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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

A film for the training of judges for women's competitive synchronized swimming

Williams, Louise G. January 1960 (has links)
Thesis (Ed.M)--Boston University
2

The Ohio State University Synchronized Swimming Program, 1928-1995: The People. The Tradition. The Excellence

Logan, Allison Leigh Housman 25 June 2012 (has links)
No description available.
3

Efeitos do modelo na aprendizagem do nado sincronizado / Effects of model in the motor learning process of synchronized swimming skills

Fugita, Meico 23 March 2010 (has links)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos do tipo de modelo, boneca e humano, na aprendizagem das habilidades motoras do nado sincronizado, mais especificamente na figura tina (Experimento 1), bem como os efeitos da ordem da apresentação do modelo, boneca-humano ou humano-boneca na aprendizagem da mesma figura (Experimento 2). Participaram do Experimento 1, 20 sujeitos, partindo dos seguintes critérios de inclusão: voluntários do sexo feminino, com idade média de 23,1 anos (DP= 4,1), adaptados ao meio aquático, capazes de deslocar-se na parte rasa da piscina, de flutuar com auxílio das mãos, sem experiência anterior com qualquer das habilidades do nado sincronizado. A tarefa consistiu na execução da tina, que compreende a execução de uma sequência composta por 3 posições e 2 movimentos de transição: (1) Posição Inicial; (2) Transição para a tina; (3) Posição de Tina; (4) Transição para a posição final; e, (5) Posição Final. Os sujeitos foram distribuídos em dois grupos de 10 participantes cada, o grupo modelo boneca (GB) e o grupo modelo humano (GH). Após um pré-teste composto de seis tentativas consecutivas de execução da tina a partir de instrução verbal, todos executaram 60 tentativas a partir de demonstração e instrução verbal. As demonstrações tanto do modelo boneca como do modelo humano foram fornecidas a cada tentativa, por vídeo. Após intervalo de 10 minutos, todos foram submetidos a um pós-teste, também composto de seis tentativas consecutivas de execução da tina a partir de instrução verbal. No dia seguinte, todos os sujeitos, independente do grupo foram submetidos ao teste de retenção, composto de dois blocos de 6 tentativas, sem qualquer tipo de instrução. A amostra do Experimento 2 foi constituída por 20 sujeitos, voluntários do sexo feminino, com idade média de 21,6 anos (DP= 2,8), adaptados ao meio aquático, capazes de deslocar-se na parte rasa da piscina, de flutuar com auxílio das mãos, sem experiência anterior com qualquer das habilidades do nado sincronizado, cuja tarefa era a mesma do Experimento 1, a execução da tina. Foram formados dois grupos de 10 participantes, sendo um deles com modelo boneca seguido de modelo humano e outro com modelo humano seguido de boneca. Após a aplicação de pré-teste, somente com instrução verbal, cada grupo executou 10 blocos de aquisição. Dez minutos após a fase de aquisição, os sujeitos executaram um bloco pós-teste, em que só foi fornecida instrução verbal, seguido, no dia seguinte, de dois blocos de teste de retenção, cada um constituído de seis tentativas. Entre os blocos 1 e 5 da fase de aquisição, as participantes receberam uma demonstração a cada tentativa de seu primeiro modelo, boneca ou humano, de acordo com seu grupo. Do bloco 6 ao 10 da fase de aquisição, as participantes receberam uma demonstração a cada tentativa do segundo modelo, humano ou boneca. Os resultados mostraram que nas medidas de desempenho global e de desempenho por componente não houve efeito do tipo de modelo, boneca ou humano (Experimento 1) e da ordem de apresentação do modelo na aprendizagem da tina do nado sincronizado. Nesse sentido concluiu-se que o modelo apresentado na demonstração associado à instrução verbal, não afeta a aprendizagem da tina, podendo ser utilizada a boneca e ou o modelo humano / The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the type of model, synchro doll and human, in the motor learning process of Synchronized Swimming skills, particularly the tub figure (Experiment 1), as well as the effects of the sequence of models presentation in the learning process of the tub, synchro doll followed by the human model, or the human model prior to the synchro doll (Experiment 2). Experiment I was based on the performance of 20 female volunteer subjects, average age 23,1 years old (SD =4,1), adapted to aquatic environment, able to move on the shallow part of the pool and to fluctuate without using their hands. The task consisted of tub figure of the Synchronized Swimming consisting of 5 positions and 2 transition movements: starting position, tub transition, tub position, final transition and final position. After a pre-test in which all made 6 consecutive trials with verbal task description, the subjects were distributed in two groups consisting of 10 participants which, and made 60 trials with verbal task description and one demonstration per trial, the latter consisting of video instruction showing either a synchro doll model, or a human model. After 10 minutes all were submitted to a post-test, which consisted of 6 consecutive trials with verbal instructions only. On the following day, the subjects of both groups were submitted to a retention test, composed of two sessions of 6 consecutive trials with no instructions at all. In Experiment 2, 20 novice female subjects, average age 21,6 years old (SD = 2,8), adapted to aquatic environment, able to move on the shallow part of the pool and to fluctuate without using their hands had the same task as in Experiment 1, the performance of the five task components of the tub: starting position, tub transition, tub position, final transition and final position. Two groups of 10 participants were formed, one of them having the synchro doll model prior to the human model, and the other with the human model followed by the synchro doll model. After the pre-test in which all made 6 consecutive trials with verbal task description, each subject was submitted to 10 acquisition sessions. Ten minutes after those, the subjects were submitted to a post-test with verbal instructions only and, on the following day, 2 sessions of retention tests, consisting of 6 trials which, with no instructions at all. During the acquisition sessions 1 to 5 the subjects received one demonstration per trial of the first model, either synchro doll or human, according to their group, During the acquisition sessions 6 to 10 the participants received one demonstration per trial of the other model, either human or synchro doll. The results show that the type of model and the presentation sequence did not affect the global performance nor the performance of the components. So it was concluded that the model presented in demonstration associated to the verbal instructions does not affect tub learning, making it possible to use either the doll or the human model in any sequence
4

Imagery Use in Synchronized Swimming

Ranucci, Jill January 2007 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to examine the utilization of imagery and the impact of imagery use on collegiate synchronized swimmers. Swimmers (N=165) completed The Sport Imagery Questionnaire (Hall et al. 2005), reporting their frequency of imaging. Interviews were conducted (N=11) to further ascertain why and when synchronized swimmers use imagery and mechanisms they employ for more effective imaging experiences. Exploratory factor analyses indicated three of Hall et al's (2005) five subscales showed significant differences between skill level groups. Specifically, motivational specific functions of imagery data showed significant differences between elite swimmers and the other three groups (advanced, intermediate, and novice). Cognitive specific and motivational general-mastery functions of imagery data indicated significant differences between elite and novice swimmers, suggesting that novice swimmers are less likely to use these subscales of imagery compared to elite swimmers. Qualitative data provided evidence of elite swimmers having more sophisticated and developed applications of imaging skills. The results suggest the global implications of this study and how imagery improves synchronized swimming training programs. Key findings include: Each progressive skill level had better imaging skills and utilization than the lower levels Years experience, repetition, and training impact synchronized swimmers use of imagery The very nature of certain common synchronized swimming drills such as "think-throughs and land drill" elicit imaging training The sport of synchronized swimming is an excellent instrument to research imaging training techniques.
5

Local and global mermaids : the politics of "pretty swimming"

Thomas, Laura Michelle 11 1900 (has links)
This thesis considers the perceived athleticism of synchronized swimming by looking at the implications of representations of Esther Williams and "pretty swimming" in popular culture, the allocation of space for women's sport in a local public swimming pool, and an inaugural championship event. Focusing on the first British Columbia (BC) synchronized swimming championships, which were held on February 5, 1949 at Crystal Pool in Vancouver, it shows that images of synchronized swimming as "entertainment" facilitated the development of a new arena of competition for BC women, but that this was accompanied, in effect, by a trivialization of the accomplishments of organizers and athletes. Chapter One examines the construction of a "global" mermaid by analysing Esther Williams' first film, Bathing Beauty (1944), as a typical example of the Metro-Goldwyn- Mayer (MGM) aquamusical, a genre that produced images of synchronized swimming as frivolous entertainment. Chapter Two considers how these sorts of images affected the allocation of physical space at Crystal Pool, Vancouver's only indoor public swimming pool at the time, for women's sport. Chapter Three introduces two women who were involved in the 1949 BC synchronized swimming championships: May Brown, who at the time was a University of British Columbia (UBC) Physical Education instructor and synchronized swimming judge, and Maureen Bray (Hibberson), a UBC student who won the individual championship event. Their recollections provide an important corrective to the "pretty swimming" stereotype by demonstrating that these women used the cultural and physical space allotted to them to create a new sport for local women. The final chapter also includes episodes from my personal experiences as a synchronized swimmer in BC during the 1980s to underscore the complicated and conflicted heritage for synchronized swimmers in BC represented by the legacy of the 1949 championships and the MGM aquamusical.
6

Local and global mermaids : the politics of "pretty swimming"

Thomas, Laura Michelle 11 1900 (has links)
This thesis considers the perceived athleticism of synchronized swimming by looking at the implications of representations of Esther Williams and "pretty swimming" in popular culture, the allocation of space for women's sport in a local public swimming pool, and an inaugural championship event. Focusing on the first British Columbia (BC) synchronized swimming championships, which were held on February 5, 1949 at Crystal Pool in Vancouver, it shows that images of synchronized swimming as "entertainment" facilitated the development of a new arena of competition for BC women, but that this was accompanied, in effect, by a trivialization of the accomplishments of organizers and athletes. Chapter One examines the construction of a "global" mermaid by analysing Esther Williams' first film, Bathing Beauty (1944), as a typical example of the Metro-Goldwyn- Mayer (MGM) aquamusical, a genre that produced images of synchronized swimming as frivolous entertainment. Chapter Two considers how these sorts of images affected the allocation of physical space at Crystal Pool, Vancouver's only indoor public swimming pool at the time, for women's sport. Chapter Three introduces two women who were involved in the 1949 BC synchronized swimming championships: May Brown, who at the time was a University of British Columbia (UBC) Physical Education instructor and synchronized swimming judge, and Maureen Bray (Hibberson), a UBC student who won the individual championship event. Their recollections provide an important corrective to the "pretty swimming" stereotype by demonstrating that these women used the cultural and physical space allotted to them to create a new sport for local women. The final chapter also includes episodes from my personal experiences as a synchronized swimmer in BC during the 1980s to underscore the complicated and conflicted heritage for synchronized swimmers in BC represented by the legacy of the 1949 championships and the MGM aquamusical. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate
7

Efeitos do modelo na aprendizagem do nado sincronizado / Effects of model in the motor learning process of synchronized swimming skills

Meico Fugita 23 March 2010 (has links)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos do tipo de modelo, boneca e humano, na aprendizagem das habilidades motoras do nado sincronizado, mais especificamente na figura tina (Experimento 1), bem como os efeitos da ordem da apresentação do modelo, boneca-humano ou humano-boneca na aprendizagem da mesma figura (Experimento 2). Participaram do Experimento 1, 20 sujeitos, partindo dos seguintes critérios de inclusão: voluntários do sexo feminino, com idade média de 23,1 anos (DP= 4,1), adaptados ao meio aquático, capazes de deslocar-se na parte rasa da piscina, de flutuar com auxílio das mãos, sem experiência anterior com qualquer das habilidades do nado sincronizado. A tarefa consistiu na execução da tina, que compreende a execução de uma sequência composta por 3 posições e 2 movimentos de transição: (1) Posição Inicial; (2) Transição para a tina; (3) Posição de Tina; (4) Transição para a posição final; e, (5) Posição Final. Os sujeitos foram distribuídos em dois grupos de 10 participantes cada, o grupo modelo boneca (GB) e o grupo modelo humano (GH). Após um pré-teste composto de seis tentativas consecutivas de execução da tina a partir de instrução verbal, todos executaram 60 tentativas a partir de demonstração e instrução verbal. As demonstrações tanto do modelo boneca como do modelo humano foram fornecidas a cada tentativa, por vídeo. Após intervalo de 10 minutos, todos foram submetidos a um pós-teste, também composto de seis tentativas consecutivas de execução da tina a partir de instrução verbal. No dia seguinte, todos os sujeitos, independente do grupo foram submetidos ao teste de retenção, composto de dois blocos de 6 tentativas, sem qualquer tipo de instrução. A amostra do Experimento 2 foi constituída por 20 sujeitos, voluntários do sexo feminino, com idade média de 21,6 anos (DP= 2,8), adaptados ao meio aquático, capazes de deslocar-se na parte rasa da piscina, de flutuar com auxílio das mãos, sem experiência anterior com qualquer das habilidades do nado sincronizado, cuja tarefa era a mesma do Experimento 1, a execução da tina. Foram formados dois grupos de 10 participantes, sendo um deles com modelo boneca seguido de modelo humano e outro com modelo humano seguido de boneca. Após a aplicação de pré-teste, somente com instrução verbal, cada grupo executou 10 blocos de aquisição. Dez minutos após a fase de aquisição, os sujeitos executaram um bloco pós-teste, em que só foi fornecida instrução verbal, seguido, no dia seguinte, de dois blocos de teste de retenção, cada um constituído de seis tentativas. Entre os blocos 1 e 5 da fase de aquisição, as participantes receberam uma demonstração a cada tentativa de seu primeiro modelo, boneca ou humano, de acordo com seu grupo. Do bloco 6 ao 10 da fase de aquisição, as participantes receberam uma demonstração a cada tentativa do segundo modelo, humano ou boneca. Os resultados mostraram que nas medidas de desempenho global e de desempenho por componente não houve efeito do tipo de modelo, boneca ou humano (Experimento 1) e da ordem de apresentação do modelo na aprendizagem da tina do nado sincronizado. Nesse sentido concluiu-se que o modelo apresentado na demonstração associado à instrução verbal, não afeta a aprendizagem da tina, podendo ser utilizada a boneca e ou o modelo humano / The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the type of model, synchro doll and human, in the motor learning process of Synchronized Swimming skills, particularly the tub figure (Experiment 1), as well as the effects of the sequence of models presentation in the learning process of the tub, synchro doll followed by the human model, or the human model prior to the synchro doll (Experiment 2). Experiment I was based on the performance of 20 female volunteer subjects, average age 23,1 years old (SD =4,1), adapted to aquatic environment, able to move on the shallow part of the pool and to fluctuate without using their hands. The task consisted of tub figure of the Synchronized Swimming consisting of 5 positions and 2 transition movements: starting position, tub transition, tub position, final transition and final position. After a pre-test in which all made 6 consecutive trials with verbal task description, the subjects were distributed in two groups consisting of 10 participants which, and made 60 trials with verbal task description and one demonstration per trial, the latter consisting of video instruction showing either a synchro doll model, or a human model. After 10 minutes all were submitted to a post-test, which consisted of 6 consecutive trials with verbal instructions only. On the following day, the subjects of both groups were submitted to a retention test, composed of two sessions of 6 consecutive trials with no instructions at all. In Experiment 2, 20 novice female subjects, average age 21,6 years old (SD = 2,8), adapted to aquatic environment, able to move on the shallow part of the pool and to fluctuate without using their hands had the same task as in Experiment 1, the performance of the five task components of the tub: starting position, tub transition, tub position, final transition and final position. Two groups of 10 participants were formed, one of them having the synchro doll model prior to the human model, and the other with the human model followed by the synchro doll model. After the pre-test in which all made 6 consecutive trials with verbal task description, each subject was submitted to 10 acquisition sessions. Ten minutes after those, the subjects were submitted to a post-test with verbal instructions only and, on the following day, 2 sessions of retention tests, consisting of 6 trials which, with no instructions at all. During the acquisition sessions 1 to 5 the subjects received one demonstration per trial of the first model, either synchro doll or human, according to their group, During the acquisition sessions 6 to 10 the participants received one demonstration per trial of the other model, either human or synchro doll. The results show that the type of model and the presentation sequence did not affect the global performance nor the performance of the components. So it was concluded that the model presented in demonstration associated to the verbal instructions does not affect tub learning, making it possible to use either the doll or the human model in any sequence
8

Comparação entre forças propulsivas efetivas calculadas e medida durante um palmateio de sustentação / Comparison between calculated and measured effective propulsive forces during a support sculling motion

Gomes, Lara Elena January 2010 (has links)
A força propulsiva gerada durante o palmateio é resultado do somatório das forças de arrasto e de sustentação, sendo que a componente que atua na direção do movimento desejado é igual à força propulsiva efetiva. Essas forças podem ser estimadas a partir de equações hidrodinâmicas, porém essas equações não consideram todos os mecanismos que contribuem para a propulsão. Dessa forma, o objetivo geral do presente estudo foi comparar a força propulsiva efetiva calculada a partir das equações hidrodinâmicas e a força propulsiva efetiva medida durante o palmateio de sustentação (na posição vertical, de cabeça para cima) em cada fase do palmateio. Para isso, uma praticante de nado sincronizado realizou palmateio na posição vertical de cabeça para cima durante 15 segundos, enquanto que dados cinemáticos e cinéticos foram obtidos por viodeogrametria 3D e dinamometria respectivamente. A análise gráfica de Bland e Altman foi usada para comparar as forças propulsivas efetivas medida e calculada durante o palmateio. As forças propulsivas efetivas calculada e medida foram diferentes, sendo a medida maior que a calculada. Ainda, os resultados indicaram que o palmateio executado não foi simétrico, isto é, a orientação e a força propulsiva entre a mão direita e a esquerda foram diferentes. Portanto, o achado do presente trabalho destaca a importância de mecanismos instáveis para a propulsão durante o palmateio, já que as forças estimadas por meio das equações hidrodinâmicas apresentaram resultados inferiores, sendo isso observado ao longo de todo o palmateio. / Propulsive force generated during sculling motion results from drag and lift propulsive forces, and the component acting in the direction of motion is the effective propulsive force. These forces may be calculated using hydrodynamic equations, but these equations do not consider all mechanisms that contribute to the propulsion. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to compare the calculated effective propulsive force using the hydrodynamic equations and the measured effective propulsive force during a support sculling motion (vertical position with the head above the water‟s surface) in each phase of sculling. For this, a practitioner of synchronized swimming performed sculling motion in a vertical position with the head above the water‟s surface during 15 seconds, while kinematic and kinetic data were obtained by 3D videogrammetry and dynamometry respectively. Graphical techniques from Bland and Altman were used to compare the measured effective propulsive force and calculated effective propulsive force during sculling motion. The calculated effective propulsive force and the measured effective propulsive force were different, the measured being greater than the calculated. Moreover, the results indicated sculling motion performed was not symmetric, that is, the orientation and propulsive forces between the right and left hands were different. Therefore, the result of this study highlights the importance of the unsteady mechanisms for the propulsion during sculling motion, because the calculated forces using the hydrodynamic equations presented low values throughout the sculling motion.
9

Intervenção para o ensino do Eggbeater : avaliação de parâmetros para o desempenho

Silva, Luana Maciel da January 2014 (has links)
O eggbeater (EB) é uma habilidade fundamental utilizada no polo aquático e no nado sincronizado com a finalidade de sustentação e deslocamentos. Sabe-se como o EB deve ser executado para ser mais eficiente, mas não é encontrada metodologia de ensino para o mesmo. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos de uma intervenção de ensino sobre parâmetros de desempenho de EB. Participaram 15 crianças de ambos os sexos (idade: 8,13 ± 1,68 anos) adaptadas ao meio aquático. O período de intervenção foi composto por 12 aulas com sequências de exercícios específicos para o ensino do EB. Na avaliação pré-intervenção foi realizada antropometria e um teste de impulsão vertical em terra para estimar a potência dos membros inferiores (PotMI). Os testes na água foram aplicados antes e após o período de intervenção. Foram realizados dois testes na água: o teste de EB de suporte, sob máxima intensidade, com duração de 10 s, para obter as variáveis distância média mantida entre os joelhos (DJs), variação vertical do quadril (Vvq) e sobreposição das fases de in-kick (SEB); e o teste de alçada (impulsão vertical na água), em três tentativas, para obter as variáveis altura absoluta da alçada (Hegg) e altura relativa da alçada (HRegg). Em ambos os testes, foram obtidas e posteriormente analisadas imagens de vídeo gravadas no plano frontal em relação ao executante. Adotou-se para a análise do teste de EB de suporte os seis primeiros ciclos completos de EB. Resultados: DJs e Vvq não apresentaram diferença entre os momentos pré e pós-período de intervenção. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa para SEB, sendo, respectivamente, as médias pré e pós de 43,5 ± 29% e 20,1 ± 9%. Hegg e HRegg não apresentaram diferenças entre os momentos pré e pós-período de intervenção. De maneira geral, os resultados indicaram que as crianças que participaram do presente estudo melhoraram a técnica de execução do eggbeater a partir da análise da sobreposição. / The eggbeater kick (EB) is a fundamental skill used in water polo and synchronized swimming in order to support and to displace. It is known how the EB must be performed to be more efficient, but non teaching methodology is found for the same. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a teaching intervention on EB performance parameters. Fifteen children of both genders (age: 8.13 ± 1.68 years) adapted to the aquatic environment, participated in this study. The intervention period was composed by 12 lessons with specific sequences of exercise for EB teaching. In the pre-intervention period, anthropometric data were obtained and vertical jump test was carried out on land to estimate the power of the lower limbs (PotMI). Two tests in water were performed on the water, both applied before and after the intervention period: the EB support test under maximum intensity, lasting 10 s, for the variables mean distance maintained between the knees (DJs), vertical variation of the hip (Vvq) and overlapping in-kick phases (SEB); and the vertical jump test in water to get the variables absolute height (Hegg) and the relative height (HRegg). In both tests video images were obtained and analyzed from the frontal plane in relation to the performer. Six complete cycles of EB were analyzed in the EB support test. Results: DJs and Vvq showed no difference between pre-and post-intervention period. Statistically significant difference was found for SEB, being, respectively, pre-and post, 29% ± 43.5 and 20.1 ± 9%. Hegg and HRegg showed no differences between pre-and post-intervention period. Overall, the results indicated that children who participated in this study improved the technical execution of the eggbeater from the analysis of overlapping.
10

Comparação entre forças propulsivas efetivas calculadas e medida durante um palmateio de sustentação / Comparison between calculated and measured effective propulsive forces during a support sculling motion

Gomes, Lara Elena January 2010 (has links)
A força propulsiva gerada durante o palmateio é resultado do somatório das forças de arrasto e de sustentação, sendo que a componente que atua na direção do movimento desejado é igual à força propulsiva efetiva. Essas forças podem ser estimadas a partir de equações hidrodinâmicas, porém essas equações não consideram todos os mecanismos que contribuem para a propulsão. Dessa forma, o objetivo geral do presente estudo foi comparar a força propulsiva efetiva calculada a partir das equações hidrodinâmicas e a força propulsiva efetiva medida durante o palmateio de sustentação (na posição vertical, de cabeça para cima) em cada fase do palmateio. Para isso, uma praticante de nado sincronizado realizou palmateio na posição vertical de cabeça para cima durante 15 segundos, enquanto que dados cinemáticos e cinéticos foram obtidos por viodeogrametria 3D e dinamometria respectivamente. A análise gráfica de Bland e Altman foi usada para comparar as forças propulsivas efetivas medida e calculada durante o palmateio. As forças propulsivas efetivas calculada e medida foram diferentes, sendo a medida maior que a calculada. Ainda, os resultados indicaram que o palmateio executado não foi simétrico, isto é, a orientação e a força propulsiva entre a mão direita e a esquerda foram diferentes. Portanto, o achado do presente trabalho destaca a importância de mecanismos instáveis para a propulsão durante o palmateio, já que as forças estimadas por meio das equações hidrodinâmicas apresentaram resultados inferiores, sendo isso observado ao longo de todo o palmateio. / Propulsive force generated during sculling motion results from drag and lift propulsive forces, and the component acting in the direction of motion is the effective propulsive force. These forces may be calculated using hydrodynamic equations, but these equations do not consider all mechanisms that contribute to the propulsion. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to compare the calculated effective propulsive force using the hydrodynamic equations and the measured effective propulsive force during a support sculling motion (vertical position with the head above the water‟s surface) in each phase of sculling. For this, a practitioner of synchronized swimming performed sculling motion in a vertical position with the head above the water‟s surface during 15 seconds, while kinematic and kinetic data were obtained by 3D videogrammetry and dynamometry respectively. Graphical techniques from Bland and Altman were used to compare the measured effective propulsive force and calculated effective propulsive force during sculling motion. The calculated effective propulsive force and the measured effective propulsive force were different, the measured being greater than the calculated. Moreover, the results indicated sculling motion performed was not symmetric, that is, the orientation and propulsive forces between the right and left hands were different. Therefore, the result of this study highlights the importance of the unsteady mechanisms for the propulsion during sculling motion, because the calculated forces using the hydrodynamic equations presented low values throughout the sculling motion.

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