Le traumatisme psychique dans la guerre confronte le sujet au « réel de la mort » (Lebigot, 2005). Il agit comme une effraction psychique, par laquelle aucune représentation n’est accessible, condamnant l’affect à errer sans but, sinon à sa glaciation. Les traumatismes de guerre en constituent l’apogée. À ce niveau, on observe que, pour fuir la menace du traumatisme dans la guerre, de nombreuses populations trouvent par le chemin de l'exode l'espoir d'une vie meilleure au sein d’une terre d'accueil plus sécurisante. Mais, si l'exil apparaît comme une issue ultime de protection, l’épreuve qu’il constitue n'épargne pas au sujet la douleur de la « coupure d'avec les origines », apparentée à une « trahison » (Stitou, 1997, 2006). L'exil d'après-guerre serait ainsi le terrain propice au défaut de symbolisation et de transmission entre générations, créant une rupture de la filiation (Tourn, 1997). Cette recherche s’intéresse aux enfants d'exilés de guerre, nés en terre d’exil, qui éprouvent, par procuration, la douleur sans nom de leurs parents. Il s’agit d’étudier les effets psychopathologiques du vécu d’exil familial d’après-guerre et d’analyser les conséquences de l’« empêchement de penser » (Cherki, 2008) sur le défaut de subjectivation de ceux qui en sont les descendants. En effet, si l'enfant privé de passé ne peut parvenir à se penser lui-même (Aulagnier, 1989), comment regagner une capacité subjectivante ? Nous fonderons notre recherche sur le terrain de l'Histoire de la guerre d'Algérie (1954-1962) et de l’exode en France métropolitaine des années 60. Par le témoignage sensible de nos participants nés en terre d’exil pendant et après la guerre, issus des différentes communautés rapatriées français et migrants algériens, nous analyserons le(s) facteur(s) spécifique(s) et commun(s) qui participe(nt) à entraver la transmission de l’histoire familiale menant à l’exil et leurs répercussions sur le parcours de vie et sur la construction psychique singuliers à chacun. Nous verrons que si le vécu d’exil des parents, en tant qu’arrachement à sa terre natale et perte des objets d’amour, peut altérer les voies de la transmission des origines, il peut aussi offrir les fondements nécessaires au processus de subjectivation chez les descendants. Nous montrerons la façon dont les descendants parviennent à mener une oeuvre de symbolisation dans et par l'exil, pour échapper à l'emprise des traumas en héritage, dont ils sont les dépositaires, afin de devenir à leur tour les agents de la transmission. / The psychic trauma of war confronts the subject with « the real of death » (Lebigot, 2005). It acts as a psychic breaking, for which no representation is available, condemning the affect to wander aimlessly, if not to its glaciation. War traumatism constitute its apogee. At this level, we observe that, to escape the threat of war trauma, many people find by the way of the exodus the hope of a better life in a more secure haven. But if exile appears as an ultimate outcome of protection, its trial doesn’t spare to subject the pain of the « break with origins », associated to a « betrayal » (Stitou 1997, 2006). The exile in post-war would be the propitious ground for lack of symbolization and of transmission between generations, creating a break in filiation (Tourn, 1997). This research is about children of war exiles, born in exile, who feel vicariously the pain without name of their parents. This study concerns the psychopathological effects of family lived in post-war exile in order to analyze the consequences of the « impediment to think » (Cherki, 2008) on the lack of subjectivation of those who are the descendants. Indeed, if the child deprived of the past can’t succeed in thinking himself (Aulagnier, 1989), how can he regain a capacity of subjectivation ? We base our research on History field of Algerian war (1954-1962) and of exodus in France during the sixties. By the sensitive testimony of our participants born in exile during and after war, born into French repatriates and Algerian migrants communities, we will analyze specific and shared factor(s) which involved in hindering the transmission of family history leading to exile, and their impact on the singular life path and psychic construction. We'll see that, if the experience of parents exile as wrench to his native land and as loss of love objects, can harm ways of origins transmission, it can also provide the foundation of subjectivation process for descendants. We will show how the descendants manage to carry out this symbolization opus in exile and by exile to escape the grip of trauma in legacy, which they are the custodians, in order to become the agents of transmission themselves.

Jouer à être un autre que soi, tel est le travail du comédien. La complexité de la pratique de l’art dramatique réside dans un des paradoxes qui la constitue. La révélation d’un grand acteur s’effectue par sa disparition derrière le personnage. Il s’agit ainsi de s’aventurer dans l’exploration du jeu théâtral, pour tenter d’approcher les modalités psychiques qui permettent l’exploit d’être un autre que soi sans pour autant se perdre tout à fait. Pour ouvrir des pistes de réflexion sur la façon dont un sujet se saisit du métier d’acteur pour la puissance créatrice qui lui est inhérente, comme pour les modalités d’expression qu’il permet, il faudra considérer cette pratique sans son ensemble. Du désir d’un sujet de devenir acteur, au plaisir de monter sur scène, en passant par la formation à l’art dramatique et la création d’un personnage, c’est un voyage au coeur de l’univers théâtral, au plus près de la parole des acteurs, qui débute. Loin de chercher à expliquer une pratique artistique par la psychologie, il s’agit de considérer ce que l’art dramatique aurait encore à apporter à la compréhension de la nature humaine. Quel est la nature spécifique du processus de symbolisation à l’oeuvre dans l’art de l’interprétation théâtrale ? / To play to be other than oneself, such is the work of the comedian. The complexity of the practice of drama lies in one of the paradoxes that constitutes it. The revelation of a great actor is made by his disappearance behind the character. It is thus about venturing into the exploration of the theatrical game, to try to approach the psychic modalities that allow the exploit to be another than oneself without losing oneself altogether. To open avenues for reflection on how a subject grasps the actor’s profession for its inherent creative power, as for the modalities of expression that it allows, it will be necessary to consider the whole practice. From the desire of a subject to become an actor, to the pleasure of going on stage, through drama training and the creation of a character, a journey begins to the heart of the theatrical universe begins, close to the word of the actor. Far from trying to explain an artistic practice by psychology, it is a question of considering what dramatic art would have yet to bring to the understanding of human nature. What is the specific nature of the process of symbolization at work in the art of theatrical interpretation?

Motion analysis deals with determining what and how activities are being performed by a subject, through the use of sensors. The process of answering the what question is commonly known as classification, and answering the how question is here referred to as characterization. Frequently, combinations of inertial sensor such as accelerometers and gyroscopes are used for motion analysis. These sensors are cheap, small, and can easily be incorporated into wearable systems. The overall goal of this thesis was to improve the processing of inertial sensor data for the characterization of movements. This thesis presents a framework for the development of motion analysis systems that targets movement characterization, and describes an implementation of the framework for gait analysis. One substantial aspect of the framework is symbolization, which transforms the sensor data into strings of symbols. Another aspect of the framework is the inclusion of human expert knowledge, which facilitates the connection between data and human concepts, and clarifies the analysis process to a human expert. The proposed implementation was compared to state of practice gait analysis systems, and evaluated in a clinical environment. Results showed that expert knowledge can be successfully used to parse symbolic data and identify the different phases of gait. In addition, the symbolic representation enabled the creation of new gait symmetry and gait normality indices. The proposed symmetry index was superior to many others in detecting movement asymmetry in early-to-mid-stage Parkinson's Disease patients. Furthermore, the normality index showed potential in the assessment of patient recovery after hip-replacement surgery. In conclusion, this implementation of the gait analysis system illustrated that the framework can be used as a road map for the development of movement analysis systems.

Cette recherche se situe dans le champ de la psychopathologie sociale clinique. En référence à la métapsychologie psychanalytique, elle est construite à partir de l’étude de cas. Depuis la place de clinicienne en institution, en portant notre attention sur les différents espaces de la réalité psychique, nous proposons de questionner les liens entre exclusion sociale et temporalité. Nous avons rencontré, dans la clinique et dans le processus de la recherche, différents niveaux de confusion dans l’ordre du temps et avons proposé, pris par la question de l’origine, qu’un espace intérieur se constitue à l’orée de la vie dans le lien avec les premiers objets : l’espace du silence. A partir d’une analyse de la relation transféro-contre-transférentielle dans le cadre d’une clinique individuelle, groupale, institutionnelle ainsi qu’avec l’analyse d’une oeuvre littéraire, nous avons interrogé, à travers la formation de cet espace premier, le devenir sujet dans le lien à l’autre. Ce devenir implique une ouverture à une temporalité propre à chacun et permettant l’inscription dans une histoire singulière. Le sujet "exclu" se construirait comme étranger en lui-même, dans une forme de confusion qui renverrait à un brouillage entre l’intérieur et l’extérieur, entre fantasme et réalité. Sa temporalité serait construite à partir de cryptes renfermant le temps de l’objet, elle ouvrirait sur un temps qui s’étalerait dans un "en dehors" enfoui : un temps qui tournerait sur lui-même, nous renvoyant aux figures de la mélancolie. A sa rencontre, le clinicien serait convoqué à un point de retour, lieu de l’absence totale. Il y aurait, et ce travail de recherche en serait une voie, à figurer quelque chose de ce chaos des origines. / This research has been conduct in the field of clinical social psychopathology. It is based on case study, in reference to psychoanalytical metapsychology. By focusing our attention on the different spaces of psychic reality, and through a vast experience as a clinical psychologist, we are going to question the links between social exclusion and temporality. Throughout the clinical cases and research process, we have been confronted with different levels of time order confusion. As we took in account the question of origin, we have suggested that an inner space is constituted at the edge of life in the bond with the first objects: the space of silence. On the basis of an analysis of the transference and countertransference relationship in the context of an individual, group and institutional therapy, as well as the analysis of a literary work, we have questioned the establishment of interpersonal relationships of one subject, through the construction of its first space. This process involves an opening to a temporality proper to each one that allows the integration in a singular history. The "excluded" subject would build itself as a stranger to itself in a form of confusion that would refer to a blur between the inside and the outside, between fantasy and reality. Its temporality would be built from crypts containing the time of the object, it would open on a time that would spread out in a buried "outside": a time that would turn on itself, referring us to the figures of melancholy. When meeting the subject, the clinical psychologist would be brought back to a point of return, the place of nothingness. This research work would be one way to decipher and understand the chaos of origins.

Extant literature on White Nationalism illustrate the myriad of social issues members of this racialist extremist group presently recognize as threatening the continuation of the white race and the preservation of white heritage (Swain 2002). One of these threats includes the high incidences of black-on-white violent crime within the United States. The March 2008 murder of UNC student body president Eve Carson, a 22 year-old white woman, by two young black males elicited heated discussion among White Nationalists. This paper analyzes, via content analysis, the thematic discourse surrounding Carson's homicide among White Nationalists on two popular White Nationalist websites. Functionalist theory guides this investigation in the attempt to illustrate how White Nationalists use scientific theories of criminality and government crime statistics as tools for justifying their racist beliefs. Also, this study intended to answer whether or not Carson's murder prompted an increase in online membership on the two websites used for the analysis. Moreover, this study sought to unearth thematic discourse which involved attacking whites who do not subscribe to White Nationalism; Eve Carson as either a sacred or profane symbol of whiteness; criticism of government policies, media, and the criminal justice system; evoking fear within the White Nationalist community; and calls for white solidarity and action. This analysis suggests that White Nationalists primarily used Carson's death as an opportunity to attack whites who do not subscribe to White Nationalist beliefs. / Master of Science

Le processus de symbolisation, en tant qu’il a pris forme dans les liens intersubjectifs, est étudié à partir d’une clinique issue d’un dispositif de soin groupal de très jeunes enfants, souffrant de pathologies « aux limites » de la symbolisation et des capacités intersubjectives. Ces groupes constituent un terrain privilégié d’observation des premières modalités d’auto-saisissement, dans les liens interpersonnels, des processus de pensée et de leurs avatars. Il ressort de l’analyse du dispositif et du processus, la nécessité d’un repositionnement théorico-clinique par rapport à des modèles apparaissant le plus souvent mal articulés ou insuffisamment instruits d’une clinique du proto-représentatif et de l’intersensoriel. Il convient, en outre, de tendre vers une complexification, dans l’approche de la dialectique du cadre et du processus, qui envisage la limite comme une construction interne à partir des boucles intersubjectives. C’est dans cette perspective que sont repérés divers niveaux d’« épreuve du cadre » et du « co-éprouvé» en groupe, apparaissant comme autant de tentatives d’organisation des représentations de choses, en référence donc à la symbolisation primaire. Sont envisagés quatre axes organisateurs du processus thérapeutique groupal : la disposition du cadre à la potentialité de sens ; la mise en représentation différenciée des éléments humains et non humains du cadre grâce à l’avènement de la pensée animique ; la transitionnalisation du surmoi préoedipien à travers le « bon usage » de l’interdit du toucher ; le travail du double au sein duquel la fonction des imitations est essentielle. Ils conduisent à appréhender des manières prélatentes de symboliser, intelligibles aux charnières des théories de la symbolisation, de l’intersubjectivité, de l’intersensorialité et de la sensori-motricité. La question des différents états du signe et celle du statut métapsychologique des imitations sont notamment au centre de ces articulations. / The process of symbolization, as it takes shape through intersubjective bonds, is observed in a clinical study using a group setting of young children suffering with pathologies «at the limits» of symbolization and the capacity to be in intersubjective relationships. These groups are a privileged field of observation of primary modes of self-reflexion, in interpersonal relationships, of thought processes and the eventual mishaps. Analysis of setting and process show the necessity of repositioning clinical theory concerning current models, which are often poorly defined or insufficiently linked with clinical evidence of representative prototype and intersensoriality. It would be interesting as well to move towards a more complex approach of setting and process, which would consider the limit as an internal construction emanating from intersubjective feedback. From this viewpoint, different levels of “setting tests” and “shared experiences” in the group can be identified, appearing as attempts to organize representations of things, in reference to primary symbolization. Four axes are presented to describe the organization of process in therapeutic groups : the disposition of the setting towards a potential for meaning ; the organisation of representation as being differenciated from human and non-human elements of the setting as a result of the onset of animic thought ; the transitionnalization of the pre-oedipal superego through the “good utilization” of the interdiction of touch ; the intervention of the “double” with which the imitation function is essential. These lead to the apprehension of prelatent possibilities of symbolizing, yet intelligible at the junction of theories of symbolization, intersubjectivity, intersensoriality, and sensori-motricity. The question of different conditions of the “sign” and of the metapsychological status of imitations is especially important to these articulations.

La pédophilie a valeur de monstruosité dans les sociétés occidentales actuelles. Son évocation suscite dans la population des mouvements émotionnels importants d’incompréhension, d’opprobre et de rejet. Pour autant, les révélations régulières dans les médias et la meilleure prise en compte des victimes depuis les années quatre-vingt-dix donnent un aperçu de l’ampleur du phénomène et en font un véritable sujet de société. Dans ce contexte, la prise en charge psychothérapeutique de patients pédophiles représente un véritable défi pour les professionnels, tant elle soulève des questions théoriques, techniques et éthiques. Il convient de tenter de mieux cerner la pédophilie dans sa dimension historique et de la définir au niveau juridique, psychiatrique, psychopathologique. La théorie psychanalytique offre des pistes de compréhension des enjeux internes susceptibles de conduire à l’agir pédophile. Ainsi, l’emploi de mécanismes psychiques archaïques, voire le recours à l’acte, fonctionnent comme des tentatives de survie psychique face à une situation extrême de danger ressenti comme imminent. Une telle économie est révélatrice d’une éclipse de la subjectivité. Les dispositifs de prise en charge psychothérapeutiques doivent être élaborés en tenant compte du fonctionnement psychique de ces patients, de la sauvegarde de la capacité du thérapeute, et visent la subjectivation du patient. Cinq vignettes cliniques, tirés d’une pratique de psychologue travaillant en milieu carcéral et dans une consultation ambulatoire spécialisée, viennent illustrer et enrichir les concepts théoriques. / Pedophilia is a monstrosity in today's Western societies. His evocation provokes in the population important emotional movements of incomprehension, opprobrium and rejection. However, regular revelations in the media and better consideration of victims since the nineties provide insight into the extent of the phenomenon and make it a real social issue.In this context, the psychotherapeutic care of pedophile patients represents a real challenge for professionals, as it raises theoretical, technical and ethical questions.We must try to better understand pedophilia in its historical dimension and define it at the legal, psychiatric, psychopathological level. The psychoanalytic theory offers ways of understanding the internal issues likely to lead to pedophile action. Thus, the use of archaic psychic mechanisms, even the resort to the act, function as attempts of psychic survival in the face of an extreme situation of danger felt as imminent. Such an economy is indicative of an eclipse of subjectivity.Psychotherapeutic management systems must be developed taking into account the psychic functioning of these patients, the safeguarding of the therapist's capacity, and aim at the subjectivisation of the patient.Five clinical vignettes, drawn from a practice of psychologist working in a prison environment and in a specialized outpatient clinic, illustrate and enrich the theoretical concepts.

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Em nossa pesquisa discutimos o tema da impossibilidade transferencial na clínica psicanalítica contemporânea e suas conseqüências na direção daquilo que sugerimos como o intransferível. Quando Freud iniciou suas discussões sobre a transferência, nos Estudos Sobre a Histeria e na Interpretação dos Sonhos, estava instituindo um dos conceitos que demarcaria a especificidade da psicanálise. Seus esforços se desenvolveram no sentido de trazer a transferência para o primeiro plano tanto da técnica, quanto da teoria psicanalítica, pois, seu estatuto clínico e metapsicológico definia uma idéia de sintoma neurótico e uma abordagem clínica que, assim como a proposição do inconsciente, caracterizava a singularidade da psicanálise. Entretanto, com o avanço das reflexões freudianas e, em seguida, com a contribuição dos trabalhos pós-freudianos em psicanálise, cada vez mais foram descobertas outras formas de acontecer psíquico que não dispunham de todos os recursos elaborados que a transferência pressupunha. Nesse sentido, propomos com esse trabalho a díade transferível/intransferível como forma de demarcarmos um limite e nos empenharmos na seguinte questão da nossa tese: se, de acordo com o avanço dos estudos psicanalíticos, é possível reconhecermos o estatuto do que é transferido na transferência em termos de elementos e funções, o que seria possível dizer contemporaneamente dos elementos ou estados intransferíveis? Dedicamo-nos aos estudos de tais elementos ou estados, averiguando três fontes didaticamente distintas, porém, absolutamente interligadas em suas ocorrências: as características das formações psíquicas que estão em questão no intransferível, as funções e disfunções que presidem as situações de intransferibilidades e as especificidades das histórias relacionais objetais que determinam tais impossibilidades. Para esse desenvolvimento, trabalhamos a metapsicologia freudiana proposta nos textos Formulações Sobre os Dois Princípios do Acontecer Psíquico e o Além do Princípio do Prazer e autores posteriores a Freud, com destaque especial para Green, Winnicott e Bion. Nessa escolha nos preocupamos em dar continuidade às pesquisas e ao legado de Freud deixado a nós, situado além do princípio do prazer / In our research we discuss the theme of the impossibility of transference in the contemporary psychoanalytic clinic and its consequences in the direction of that which we consider as the intransferable. When Freud started his discussions about transference, in the Studies in Histeria and in the Interpretation of Dreams, he was instituting one of the concepts that would delimit the specificity of psychoanalysis. His efforts developed in the sense of bringing the notion of transference to the first level of the technique and of the psychoanalytic theory. This is due to its clinic and metapsychologic status of the transference, which defined an idea of neurotic symptom and a clinical approach that, as the proposal of the unconscious, characterised the singularity of psychoanalysis. However, with the development of the Freudian thinking and, next, with the contribution of the studies of pos-Freudians, each time more were discovered other forms of psychic happening that did not have all the elaborated resources that the transference required. In this way, we suggest with this study a transferible/intransferable dyad as a way to demark a limit and to focus on the following question of our thesis: if with the development of the psychoanalytic studies, it is possible to recognise the status of that which is transferred in the transference in terms of elements and functions, what would it be possible to say nowadays about intransferable elements or states? We focus on the studies of those elements or states, analysing three sources didactically distinct, but, absolutely interconnected in its occurrences: the characteristics of the psychic formations that are in question in the intransferable, the functions and disfunctions that are in the situations of the intransferiabilities and the specificities of the object relations stories that determine those impossibilities. For this development we elaborate on the Freudian metapsychology proposed in the studies Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning and Beyond the Pleasure Principle and on pos-freudian authors, specially Green, Winnicott and Bion. In this choice of authors we aim to give continuity to the legacy of Freud, situated beyond the pleasure principle