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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
151

Investigating visual integration in autism using contour integration tasks

Subri, Nur Sabrina January 2018 (has links)
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communications and unusual repetitive behaviours. Studies have documented superior performance in autism in visuo-spatial tasks suggesting perceptual differences in this group. This has been suggested to result from enhanced processing of local details and reduced integration of global information. Contour integration tasks are one way of studying visual integration where participants have to detect a contour made of discrete elements (usually Gabor patches) against a background of noise. However, contour integration studies in autism have yielded mixed findings which possibly due to the closed shapes and longer stimulus duration used in these studies. Recently, Jachim et al (2015) compared contour detection using open and closed contours at a shorter duration reported reduced closure in the autistic group. Closed shapes are generally easier to detect than open shapes, termed the closure effect which is thought to result from more involvement of top-down input. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to further explore visual integration in autism using contour integration tasks, to understand the reasons for these variations in autism and neurotypicals. We presented six contour integration experiments using open (eg: lines) and closed (eg: square) contours. The first two experiments explored the influence of autistic traits in the general population and attentional feedback on contour integration in neurotypicals using a dual-task which interferes with processes concurrently using attention. The autistic traits showed a weak effect on contour integration, and the dual task produced a non-significant reduction to closure, that requires further exploration with larger participant numbers. The next two experiments investigated the influence of stimulus duration on contour integration in both groups to test the suggestion of slower global processing in autism. Results showed no effect of durations on closure in both groups, and that reduced closure in the autistic group did not resolved with longer durations. The final two experiments explored the relationship between closure and symmetry in both groups; another process that is thought to involve global processing and received input from similar areas that process closure. The control group showed better symmetry detection with closed contour, suggesting closure benefits symmetry detection. Despite comparable performance to the control group with the closed contour, the autistic group showed better thresholds with the open contour leading to lesser benefit of closure in symmetry detection. In summary, we reported possible variations in contour integration in general population. Additionally, results suggested that the autistic group processed contour integration and symmetry using different mechanisms. This converging evidence is suggestive of enhanced perception at low-level processing in autism, in support of Enhanced Perceptual Functioning Theory (EPF).
152

Os formalismos das simetrias de Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin e de Batalin-Vilkovisky e aplicações

Rodrigues, Davi Röhe Salomon da Rosa [UNESP] 06 August 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:07:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_drsr_me_ift.pdf: 444020 bytes, checksum: 7f980a4302d0587432696d64478f8a75 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Sistemas com simetrias de gauge não podem ser quantizados da forma usual e necessitam de outros métodos capazes de fixar as condições de gauge. Sistemas que apresentam vínculos possuem graus de liberdade internos gerados por transformações de gauge. Nestes casos as equações de movimento não são suficientes para determinar a evolução de um sistema e é preciso impor vínculos ao sistema. Para fixar essas condições é necessário a adição de fantasmas. Depois que os vínculos foram fixados resta ainda uma transformação que envolve os campos físicos e fantasmas. Essa simetria é chamada simetria BRST. As propriedades do operador BRST permite determinar um conjunto de soluções independentes que satisfaçam os vínculos e, através desse processo é possível quantizar um sistema. Em alguns casos o operador BRST não é capaz de fixar todas as condições, para isso foi desenvolvido o formalismo BV. Além de fantasmas, também adiciona-se anticampos. Nesta dissertação foi feita uma revisão sobre vínculos, transformações de gauge e apresentou-se a simetria BRST. Utilizando as propriedades do operador BRST foi possível encontrar um método para determinar o operador BRST e apresentou-se o operador BV. Ao longo do texto apresenta-se exemplos para facilitar a compreensão da teoria / Systems with gauge symmetries cannot be quantized in the same way simpler systems can. This is due to the fact that gauge systems are constrained and it is impossible to find its time evolution just by using the equations of motion. One way to deal with this problem is by adding the so-called ghost fields, whose role is to fix the gauge. Once this fixation is done, there is still a transformation between physical and ghost fields. This symmetry is called BRST symmetry. In this approach, one is led to consider the BRST operator, which allows a set of independent solutions that satisfy the constraints to be found and the system to be properly quantized. However, there are still some conditions that cannot be fixed within the BRST formalism. For that reason, the BV formalism was developed. In the BV formalism, besides the ghost fields, it is necessary to include antifields in order to fix the constaints. This dissertation presents a review on constraints, gauge transformations and the BRST symmetry. Using the properties of the BRST operator, it is shown how to find the BRST operator itself. Also, the BV operator is presented. Some examples are presented in almost every step
153

Um Estudo de pavimentação do plano utilizando caleidoscópios e o software Cabri Géomètre II

Almeida, Sirlei Tauber de [UNESP] 24 January 2003 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-01-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_st_me_rcla.pdf: 3923050 bytes, checksum: 940faeb7b4e81fd82d62aad403dd081f (MD5) / Neste trabalho apresentamos uma estratégia de ensino utilizando caleidoscópios, jogos e o software Cabri Géomètre II, para aprendizagem de Geometria. Sob a perspectiva do método Resolução de Problemas, foram elaboradas atividades abordando temas como simetrias (reflexão, rotação e translação), polígonos regulares, construções geométricas, pavimentações do plano, seqüências numéricas, etc. Compilamos neste estudo um referencial teórico matemático detalhado, exemplos de várias atividades e relatos de nossa experiência com alunos do 2º ano do Ensino Médio. A utilização dos caleidoscópios e do software Cabri Géomètre II proporcionou uma interação entre o laboratório de ensino e o de informática, dinamizando o ambiente de aprendizagem. / In this scientific paper we present a teaching strategy which uses kaleidoscopes, games and Cabri Géomètre II software for the geometry learning. Under the perspective of the problem-solving method, it was done activities which approach subjects such as symmetry (reflection, rotation and translation), regular polygons, geometric constructions, plan floor, numeric sequences, etc. In this study, it was gleaned a detailed theoretical mathematics reference, examples of many activities and reports of our experience with High School students of the second year. The use of kaleidoscopes and of the Cabri Géomètre II software gave the interaction between the teaching laboratory and the computer one, making the learning atmosphere dynamic.
154

Quebra de Simetria no Universo Primordial /

Cuzinatto, Rodrigo Rocha. January 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Ruben Aldrovandi / Banca: Sérgio Eduardo de Carvalho Eyer Jorás / Banca: Ilya Lvovich Shapiro / Bnaca: José Geraldo Pereira / Resumo: Apresentamos a solução analítica completa para as equações de Friedmann válida na presença da constante cosmológica 'lâmbda', do parâmetro de curvatura 'capa', de matéria não-relativística (bariônica ou escura) e de radiação. Este é o modelo 'lâmbda' IND. 'gama'CDM, que exibe claramente a aceleração recente e inclui modelos particulares, como o 'lâmbda'CDM. Obtemos o conjunto completo dos geradores de simetria para o elemento de linha de Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) pela integração direta das equações de Killing. O processo de cálculo leva à função U = 'a POT. 2'H, produto do quadrado do fator de escala pela derivada temporal da função de Hubble. U constante fixa a solução maximalmente simétrica de de Sitter (dS) - com 10 geradores - em detrimento de qualquer outra solução de FRW - com 6 geradores. A interpretação física dos geradores de dS nas coordenadas comóveis não é evidente, o que exige a transcrição deles para coordenadas estáticas de dS. Nestas coordenadas, eles têm uma interpretação clara, dada a relação direta com os geradores de Poincaré via contrações de Wigner-Inönú. Um passo necessário é a construção das transformações de Robertson generalizadas entre o intervalo estático de dS e o elemento de linha de FRW para os três valores de 'capa' / Abstract: Analytic expressions for solutions in the Standard Model are presented here for all combinations of 'lâmbda' = 0, 'lâmbda'diferente 0, 'capa' = 0 and 'capa'diferente'0 in the presence and absence of radiation and nonrelativistic matter. The most complete case (here called the 'lâmbda' IND. 'gama'CDM Model) has 'lâmbda'diferente 0, 'capa'diferente'0, and supposes the presence of radiation and dust. It exhibits clearly the recent onset of acceleration and reduces to the particular models such as the 'lâmbda'CDM Model. A detailed examination of the Killing equations in Robertson-Walker coordinates shows how the addition of matter and/or radiation to a de Sitter Universe breaks the symmetry generated by four of its Killing fields. The product U = 'a POT. 2'H of the squared scale parameter by the time-derivative of the Hubble function encapsulates the relationship between the two cases: the symmetry is maximal when U is a constant, and reduces to the 6-parameter symmetry of a generic Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model when it is not. As the fields physical interpretation is not clear in these coordinates, comparison is made with the Killing fields in static coordinates, whose interpretation is made clearer by their direct relationship to the Poincaré group generators via Wigner-Inönü contractions / Doutor
155

Os formalismos das simetrias de Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin e de Batalin-Vilkovisky e aplicações /

Rodrigues, Davi Röhe Salomon da Rosa. January 2012 (has links)
Orientador: Nathan Jacob Berkovits / Banca: Andrei Mikhaylov / Banca: Silvio Paolo Sorella / Resumo: Sistemas com simetrias de gauge não podem ser quantizados da forma usual e necessitam de outros métodos capazes de fixar as condições de gauge. Sistemas que apresentam vínculos possuem graus de liberdade internos gerados por transformações de gauge. Nestes casos as equações de movimento não são suficientes para determinar a evolução de um sistema e é preciso impor vínculos ao sistema. Para fixar essas condições é necessário a adição de fantasmas. Depois que os vínculos foram fixados resta ainda uma transformação que envolve os campos físicos e fantasmas. Essa simetria é chamada simetria BRST. As propriedades do operador BRST permite determinar um conjunto de soluções independentes que satisfaçam os vínculos e, através desse processo é possível quantizar um sistema. Em alguns casos o operador BRST não é capaz de fixar todas as condições, para isso foi desenvolvido o formalismo BV. Além de fantasmas, também adiciona-se anticampos. Nesta dissertação foi feita uma revisão sobre vínculos, transformações de gauge e apresentou-se a simetria BRST. Utilizando as propriedades do operador BRST foi possível encontrar um método para determinar o operador BRST e apresentou-se o operador BV. Ao longo do texto apresenta-se exemplos para facilitar a compreensão da teoria / Abstract: Systems with gauge symmetries cannot be quantized in the same way simpler systems can. This is due to the fact that gauge systems are constrained and it is impossible to find its time evolution just by using the equations of motion. One way to deal with this problem is by adding the so-called ghost fields, whose role is to fix the gauge. Once this fixation is done, there is still a transformation between physical and ghost fields. This symmetry is called BRST symmetry. In this approach, one is led to consider the BRST operator, which allows a set of independent solutions that satisfy the constraints to be found and the system to be properly quantized. However, there are still some conditions that cannot be fixed within the BRST formalism. For that reason, the BV formalism was developed. In the BV formalism, besides the ghost fields, it is necessary to include antifields in order to fix the constaints. This dissertation presents a review on constraints, gauge transformations and the BRST symmetry. Using the properties of the BRST operator, it is shown how to find the BRST operator itself. Also, the BV operator is presented. Some examples are presented in almost every step / Mestre
156

Quantização de teorias covariantes gerais / General covariant theories quantization.

Jorge Felipe Gamboa Rios 05 March 1990 (has links)
Neste trabalho estuda-se a quantização de vários exemplos de teorias covariantes gerais do ponto de vista canônico e do ponto de vista do método de BRST. Os exemplos considerados são: partículas, bósons quirais, cordas nulas e membranas (e suas extensões supersimétricas). Demonstra-se para os exemplos estudados que é sempre possível obter teorias quânticas consistentes de ambos os pontos de vista. Apresentamos vários resultados mencionados a seguir: A) Propomos um procedimento para a quantização de bósons quirais baseado no método da raiz quadrada. O modelo possui uma estrutura tensorial de Lorentz explicita e permite quantizar consistentemente partículoas com spin superior em duas dimensões. B) Propomos uma nova corda nula com supersimetria local na superfície de evolução. Fazemos as formulações hamiltoniana e lagrangiana desta corda. Estes modelos de cordas são quantizados e demonstramos que as cordas nulas têm dimensões críticas 26 e 10 para os casos bosônicos e fermiônicos respectivamente. C) Propomos um modelo de p-branas nulas e as quantizamos via integral funcional. Obtemos uma expressão formal para o propagador destes objetos. O método proposto aqui poderia ser considerado como um ponto de partida para uma teoria de campos de p-branas nulas. Também propomos aqui um modelo de p-branas nulas supersimétricas e fazemos a formulação hamiltoniana deste modelo. D) Apresentamos um argumento que demonstra que o teorema de Fradkin-Vilkovisky é incompleto para quantizar teorias covariantes gerais. Propomos uma modificação deste teorema e obtemos expressões explícitas (e corretas) para os propagadores de partículas relativísticas (bosônicas e supersimétricas) e bósons quirais. / In this thesis, we study the quantization of several examples of the generally covariant theories using the canonical and the BRST methods. The examples studied are: particles, chiral bosons, null strings and null membranes (and their supersymmetric extensions). We show, for all the examples considered that it is always possible to obtain consistent quantum theories. We present several results: a) we propose a procedure to quantize chiral bosons based in the square root method. The resulting model has an explicit tensorial structure and it permits to quantize consistently particles with higher spin in two dimensions. B) We propose a new model of null strings with local supersymmetry in the world sheet. The null spinning string is constructed in the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian formalism. The bosonic and fermionic null string are quantized and we shown that the critical dimensions are 26 and 10 respectively. C) We explore the path integral quantization of a null p-brane. A functional difusion equation is obtained for the free quantum propagator of these objects. Our method can be considered, probably, a first step in the formulation of the null p-brane field theory. Here, we present also a supersymmetric null p-branes model. d) We present an argument that shows that thw Fradkin-Vilkovisky theorem is incomplete to quantize generally covariant theories. We propose a modification of this theorem and we obtain explicit (and correct) expressions for the propagator of the bosonic relativistic particle, spinning relativistic particle and chiral bosons.
157

O fator de forma píon-núcleon: simetria quiral e quarks constituintes / Pion-nucleon form factor: chiral symmetry and constituent quarks.

Claudio Masumi Maekawa 17 July 1996 (has links)
Este trabalho analisa de perto os efeitos da simetria quiral no fator de forma pion-nucleon onde o nucleon e estruturado como sendo um aglomerado de quarks constituintes confinados por meio de um potencial harmonico. O estudo e desenvolvido em etapas: primeiro estudamos a equivalencia entre a hipotese da supressao de pares e a simetria quiral num processo simples envolvendo pion, quark e uma particula escalar. Verificamos que, neste caso, nao ha equivalencia. A seguir construimos os vertices elementares quark-pion proprios, onde eliminamos a possibilidade de dupla contagem de particulas que existe quando empregamos os estados ligados de quarks para obter o potencial NN. Utilizamos estes vertices para construirmos os diagramas que descrevem a troca de um pion entre quarks de aglomerados distintos. Calculamos as amplitudes e realizamos a reducao para o limite nao-relativistico obtendo o potencial quark-quark. Aplicamos, entao, o potencial quark-quark na equacao de schrodinger que descreve o sistema de seis quarks na aproximacao de aglomerados para obtermos o potencial NN no espaco de configuracao. O fator de forma e obtido realizando-se a transformada de fourier do potencial NN e, assim, podemos verificar que a simetria quiral gera correcoes importantes. Alem desta analise, estudamos o metodo fock-tani aplicado ao caso onde os quarks trocam um pion entre si. / This work analyses very closely the chiral symmetry effects in the pion-nucleon form factor where the nucleon is constructed as a cluster, of three quarks confined by an harmonic potential. Chiral symmetry shows that the microscopic interactions between quarks and diquarks must be considered. The study is peformed step by step. First, we study the equivalence between the \"pair supression\" hypothesis and chiral symmetry in an elementary process with pion, quark and a scalar particle. In this case, our results show that the equivalence does not hold. Second, we obtain the form factor from the nucleon-nucleon potential expression applying a Fourier transformation on the potentia1 in coordinate space. The nucleon potential is obtained from the diagonalisation of the microscopic quark-quark potential using quark cluster bound state. The quark-quark potential is composed by one pion exchange between two quarks, quarks-diquarks and diquarks-diquarks. The processes are described by diagrams that are used to write relativistics amplitudes, then we reduce these amplitudes to the non-relativistic limit to find the potencial. In order to avoid double counting, we extract the particle part from diquark vertices. We also study the Fock-Tani method that is applied to the case with quark exchanges between clusters.
158

Conditional and approximate symmetries for nonlinear partial differential equations

Kohler, Astri 21 July 2014 (has links)
M.Sc. / In this work we concentrate on two generalizations of Lie symmetries namely conditional symmetries in the form of Q-symmetries and approximate symmetries. The theorems and definitions presented can be used to obtain exact and approximate solutions for nonlinear partial differential equations. These are then applied to various nonlinear heat and wave equations and many interesting solutions are given. Chapters 1 and 2 gives an introduction to the classical Lie approach. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 deals with conditional -, approximate -, and approximate conditional symmetries respectively. In chapter 6 we give a review of symbolic algebra computer packages available to aid in the search for symmetries, as well as useful REDUCE programs which were written to obtain the results given in chapters 2 to 5.
159

Higher symmetry schemes : transition moments, and the ninth pseudoscalar meson

Sutherland, David G. January 1966 (has links)
No description available.
160

Bound and free excitons in ZnO : optical selection rules in the absence and presence of time reversal symmetry

Niyongabo, Prime 29 November 2009 (has links)
Please read the abstract in the front of the document. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Physics / unrestricted

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