Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T00:49:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silveira_DamarisMatias_M.pdf: 1438611 bytes, checksum: 4b295492d8cc20de61171e5c77b9ec6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa investiga diacronicamente as sentenças utilizadas para focalizar constituintes sintáticos, as Clivadas e Pseudo-clivadas, sob o ponto de vista da Gramática Gerativa, através de 16 textos do Corpus Histórico do Português Anotado Tycho Brahe. Tais sentenças caracterizam-se pelas sequências Cópula+Foco+que+IP (clivadas canônicas) e SentençaWh+Cópula+Foco (pseudo-clivadas canônicas). Porém, outras sentenças de mesma sequência podem ser confundidas com clivadas e, por isso, apresentamos uma série de requisitos para que tais sequências sejam analisadas como resultado do recurso da clivagem. O período considerado para a busca dessas sentenças é o que se estende do século 16 ao19, indo do Português Clássico ao Português Moderno e incluindo a fase transição entre os dois períodos. Seguindo a argumentação de diversos autores, assumimos que, até o momento dessa transição, o Português tem um funcionamento de língua V2, ou seja, licencia o movimento do verbo para uma posição alta na periferia esquerda da sentença (Cf. Torres Moraes (1995), Galves (1997), Paixão de Sousa (2004), Galves, Brito e Paixão de Sousa (2005), Cavalcante, Galves e Paixão de Sousa (2010), Gibrail (2010), Antonelli (2011), Galves e Gibrail (2013) e Galves e Paixão de Sousa (2013)). De acordo com Kato e Ribeiro (2005), Kato e Ribeiro (2006) e Kato (2009), o padrão Canônico de Clivadas inexistia no período em que o Português era uma gramática V2, por restrição desse sistema gramatical. Para as autoras, este é o único padrão incompatível com V2. Porém, o licenciamento de estruturas V1 nesse período nos leva a questionar tal restrição, uma vez que sentenças clivadas são estruturas V1. O que fazemos neste estudo é, portanto, sintetizar tanto as características sintáticas dessas construções quanto as do sistema gramatical dos períodos relevantes, observar a ocorrência das estruturas clivadas nos textos do corpus e, por fim, traçar um paralelo analítico entre esses pontos, buscando apresentar evidências de que a ausência das clivadas canônicas não ocorre por restrição para seu licenciamento, mas por opção do falante, uma vez que a sua língua disponibiliza outro recurso gramatical de focalização / Abstract: This research investigates diachronically the sentences used to focus syntactic constituents, the Cleft and Pseudo-cleft ones under the Generative Grammar point of view, through 16 texts from Tycho Brahe Parsed Corpus of Historical Portuguese. Such sentences are characterized by the sequence copula+Focus+que+IP (canonic clefts) and wh sentence+Copula+Focus (canonic pseudo-clefts). However, other sentences of the same sequence can be confused with the cleft ones and, therefore, a number of requisites is shown so that such sequences can be analyzed as a result of a cleavage resource. The period considered to the search of such sentences is the one which goes from the 16th to the 19th centuries, from Classic Portuguese to the Modern one and it includes the transition phase between these two periods. By following the argumentation of several authors it is assumed that up to the time of this transition, Portuguese had presented a V2 language functioning, that is, it permits the verb movement to a high position on the left peripheral of the sentence (Cf. Torres Moraes (1995), Galves (1997), Paixão de Sousa (2004), Galves, Brito and Paixão de Sousa (2005), Cavalcante, Galves and Paixão de Sousa (2010), Gibrail (2010), Antonelli (2011), Galves and Gibrail (2013) and Galves and Paixão de Sousa (2013)). According to Kato and Ribeiro (2005), Kato and Ribeiro (2006) and Kato (2009) the Canonic Clefts pattern was inexistent in the period when Portuguese was a V2 grammar because of this grammatical system. To the authors cited this is the only incompatible pattern with V2. However, the license of V1 structures in this period takes one to question such restriction since such cleft sentences are V1 structures. Therefore, what this study does is to synthesize syntactic characteristics of these constructions as well as the grammatical system of the relevant periods, observe the occurrence of the cleft structures in the corpus texts and, finally, trace an analytical parallel among these points, and it presents evidence that the absence of canonic clefts do not occur by restriction of license, but by the speaker¿s choice, since his/her language makes it available another grammatical resource of focusing / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

Orientador: Ruth Elisabeth Vasconcellos Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T20:07:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sancassani_Maisa_M.pdf: 3562931 bytes, checksum: ac041df9cb5848219cb23f520dccff1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A literatura (Tanenhaus et al., 1995) aponta que adultos, quando apresentados a contextos referenciais tendenciosos, utilizam informações extralinguísticas para processar ambiguidades sintáticas, demonstrando sensibilidade ao Princípio do Suporte Referencial (Altmann & Steedman, 1985). Quando crianças são submetidas a teste semelhante (Trueswell et al., 1999), elas baseiam suas decisões de processamento em princípios estruturais ou em propriedades lexicais e desconsideram informações de ordem referencial. Neste trabalho, testamos o efeito do contexto visual e do viés lexical durante o processamento de ambiguidades. 36 crianças e 31 adultos foram solicitados a manipular brinquedos em resposta a instruções verbais ambíguas como "limpe a zebra com o pincel", em que o sintagma preposicionado pode ser interpretado como instrumento da ação (adjunção-VP) ou modificador do objeto (adjunção-NP). Empregamos a técnica do paradigma do mundo visual em que gestos e olhares dos participantes são monitorados para observação do processamento on-line e off-line. Nossos resultados demonstram que informações globais de alto nível (contexto referencial) influenciam o processamento em tempo real de adultos e crianças igualmente, enquanto informações locais de baixo nível (viés lexical) exercem influência apenas com estímulos tendenciosos. Na presença de propriedades lexicais neutras, adultos executam ações correspondentes a estruturas de adjunto adnominal nos contextos referencias competitivos e crianças optam pela interpretação de adjunto adverbial em todos os casos. Consideramos que a neutralidade lexical permite a manifestação do Princípio do Suporte Referencial em adultos e, para crianças, manifesta-se um efeito (ainda a ser definido) em que estruturas de adjunto adverbial são preferidas. Esses achados se alinham a teorias lexicalistas, como a de Satisfação de Condições, em que múltiplas informações competem para a geração de uma única estrutura e preveem que, no curso do desenvolvimento linguístico, informações estruturais emergem mais cedo e de forma mais robusta do que outras menos confiáveis como as discursivo-pragmáticas / Abstract: Tanenhaus et al. (1995), among many others, point out that adults, when presented to biased visual contexts, use extralinguistics information in order to process syntactic ambiguities, showing that they are sensitive to the Principle of Referential Support (Altmann & Steedman, 1985). When five-year-old children undergo similar tests (Trueswell et al., 1999), however, they rely on syntactically based parsing principles or on the lexical properties of the input and ignore referential information. Here, we tested the effect of visual context and lexical bias during the processing of ambiguities. 36 children and 31 adults were asked to manipulate toys in response to globally ambiguous verbal instructions like "clean the zebra with the brush", in which the prepositional phrase can be interpreted as an instrument of the action (VP-attachment) or modifier of the object (NP-attachment). We used the technique of the Visual World Paradigm in which eye-gazes and gestures are monitored in order to obtain measures of the final processing of the sentences and measures of the real-time processing. High-level global cues (reference bias) influence real-time processing equally in adults and children, while low-level local cues (lexical bias) interfere with biased stimuli. In the presence of neutral lexical properties, adults perform actions that correspond to NP-attachment only in competitive referential contexts and children prefer VP-attachment interpretation in all cases. We concluded that the lexical neutrality allows for the manifestation of the Principle of Referential Support in adults; children, on the other hand, manifest a certain effect (still to be defined) in which VP-attachment structures are preferred. These findings align with the lexicalist theories such as the constraint-satisfaction, in which multiple information compete for generating a single interpretation. This theory predicts that during the development of the parser, structural information such as verbs bias emerge earlier and more robustly than less reliable ones such as the discourse-pragmatic cues / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

This thesis deals with path-controlled grammars, which are grammars that place restrictions on the paths in a derivation tree of a context-free grammar. The goal of this thesis is to create an algorithm for conversion between the path-controlled grammars and the state grammars, which is a di erent type of regulated grammars. Another goal is to study the generative power of path-controlled grammars based on the conversion algorithm. The conversion algorithm is implemented and tested on a number of path-controlled grammars. Also, its complexity is discussed. Finally, a parsing tool for path-controlled grammars is implemented. Complexity of this tool is analyzed as well.

This paper addresses the issue of design and implementation of syntactic analysis based on the context sensitive languages, respectively, grammars that contains constructs, which isn't possible to analyze with the help of the standard parsers based on the context free grammars. More specifically, this paper deals with the possibility of adding context sensitive support to the classic LL-analysis by replacing the standard pushdown automata (PDA) with deep pushdown automata (DP), which were introduced and published by prof. Alexander Meduna.

This thesis deals with design of scripting language, especially specified for effective image processing. Introduction of this thesis is focused on studying and also appropriation of methodology of compilers and interpreters design, include their following application in design of the scripting language and as well its interpreter. Another point of my work is showing the methods of design and implementation of the interpreter including automated methods used in the design of the implemented program. Next part deals with description of structure and implementation of the designed program, intended for generating compiler of any language which is described in input of this program. The conclusion of this work is more detailing description of the scripting language design; its implementation is based on the methods mentioned before.

This thesis provides an in-depth analysis of wh-question formation in Jordanian Arabic (JA) and presents a uniform approach that can accommodate all of its various wh-constructions. JA makes use of five different wh-constructions, four of which involve clause-initial wh-phrases and the fifth is a typical in-situ wh-construction. Although wh-phrases surface clause-initially in four different wh-constructions in JA, I propose that bona fide wh-movement to [Spec, CP] does not occur in any of these constructions, whether overtly in syntax or covertly at LF. I abandon the classification of JA as a wh-movement language (Abdel Razaq 2011) and focus instead on identifying the syntactic role that wh-phrases realize and the underlying structures that feed each wh-construction. I propose that the clause-initial position of the wh-phrase results either from the syntactic function that the wh-phrase serves or from other syntactic operations that are independently attested in JA. There are three clause-initial positions that the wh-phrase can occupy: it surfaces in [Spec, TP] when functioning as the subject of a verbal or verbless structure, in [Spec, TopP] when functioning as a clitic-left-dislocated element (as in CLLD questions and ʔilli-interrogatives involving PRON), or in [Spec, FocP] when undergoing focus fronting. Thus, all instances of clause-initial wh-phrases in JA constitute what I refer to as “pseudo wh-fronting”, as the clause-initial position of the wh-phrase arises from mechanisms other than canonical wh-movement to [Spec, CP]. To account for the interpretation of wh-phrases in JA, I adopt a binding approach in which a null interrogative morpheme (Baker 1970; Pesetsky 1987; Chomsky 1995) unselectively binds the wh-phrase regardless of its surface position, whether clause-initial or clause-internal (in-situ). A major implication of this analysis is that JA is a concealed wh-in-situ language of the Chinese type although it looks at a cursory glance as though it were a wh-movement language of the English type. A broader typological implication of my analysis is the convergence of Cheng’s (1991) Clausal Typing Hypothesis to which JA previously appeared to constitute a counterexample. The recognition of the null interrogative particle, or its optional overt realization as the Q-particle huwweh, as the locus of interrogative clause typing in all JA wh-questions entails that JA employs just one unique strategy to type a clause as a wh-question, as predicted by Cheng’s Clausal Typing Hypothesis, regardless of whether the wh-phrase surfaces clause-initially or clause-internally. / February 2017

Na atualidade, o interesse pelo uso de ontologias tem sido incrementado. No entanto, o processo de construção pode ser custoso em termos de tempo. Para uma ontologia ser construída, precisa-se de um especialista com conhecimentos de um editor de ontologias. Com a finalidade de reduzir tal processo de construção pelo especialista, analisamos e propomos um método para realizar aprendizado de ontologias (AO) de forma supervisionada. O presente trabalho consiste em uma abordagem combinada de diferentes técnicas no AO. Primeiro, usamos uma técnica estatística chamada C/NC-values, acompanhada da ferramenta Cogroo, para extrair os termos mais representativos do texto. Esses termos são considerados por sua vez como conceitos. Projetamos também uma gramática de restrições (GR), com base na informação linguística do Português, com o objetivo de reconhecer e estabelecer relações entre conceitos. Para poder enriquecer a informação na ontologia, usamos a análise de conceitos formais (ACF) com o objetivo de identificar possíveis superconceitos entre dois conceitos. Finalmente, extraímos ontologias para os textos de três temas, submetendo-as à avaliação dos especialistas na área. Um web site foi feito para tornar o processo de avaliação mais amigável para os avaliadores e usamos o questionário de marcos de características proposto pelo método OntoMetrics. Os resultados mostram que nosso método provê um ponto de partida aceitável para a construção de ontologias. / Nowadays, the interest in the use of ontologies has increased, nevertheless, the process of ontology construction can be very time consuming. To build an ontology, we need a domain expert with knowledge in an ontology editor. In order to reduce the time needed by the expert, we propose and analyse a supervised ontology learning (OL) method. The present work consists of a combined approach of different techniques in OL. First, we use a statistic technique called C/NC-values, with the help of the Cogroo tool, to extract the most significant terms. These terms are considered as concepts consequently. We also design a constraint grammar (CG) based in linguistic information of Portuguese to recognize relations between concepts. To enrich the ontology information, we use the formal concept analysis (FCA) in order to discover a parent for a set of concepts. In order to evaluate the method, we have extracted ontologies from text on three different domains and tested them with corresponding experts. A web site was built to make the evaluation process friendlier for the experts and we used an evaluation framework proposed in the OntoMetrics method. The results show that our method provides an acceptable starting point for the construction of ontologies.

The presented dissertation addresses the issue of expressing temporary relations (the present and the past) in the texts of the authors of the Baroque period. The excerpt includes 44 works of historic literary output. The topic is based on a semantic definition of temporal relationships in the Baroque language and interferes with the paratactic and hypotactic method of expression. Within the scope of paratactic connection of syntactic units, we analyze phrasal connections (the connection of main clauses and the connection of paratactic subclauses), text and phrasal connections, within the scope of hypotactic concentration mainly the relationship of the main and subordinate adverbial clauses of time. The classification according to various paratactic and subordinating conjunctions is led by the effort to obtain a comprehensive overview of the possible ways to express temporal relationships. The aim of the work is to contribute to an analytical examination of the syntactic language level of the Baroque period and to confirm the hypothesis of intact continuity of the language development between the humanistic, Baroque and National Revival periods.

Na atualidade, o interesse pelo uso de ontologias tem sido incrementado. No entanto, o processo de construção pode ser custoso em termos de tempo. Para uma ontologia ser construída, precisa-se de um especialista com conhecimentos de um editor de ontologias. Com a finalidade de reduzir tal processo de construção pelo especialista, analisamos e propomos um método para realizar aprendizado de ontologias (AO) de forma supervisionada. O presente trabalho consiste em uma abordagem combinada de diferentes técnicas no AO. Primeiro, usamos uma técnica estatística chamada C/NC-values, acompanhada da ferramenta Cogroo, para extrair os termos mais representativos do texto. Esses termos são considerados por sua vez como conceitos. Projetamos também uma gramática de restrições (GR), com base na informação linguística do Português, com o objetivo de reconhecer e estabelecer relações entre conceitos. Para poder enriquecer a informação na ontologia, usamos a análise de conceitos formais (ACF) com o objetivo de identificar possíveis superconceitos entre dois conceitos. Finalmente, extraímos ontologias para os textos de três temas, submetendo-as à avaliação dos especialistas na área. Um web site foi feito para tornar o processo de avaliação mais amigável para os avaliadores e usamos o questionário de marcos de características proposto pelo método OntoMetrics. Os resultados mostram que nosso método provê um ponto de partida aceitável para a construção de ontologias. / Nowadays, the interest in the use of ontologies has increased, nevertheless, the process of ontology construction can be very time consuming. To build an ontology, we need a domain expert with knowledge in an ontology editor. In order to reduce the time needed by the expert, we propose and analyse a supervised ontology learning (OL) method. The present work consists of a combined approach of different techniques in OL. First, we use a statistic technique called C/NC-values, with the help of the Cogroo tool, to extract the most significant terms. These terms are considered as concepts consequently. We also design a constraint grammar (CG) based in linguistic information of Portuguese to recognize relations between concepts. To enrich the ontology information, we use the formal concept analysis (FCA) in order to discover a parent for a set of concepts. In order to evaluate the method, we have extracted ontologies from text on three different domains and tested them with corresponding experts. A web site was built to make the evaluation process friendlier for the experts and we used an evaluation framework proposed in the OntoMetrics method. The results show that our method provides an acceptable starting point for the construction of ontologies.

The goal of this dissertation is to implement an application for ASP to ASPX conversion. The ASP pages should be written in the VBScript language, the target language for ASPX will be C#. The application is developed on the .NET platform. The conversion process should be automatic. There should be no need to alter the converted files by a programmer. The first part of this dissertation introduces the whole problematic. It shows also current solutions. The next part is the analysis and the design of the application itself. The main part of this dissertation is the VBScript grammar conversion, problems while conversion and its solving.