No description available.

Orientador: Ana Cristina Cavalcanti Lyra / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T02:43:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_HevertonAugusto_M.pdf: 2867857 bytes, checksum: a8f2affcf72d938b865fc77e3f26a610 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas as formas de transmissão de conhecimentos têm evoluído muito rapidamente, principalmente pela evolução da tecnologia da informação. A modelagem de sistemas físicos tem atingido grande complexidade, tornando as equações matemáticas difíceis de interpretação. Essa complexidade impõe um desafio no ensino dos componentes dos sistemas de energia elétrica, que pode ser superado com a utilização de ferramentas computacionais. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um aplicativo computacional didático, para simulações de estabilidade da máquina síncrona, que permita a análise da influência do controle de reativo e do sinal estabilizador na estabilidade da máquina síncrona. Além disso, é analisada a influência da reatância do transformador na estabilidade. Neste trabalho todas as análises de estabilidade têm como premissa as fronteiras de estabilidade, oscilatória e aperiódica, desenvolvidas a partir do modelo de 3ª ordem da máquina síncrona. O modelo de 3ª ordem foi desenvolvido a partir do modelo de 5ª ordem, e ambos não incluem os enrolamentos amortecedores. Uma comparação realizada entre os dois modelos mostrou grande semelhança entre os modelos de 3ª e 5ª ordem. Para o desenvolvimento da interface gráfica foi utilizado o Matlab®. A interface foi desenvolvida para maior usabilidade, onde a simulação é realizada sem necessidade do uso de linguagens de baixo nível. Assim, o foco é analisar os gráficos gerados a partir da simulação. Os cinco módulos desenvolvidos foram: simulação do modelo de 3ª ordem, comparação entre o modelo de 3ª e 5ª ordem, comparação entre ganhos de reativo, comparação entre sinais estabilizadores e comparação com e sem transformador. A inclusão de outros módulos pode ser realizada de maneira rápida, proporcionando que atualizações possam ser realizadas sem impacto ao sistema original. / Abstract: The ways to spread knowledge in the last decades have been rapidly evolved, most due to improvements on information technology. The modeling of physical systems has reached vast complexity. In advance, the mathematical equations used on these models have become harder to interpret. This complexity imposes a challenge on teaching synchronous machines and it can be managed through the use of computational resources. The purpose of this work is to develop a didactical application, that helps teaching synchronous machines stability and allow the analysis of the reactive control and stabilizing signal influences on synchronous machine stability. Additionally, the influence of the transformer reactance on the stability is analyzed. Every stability analysis included on this work has as premise the stability frontiers, oscillatory and aperiodic, developed through the synchronous machine's third order model. The 3rd order model was developed from the 5th order and none of the models include dampers winding. A comparison between the 3rd and 5th order models showed great similarity among them. Matlab® was used to develop a graphical interface and the models were simulated with the use of Simulink®. Usability was the key factor during the development of the interface, were the simulations can be done without the need of low-level languages. Thus, the focus should be analyzing the graphics generated through the simulation. The five modules developed were: 3rd order model simulation, comparison between 3rd and 5th order models, reactive gain comparison, stability signal comparisons and the comparison with and without transformer. New modules can be easily added to this work, providing new updates without affecting the original system. / Mestrado / Automação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

This thesis deals with the modelling, simulation and control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM) used specially in electric and hybrid vehicles. With the availability of fast semiconductor switches and high speed processors, Vector controlled drives are gaining popularity. One disadvantage of this type of control however, is the need for high cost, high resolution sensors (encoders) for determining the rotor position. Position sensorless schemes have evolved over a decade and this thesis addresses this issue. Two schemes have been proposed for the elimination of encoders in vector controlled drives. One is a semi-sensored scheme wherein a combination of low cost hall sensors and a digital position estimator gives the position information. In the second scheme, a reduced order observer called Luenbuerger observer has been used to estimate speed and rotor angle. The problem of finding rotor angle at standstill has also been dealt with. This thesis also discusses the difference in simulating a BLDC (Brushless DC) and PMSM machine. An experimental set-up consisting of MOSFET inverter and TMS320LF2407 DSP based digital controller was developed in the laboratory to implement the control algorithms. Two PMSM machines were procured from a two-wheeler manufacturer to set up the rig. Simulations were done in MATLAB/ Simulink (Off-line) and Xilinx XC3S400 (in real-time) to verify the concepts. Simulation and experimental results are finally compared.

Η σύγχρονη γεννήτρια, ή αλλιώς εναλλακτήρας, είναι σύγχρονη μηχανή η οποία μετατρέπει μηχανική ενέργεια σε εναλλασσόμενη ηλεκτρική ενέργεια. Η σύγχρονη μηχανή, χρησιμοποιούμενη ως γεννήτρια, είναι η σπουδαιότερη μηχανή για την παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και αποτελεί το επίκεντρο κάθε σταθμού παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς της σύγχρονης γεννήτριας στη μόνιμη κατάσταση λειτουργίας αναλύοντας τα είδη των σύγχρονων παραμέτρων που προκύπτουν, καθώς επίσης και η μελέτη και ο προσδιορισμός των απωλειών στην ονομαστική κατάσταση λειτουργίας. / The synchronous generator is a type of synchronous machine, which converts mechanical energy into alternating electrical energy. When the synchronous machine is used as a generator, it is the most important machine for the production of electrical energy and it constitutes the epicentre for each station which produces electrical energy. The scope of this present thesis is the study of the behavior of synchronous machine in the steady-state of operation analyzing the types of synchronous parameters and synchronous quantities, as well as the study and determination of losses in the nominal situation of operation. The steady-state tests suggested in this thesis are required for analyzing the performance of a synchronous machine under normal operating conditions.

Modern electric machine drives, particularly three phase permanent magnet machine drive systems represent an indispensable part of high power density products. Such products include; hybrid electric vehicles, large propulsion systems, and automation products. Reliability and cost of these products are directly related to the reliability and cost of these systems. The compatibility of the electric machine and its drive system for optimal cost and operation has been a large challenge in industrial applications. The main objective of this dissertation is to find a design and control scheme for the best compromise between the reliability and optimality of the electric machine-drive system. The effort presented here is motivated by the need to find new techniques to connect the design and control of electric machines and drive systems. A highly accurate and computationally efficient modeling process was developed to monitor the magnetic, thermal, and electrical aspects of the electric machine in its operational environments. The modeling process was also utilized in the design process in form finite element based optimization process. It was also used in hardware in the loop finite element based optimization process. The modeling process was later employed in the design of a very accurate and highly efficient physics-based customized observers that are required for the fault diagnosis as well the sensorless rotor position estimation. Two test setups with different ratings and topologies were numerically and experimentally tested to verify the effectiveness of the proposed techniques. The modeling process was also employed in the real-time demagnetization control of the machine. Various real-time scenarios were successfully verified. It was shown that this process gives the potential to optimally redefine the assumptions in sizing the permanent magnets of the machine and DC bus voltage of the drive for the worst operating conditions. The mathematical development and stability criteria of the physics-based modeling of the machine, design optimization, and the physics-based fault diagnosis and the physics-based sensorless technique are described in detail. To investigate the performance of the developed design test-bed, software and hardware setups were constructed first. Several topologies of the permanent magnet machine were optimized inside the optimization test-bed. To investigate the performance of the developed sensorless control, a test-bed including a 0.25 (kW) surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine example was created. The verification of the proposed technique in a range from medium to very low speed, effectively show the intelligent design capability of the proposed system. Additionally, to investigate the performance of the developed fault diagnosis system, a test-bed including a 0.8 (kW) surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine example with trapezoidal back electromotive force was created. The results verify the use of the proposed technique under dynamic eccentricity, DC bus voltage variations, and harmonic loading condition make the system an ideal case for propulsion systems.

This thesis aims to identify methods for detection of damper winding faults in synchronous machines (SMs) powered by variable frequency drives (VFDs). The problem of failing damper windings has received attention after reports of serious damage which have been discovered during maintenance checks. Since SMs often are used for critical applications, failures can be devastating if they cause total breakdowns. Also, VFDs are believed to cause additional stress in the damper windings of SMs and since the utilisation of VFDs is increasing, the problem is expected to become more common in the future. Currently, there is no method for detection of failures during normal operation of SMs, thus research in the area is required. Simulations based on the finite element method as well as laboratory experiments have been performed in order to examine the impact of VFDs and to find a way of detecting damper winding failures. The results confirm that utilization of VFDs produce higher currents in the damper winding compared to direct-online operation. The results also show that in case of a damper bar failure, the current distribution among the damper winding segments is affected. However, monitoring of all damper winding segments is unrealistic due to the number of sensors required. Another approach, which has been investigated, involves monitoring of the current through the pole interconnectors of one of the endrings. Potential fault indicators have been found by analysing the currents in the frequency domain. However, further studies are required in order to evaluate the method. Also the temperature of the damper winding was investigated as an indicator.

O trabalho apresentado tem como objetivo principal propor uma metodologia para obtenção dos parâmetros da máquina síncrona, baseada em ensaio de resposta em frequência, utilizando-se de um inversor e da aplicação de técnicas numéricas de ajuste de curvas. Dedicam-se tópicos à consolidação de aspectos físicos resultantes das características construtivas das máquinas que devem ser considerados na modelagem. Também se analisam as derivações matemáticas dos modelos. Posteriormente se estudam os vários tipos de ensaios praticados para determinação dos parâmetros dos modelos apresentados. Particular ênfase é dada ao Ensaio Estático de Resposta em Frequência. São levantadas as vantagens e desvantagens da aplicação desse tipo de ensaio, suas dificuldades e limitações bem como é apresentada uma metodologia para sua execução. Por fim, o trabalho compila os resultados conseguidos com uma aplicação em bancada, onde foram utilizados equipamentos disponíveis em laboratórios didáticos de máquinas elétricas. É outro objetivo desse estudo a comparação de ensaios de resposta em frequência com ensaios tradicionais (saturação em vazio e curto-circuito permanente, curto-circuito abrupto, etc...). / The presented work has as main objective to propose a methodology for obtaining the synchronous machines parameters, based on frequency response test, by means of a frequency converter and the application of numerical curve fitting routines. Topics are dedicated to the consolidation of physical aspects resulting of the machines constructive characteristics which must be considered in the modeling. Mathematical developments of the models are also studied. Thereafter, the tests that are usually performed for the determination of the synchronous machines parameters are analyzed. Particular emphasis is given to the Standstill Frequency Response Test. Positive and negative points for this specific type of test are raised. Difficulties and limitations are also defined, and a methodology for its implementation is presented. Finally, this work compiles the results achieved in a bench application, where equipment available in didactic laboratories of electric machines was used. The comparison of the Standstill Frequency Response Test with traditional tests (no-load saturation, permanent short-circuit, sudden short-circuit, etc) is also scope of this work.

Esta dissertação apresenta técnicas de ajuste de estabilizadores de sistemas de potência (PSS) com um enfoque nos desafios encontrados por um engenheiro durante o comissionamento do sistema de excitação estático de uma unidade geradora de médio porte. Os métodos de ajuste tratados neste trabalho são principalmente os aplicáveis aos estabilizadores do tipo PSS2B. É dada prioridade às situações nas quais o engenheiro não dispõe de dados detalhados do modelo do gerador e do sistema de potência. Simulações computacionais nos domínios do tempo e da frequência são empregadas com objetivos didáticos ao longo do texto. A estrutura do PSS2B é detalhada, explicitando-se a função de cada parâmetro. São apresentados diferentes métodos de estabilizadores, dentre eles ressaltam-se: os métodos de comparação de grandezas no domínio do tempo e o método de compensação de fase. São mostrados resultados práticos obtidos durante comissionamentos em duas usinas hidrelétricas distintas. Comparam-se os diferentes métodos com o auxílio destes resultados práticos e de simulações computacionais / This work presents techniques for tuning power system stabilizers (PSS) with focus on the challenges faced by an engineer during the commissioning of a static excitation system of a medium sized hydro generator. The tuning methods discussed in this study are primarily those applicable to the PSS2B stabilizers. Priority is given to circumstances in which the engineer does not have a detailed model of the generator and power system. Computer simulations in the time and frequency domains are presented with didactic purposes throughout the text. The structure of PSS2B is detailed, the function of each parameter is explained. Among the different methods for tuning the PSS2B, two approaches stand out: the methods based on the comparison of magnitudes in the time domain and the method of phase compensation. The practical results obtained during commissioning of two hydroelectric power plants are presented. The different PSS tuning methods are compared with the aid of these practical results and computer simulations.

Esta dissertação apresenta técnicas de ajuste de estabilizadores de sistemas de potência (PSS) com um enfoque nos desafios encontrados por um engenheiro durante o comissionamento do sistema de excitação estático de uma unidade geradora de médio porte. Os métodos de ajuste tratados neste trabalho são principalmente os aplicáveis aos estabilizadores do tipo PSS2B. É dada prioridade às situações nas quais o engenheiro não dispõe de dados detalhados do modelo do gerador e do sistema de potência. Simulações computacionais nos domínios do tempo e da frequência são empregadas com objetivos didáticos ao longo do texto. A estrutura do PSS2B é detalhada, explicitando-se a função de cada parâmetro. São apresentados diferentes métodos de estabilizadores, dentre eles ressaltam-se: os métodos de comparação de grandezas no domínio do tempo e o método de compensação de fase. São mostrados resultados práticos obtidos durante comissionamentos em duas usinas hidrelétricas distintas. Comparam-se os diferentes métodos com o auxílio destes resultados práticos e de simulações computacionais / This work presents techniques for tuning power system stabilizers (PSS) with focus on the challenges faced by an engineer during the commissioning of a static excitation system of a medium sized hydro generator. The tuning methods discussed in this study are primarily those applicable to the PSS2B stabilizers. Priority is given to circumstances in which the engineer does not have a detailed model of the generator and power system. Computer simulations in the time and frequency domains are presented with didactic purposes throughout the text. The structure of PSS2B is detailed, the function of each parameter is explained. Among the different methods for tuning the PSS2B, two approaches stand out: the methods based on the comparison of magnitudes in the time domain and the method of phase compensation. The practical results obtained during commissioning of two hydroelectric power plants are presented. The different PSS tuning methods are compared with the aid of these practical results and computer simulations.

O trabalho apresentado tem como objetivo principal propor uma metodologia para obtenção dos parâmetros da máquina síncrona, baseada em ensaio de resposta em frequência, utilizando-se de um inversor e da aplicação de técnicas numéricas de ajuste de curvas. Dedicam-se tópicos à consolidação de aspectos físicos resultantes das características construtivas das máquinas que devem ser considerados na modelagem. Também se analisam as derivações matemáticas dos modelos. Posteriormente se estudam os vários tipos de ensaios praticados para determinação dos parâmetros dos modelos apresentados. Particular ênfase é dada ao Ensaio Estático de Resposta em Frequência. São levantadas as vantagens e desvantagens da aplicação desse tipo de ensaio, suas dificuldades e limitações bem como é apresentada uma metodologia para sua execução. Por fim, o trabalho compila os resultados conseguidos com uma aplicação em bancada, onde foram utilizados equipamentos disponíveis em laboratórios didáticos de máquinas elétricas. É outro objetivo desse estudo a comparação de ensaios de resposta em frequência com ensaios tradicionais (saturação em vazio e curto-circuito permanente, curto-circuito abrupto, etc...). / The presented work has as main objective to propose a methodology for obtaining the synchronous machines parameters, based on frequency response test, by means of a frequency converter and the application of numerical curve fitting routines. Topics are dedicated to the consolidation of physical aspects resulting of the machines constructive characteristics which must be considered in the modeling. Mathematical developments of the models are also studied. Thereafter, the tests that are usually performed for the determination of the synchronous machines parameters are analyzed. Particular emphasis is given to the Standstill Frequency Response Test. Positive and negative points for this specific type of test are raised. Difficulties and limitations are also defined, and a methodology for its implementation is presented. Finally, this work compiles the results achieved in a bench application, where equipment available in didactic laboratories of electric machines was used. The comparison of the Standstill Frequency Response Test with traditional tests (no-load saturation, permanent short-circuit, sudden short-circuit, etc) is also scope of this work.