individual actuation per valve.

O desenvolvimento de queimadores de baixo NOx é baseado na compreensão da interação entre a cinética química da combustão e o campo do escoamento. Escoamentos rotacionais (swirling flows) são caracterizados pela presença de gradientes de pressão radiais e axiais, e tem sido aplicados como técnica de combustão para a minimização desses poluentes. Neste trabalho é apresentada a modelagem numérica de uma câmara de combustão cilíndrica com queimador dotado com swirler de blocos móveis. O modelo, composto pela equação de continuidade, balanços da quantidade de movimento em três dimensões, o transporte da energia cinética turbulenta e da vorticidade, transporte de espécies químicas e energia, foi implementado numericamente sob a plataforma computacional Fluent. A câmara foi simulada considerando propano combustível e os resultados comparados a dados experimentais de uma câmara cilíndrica operada com GLP. Como principal resultado foi possível identificar a ocorrência da ZCR no escoamento e a influência do número de swirl sobre as características da combustão. / The development of low NOx burners is based on the comprehension of the interaction between combustion kinetics and flow field. Swirling flows are characterized by radial and axial pressure gradients, which improve the recirculation of the hot products into the flame region, and then enhance the combustion efficiency have being proposed as a mean to reduce NOx emissions from these equipment’s. This work presents the numerical modeling of cylindrical combustion chamber equipped with movable blocks burner. The model includes the continuity equation along with the 3D momentum balance equations, the k-ω shear stress transport turbulence model equations, the energy balance and the equations for transport chemical species. Results of the simulation of the swirling reactive flow in the combustion chamber, performed using Fluent CFD package, are validated by comparison with experimental data obtained elsewhere. As a main result, it was possible to identify the occurrence of a CRZ in the flow and to discuss the influence of the swirl number on the combustion characteristics.

Ce travail traite de la dynamique des flammes turbulentes prémélangées confinées et swirlées soumises à des perturbations de vitesses acoustiques. L'objectif général est d'acquérir une compréhension des mécanismes régissant la réponse de ces flammes et d'en tirer des méthodes de prévision des instabilités de combustion. Les écoulements swirlés sont d'abord examinés en termes de nombre de swirl et de nouvelles expressions sont données pour cette quantité. On traite notamment des effets de perturbations de vitesse et une expression est proposée qui tient compte des fluctuations de vitesses dans l'écoulement. Le système utilisé pour l'étude expérimentale comprend une cavité amont, un injecteur équipé d'un swirler et un tube à flamme transparent permettant la visualisation directe du mouvement de la flamme. Deux points de fonctionnement sont étudiés correspondant à des vitesses débitantes différentes. La cavité amont et le tube à flamme du brûleur peuvent être facilement changés pour étudier plusieurs configurations différentes. L'acoustique du brûleur est également analysée au moyen d'une approche de cavités couplées pour déterminer les fréquences de résonance du système en configuration non-réactive. Des expériences sont menées pour mesurer les fréquences propres du système et l'estimation du coefficient d'amortissement est réalisée à partir de la réponse du système à une modulation externe. Un critère de découplage des mode acoustiques est proposé. La dynamique de l'écoulement est examinée en termes de conversion de modes au niveau de la vrille (swirler) ou dans une grille d'aubes. Cette partie du travail, effectuée au moyen de simulations numériques montre que lorsqu'une grille ou une vrille sont soumis à une onde acoustique, le swirler donne naissance à une onde azimutale convective en plus de l'onde acoustique axiale transmise. Les deux types de swirlers, axial et radial, donnent lieu à ce mécanisme, un fait confirmé par des expériences. Il est montré que ce processus de conversion de mode a un impact important sur la dynamique de la flamme swirlée. La dynamique de la combustion est ensuite analysée en mesurant la fonction de transfert généralisée ainsi que les distributions de taux de dégagement de chaleur au cours du cycle d'oscillation. La fonction de transfert est utilisée pour déterminer la réponse de la flamme à des perturbations acoustiques se propageant dans l'écoulement en amont de la flamme. Il est aussi montré que le nombre de Strouhal est un groupe sans dimensions qui permet de caractériser la réponse de la flamme. La dynamique est également analysée au moyen d'un ensemble de diagnostics comprenant des sondes de pression, un photomultiplicateur et un vélocimètre laser Doppler. Un modèle pour la fonction de transfert linéaire de la flamme est dérivé théoriquement à partir d'une description de la flamme au moyen de l'équation pour une variable de champ G. Les mécanismes physiques de la réponse de la flamme sont identifiés : enroulement tourbillonnaire et fluctuations du nombre de swirl. L'enroulement tourbillonnaire est associé à l'onde acoustique transmise en aval du swirler et qui pénètre dans la chambre de combustion. Tandis que les fluctuations du nombre de swirl sont directement liées aux mécanismes de conversion de mode au swirler qui induit différentes vitesses pour les perturbations axiales et azimutales. L'enroulement tourbillonnaire enroule l'extrémité de la flamme tandis que les fluctuations du nombre de swirl agissent sur l'angle de la flamme. Ces deux mécanismes en compétition se combinent de manière constructive ou destructive conduisant à des gains faibles ou élevés dans la réponse de la flamme en fonction de la fréquence. Ces mécanismes sont retrouvés par simulation aux grandes échelles (LES). Enfin, une analyse d'instabilité est réalisée en combinant la fonction de transfert généralisée expérimentale et un modèle acoustique du brûleur afin de déterminer la fréquence et l'amplitude des perturbations de vitesse au cycle limite.

This thesis presents the results of high supply (up to 84 bar) pressure testing of hole-pattern annular gas seals performed at the Texas A & M Turbomachinery Laboratory in College Station, TX. The test variables were chosen to determine the influence of pressure ratio, rotor speed, and negative preswirl on seal performance. Preswirl signifies the circumferential fluid flow entering a seal, and negative preswirl indicates a fluid swirl in the direction opposite of rotor rotation. Changes in pressure ratio had only small effects on most rotordynamic coefficients. Cross-coupled stiffness showed slightly different profiles through the mid-range of excitation frequencies. Pressure ratio showed some influence on direct and cross-coupled damping at low excitation frequencies. Rotor speed significantly affected both cross-coupled stiffness and cross-coupled damping. As rotor speed increased, the magnitude of cross-coupled rotordynamic coefficients increased due to the positive fluid swirl induced by rotor rotation. For the low rotor speed, negative inlet preswirl was able to overpower the positive rotor induced fluid rotation, producing a negative cross-coupled stiffness. This outcome showed that, for hole-pattern seals, positive fluid swirl does indeed produce positive cross-coupled stiffness coefficients and negative fluid swirl produces negative cross-coupled stiffness coefficients. The addition of negative preswirl greatly reduced cross-coupled rotordynamic coefficients, while direct rotordynamic terms were unaffected. Cross-over frequency signifies the excitation frequency where effective damping transitions from a negative value to a positive value with increasing excitation frequency. Peak effective damping was increased by 50 percent and cross-over frequency reduced by 50 percent for high-negative preswirl versus zero preswirl results. This led to the conclusion that a reverse swirl could greatly enhance the stability of hole-pattern balance piston seals. A two-control-volume model that uses the ideal gas law at constant temperature (ISOT) was used to predict rotordynamic coefficients and leakage. This model predicted direct rotordynamic coefficients well, but greatly under predicted cross-coupled rotordynamic coefficients especially at high negative preswirls. The model predicted seal leakage well at low pressure ratios, but showed increasing error as the pressure ratio was increased. These results showed that the prediction model could not adequately estimate cross-coupled rotordynamic coefficients for a hole-pattern seal with negative inlet preswirl and requires modification to do so.