This thesis studies the particle ne in Standard French as it appears in the ne...pas/personne/rien and the ne...queXP structures. Based on the assumptions of a syntactic theory as developed in the Principles and Parameters, the thesis makes the following main claims: 1. Ne is an expletive. Its function is to satisfy a structural requirement on both the expression of sentence negation and association with focus. It is semantically defective, but it constrains the interpretation of the associate term it combines with (scope-marker function). 2. Some cross linguistic variations in the expression of sentence negation subsumed under a negative concord account are due to the special status of m as an expletive together with the requirement that each object must receive an independent interpretation at the interface with the Conceptual-Intentional system. 3. In the association with focus structure ne.queXP, the meaning of ne...que which is equivalent to [[only]] is not syntactically derived by combining a negative operator and an operator with the meaning of [[other than]], but built in the lexical element que. The unified account of ne in both the sentence negation and association with focus structures makes various empirical predictions. Ne, as a semantically defective element, cannot be free standing combining instead with a denotating element like pas or que, nor can it rescue a negative phrase inside an island although the ne...pas/personne/rien complex does. Ne, as a (clausal) scope marker, precludes local scope interpretations of its negative associates and the element que. Consequently, constituent negation is expressed by pas/personne/rien alone. The que element which combines with ne is excluded from positions where focus particles typically have local scope. In conclusion, cross linguistic variations cannot be reduced to structural constraints, interpretive requirements must also be taken into consideration.

[pt] A busca orientada a idéia é um novo paradigma para mecanismos de busca em acervos compostos por arquivos de texto. Esse paradigma visa resolver um problema comum aos mecanismos de busca: exigir que o usuário preveja as palavras contidas nos documentos que possam conter a informação que procura, impossibilitando-o, assim, de se concentrar diretamente na informação desejada. Buscando solucionar esse problema, são propostas as bases lingüísticas para o desenvolvimento de um modelo teórico preliminar que acrescente dados semânticos aos arquivos de texto. Nesse modelo, a informação semântica de um texto é representada através do que se chamou de estrutura de conceitos. O principal intuito das estruturas de conceitos é representar de uma mesma maneira frases que expressem o mesmo significado, ou seja, as paráfrases apresentam a mesma estrutura de conceitos. Serão expostos nesta dissertação os primeiros elementos do modelo em suas partes semântica, sintática e textual, além da integração entre as mesmas. A dissertação apresenta ainda um estudo de caso a fim de exemplificar o desenvolvimento de uma aplicação para busca de arquivos de texto em que essa tecnologia seria usada. / [en] The idea-oriented search is a new pattern for search engines whose databases are composed by text files. This pattern sets out to solve a usual problem for search engines: demanding that users foresee which words are contained in the desired document, keeping them from focusing on the information they are indeed seeking. To solve this problem, the linguistic bases for the development of a theoretical model that can add semantical data to the text files are laid down. In this model, the semantical information of a text is represented by what has been referred to as structure of concepts. The main goal of the structure of concepts is to give one single representation to sentences that express the same meaning. Thus, paraphrases present the same structure of concepts. In this dissertation, the first elements of this model are exposed in its semantical, syntactic and textual parts. Also present are the integration of these elements. A small case study is presented as well, with the intention of illustrating the development of an application for text files databases search engines in which this technology is used.

Esta pesquisa aborda a sintaxe pronominal pessoal da comunidade quilombola de Jurussaca/PA, sob os pressupostos da teoria gerativa, nas versões de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky, 1986) e Minimalista (Chomsky, 1995, 2001). Dentro desse quadro, destacam-se os estudos sobre a categoria pronominal desenvolvidos por Zwicky (1977), Kayne (1975, 1991), Borer (1981), Bonet (1991), Cardinaletti & Starke (1999), Ewerett (1994), Duarte & Matos (2000), Duarte, Matos & Gonçalves (2005), Galves (2001a,b), Galves & Abaurre (2002), Déchaine & Wiltchko (2002), entre outros. Parte-se, inicialmente, da expressão do português brasileiro a partir do viés dicotômico existente entre suas variedades: o PB e o PVB. Essa dicotomia tem sido denominda de polarização sociolinguística do Brasil (LUCCHESI, 2008, 2009). Assume-se (cf. Oliveira et alii, no prelo) o conceito de Português Afro-indígena, relativo às variedades de português popular faladas no Brasil em comunidades rurais que conservam especificidades etnolinguísticas. Propõe-se que essas variedades localizam-se dentro de um continuum de variedades de português brasileiro [+marcadas] (como o português afro-brasileiro e o indígena). Analisa-se, a partir da sócio-história, e das construções sintáticas da expressão da comunidade: pronomes clíticos e tônicos atemáticos; o pronome de 1ª. pessoa nós [ns] em posição pré verbal ou proclítica, entre outras, como parte de fatores sintáticos (e etnolinguísticos) que sugerem uma provável reestruração em certos aspectos da sintaxe pronominal de Jurussaca; apontam para a existência prévia de um forte contato linguístico e são tomados como suporte para as hipóteses assumidas / This research addresses the syntax of the personal pronoun system of the maroon community of Jurussaca/Pa, under the assumptions of generative theory, in its Principles & Parameters (Chomsky, 1986) and Minimalist (Chomsky, 1995, 2001) versions. Within this theoretical framework, the studies of pronominal category developed by Zwicky (1977), Kayne (1975, 1991), Borer (1981), Bonet (1991), Cardinaletti & Starke (1999), Ewerett (1994), Duarte & Matos (2000), Duarte, Matos and Gonçalves (2005), Galves (2001a, b) Galves & Abaurre (2002) Dechaine & Wiltchko (2002), among others, are highlited. The study departs from a consideration of the bias in dichotomy existing between the varieties known as Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and Brazilian Vernacular Portuguese (BVP). This dichotomy has been refered to as the \"sociolinguistics polarization of Brazil\" (LUCCHESI, 2008, 2009). The study assumes the classification Afro-Indigenous Portuguese (cf. Oliveira at al, in press) in relation to to the popular varieties of Portuguese spoken in Brazilian rural communities that preserve ethno-linguistic specificities. It is then proposed that these varieties are located on a continuum of [+ marked] Brazilian Portuguese varieties (such as Afro-Brazilian and Indigenous Portuguese). As from the socio-history of the community it is analyzed syntactic constructions with clitic pronouns and athematic tonic pronouns devoid of thematic role; the 1st person pronoun nós [ns] (we) in the pre-verbal or proclitic positions, among others, are syntactic constructions that suggest \'grammatical restructuring\' and point to the prior existence of a strong language contact and are taken as support for the hypotheses here assumed

Esta pesquisa aborda a sintaxe pronominal pessoal da comunidade quilombola de Jurussaca/PA, sob os pressupostos da teoria gerativa, nas versões de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky, 1986) e Minimalista (Chomsky, 1995, 2001). Dentro desse quadro, destacam-se os estudos sobre a categoria pronominal desenvolvidos por Zwicky (1977), Kayne (1975, 1991), Borer (1981), Bonet (1991), Cardinaletti & Starke (1999), Ewerett (1994), Duarte & Matos (2000), Duarte, Matos & Gonçalves (2005), Galves (2001a,b), Galves & Abaurre (2002), Déchaine & Wiltchko (2002), entre outros. Parte-se, inicialmente, da expressão do português brasileiro a partir do viés dicotômico existente entre suas variedades: o PB e o PVB. Essa dicotomia tem sido denominda de polarização sociolinguística do Brasil (LUCCHESI, 2008, 2009). Assume-se (cf. Oliveira et alii, no prelo) o conceito de Português Afro-indígena, relativo às variedades de português popular faladas no Brasil em comunidades rurais que conservam especificidades etnolinguísticas. Propõe-se que essas variedades localizam-se dentro de um continuum de variedades de português brasileiro [+marcadas] (como o português afro-brasileiro e o indígena). Analisa-se, a partir da sócio-história, e das construções sintáticas da expressão da comunidade: pronomes clíticos e tônicos atemáticos; o pronome de 1ª. pessoa nós [ns] em posição pré verbal ou proclítica, entre outras, como parte de fatores sintáticos (e etnolinguísticos) que sugerem uma provável reestruração em certos aspectos da sintaxe pronominal de Jurussaca; apontam para a existência prévia de um forte contato linguístico e são tomados como suporte para as hipóteses assumidas / This research addresses the syntax of the personal pronoun system of the maroon community of Jurussaca/Pa, under the assumptions of generative theory, in its Principles & Parameters (Chomsky, 1986) and Minimalist (Chomsky, 1995, 2001) versions. Within this theoretical framework, the studies of pronominal category developed by Zwicky (1977), Kayne (1975, 1991), Borer (1981), Bonet (1991), Cardinaletti & Starke (1999), Ewerett (1994), Duarte & Matos (2000), Duarte, Matos and Gonçalves (2005), Galves (2001a, b) Galves & Abaurre (2002) Dechaine & Wiltchko (2002), among others, are highlited. The study departs from a consideration of the bias in dichotomy existing between the varieties known as Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and Brazilian Vernacular Portuguese (BVP). This dichotomy has been refered to as the \"sociolinguistics polarization of Brazil\" (LUCCHESI, 2008, 2009). The study assumes the classification Afro-Indigenous Portuguese (cf. Oliveira at al, in press) in relation to to the popular varieties of Portuguese spoken in Brazilian rural communities that preserve ethno-linguistic specificities. It is then proposed that these varieties are located on a continuum of [+ marked] Brazilian Portuguese varieties (such as Afro-Brazilian and Indigenous Portuguese). As from the socio-history of the community it is analyzed syntactic constructions with clitic pronouns and athematic tonic pronouns devoid of thematic role; the 1st person pronoun nós [ns] (we) in the pre-verbal or proclitic positions, among others, are syntactic constructions that suggest \'grammatical restructuring\' and point to the prior existence of a strong language contact and are taken as support for the hypotheses here assumed

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C) 課題番号:17520256 研究代表者:町田 健 研究期間:2005-2007年度