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Effekten av syntetiska cannabinoider med avseende på symtomen av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom : En litteraturstudie om vilken påverkan syntetiska cannabinoider har på symtomen av posttraumatiskt stressyndromMahmutovic, Medina January 2021 (has links)
Background - Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, is a complex disease that occurs when different kinds of traumatic events happen. The symptoms are individual and vary due to the kind of traumatic experience and the persons reaction. There are many of us that have experienced various traumatic events such as sexual abuse, war events, assault, or accidents at some point in life, but only a few percent develop PTSD as a consequence. PTSD also often occurs along with other diseases. Common symptoms are flashbacks, involuntary memory images, avoidant behavior, hopelessness, sleeping disorders and the ‘’fight or flight response’’ overactivity. One of the criteria that need to be fulfilled in order to be diagnosed with PTSD is that the symptoms have lasted for at least a month. Usually, the survival instinct is activated when your body is exposed to danger. For people suffering from PTSD the responses to danger and stress are distorted. The process for when a human is exposed to stress starts with the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA-axis that together will lead to a release of ACTH which stimulates the adrenal cortex and releases cortisol in the body. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists primarily of CB1 and CB2 receptors as well as endogenous cannabinoids and is important for cognitive and emotional processes. Studies have shown that activating the CB1 receptor shortly after the traumatic event could reduce flashbacks. Tetrahydrocannabidiol has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties as well as a high agonist affinity for CB1 and the CB2 receptors. Cannabidiol (CBD), which is the second component extracted from the cannabis plant, has weaker affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors. The effects of CBD are anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety and antispasmodic. Nabilon is an example of a synthetic CB1 receptor agonist. Today, some evidence for a correlation exists between improved PTSD symptoms and cannabis use. The aim - The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of synthetic cannabinoids on the different symptoms caused by PTSD. Method - This literature review study analyzed five studies and their results of the efficacy of synthetic cannabinoids on the different PTSD symptoms. Three studies included the efficacy of nabilon on different PTSD symptoms. One study evaluates the efficacy of oral THC on the different types of symptoms caused by PTSD. The last study includes the worsening of symptoms of PTSD associated with marijuana use. The article was chosen due to that availability of articles was limited and because it was relevant for the aim of this study even though they did not use synthetic cannabinoids. Results - The results that were obtained from these five studies showed that there was an improvement in the various PTSD symptoms in the treatment of synthetic cannabinoids. A reduction in pain and nightmares were demonstrated together with improved quality of life. One study resulted in increased difficulty of symptoms during the use of marijuana. The five studies showed mild side effects such as dry mouth, headache, and dizziness. Conclusion - In summary, it is hard to draw a general conclusion, but the results that were obtained showed that there is an advantage to use synthetic cannabinoids. Since, it has a beneficial efficacy on the different PTSD symptoms. However, it would be of interest to see if synthetic cannabinoids have a beneficial efficacy and safety in a larger study with a study population including different ages and a longer study period. It could be suggested to use synthetic cannabinoid as a treatment for resistant symptoms caused by PTSD.
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Syntetiska cannabinoider : en kvantitativ enkätstudie om användningen i SverigeUlwar, Sara, Samuelsson, Daniel January 2016 (has links)
Syftet med denna studie är att utröna varför personer väljer att använda syntetiska cannabinoider. Vidare ämnade studien undersöka om personer som använder syntetiska cannabinoider också använder andra droger. Samtidigt har studien målet att ta reda på i vilken utsträckning drogens laglighet inverkar vid valet att använda drogen. Studien är kvantitativ. Undersökningen utfördes genom en webbenkät som besvarades av totalt 356 respondenter. Av dessa hade 171 personer använt syntetiska cannabinoider. I resultatet framkom att anledningarna till att använda drogen är flera, men de främsta visade sig vara laglighet, nyfikenhet, tillgänglighet, ruset samt att det ej visar sig vid urinprov. Personer som använder syntetiska cannabinoider har en tendens att också använda flera andra droger. Drogens laglighet visade sig ha en relativt stor inverkan på valet att använda den. Det visade sig också att män i större utsträckning använder syntetiska cannabinoider i jämförelse med kvinnor. / The purpose of this study is to examine why people choose to use synthetic cannabinoids. Furthermore, the study intended to investigate whether people who use synthetic cannabinoids also using other drugs. Meanwhile the study has the objective to find out to what extent the drug affects the legality of the choice to use the drug. The study is quantitative. The survey was conducted through an online survey and was answered by a total of 356 respondents. Of these, 171 people used synthetic cannabinoids. The result showed that the reason for using the drug are several, but the main proved were legality, curiosity, availability, intoxication and that it is not revealed by urine testing. People using synthetic cannabinoids have a tendency to also use several other drugs. The legacy of the drug was found to have a relatively large impact on the decision to use it. It was also found that men in greater occurrence use synthetic cannabinoids compared to women.
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Bestämning av syntetiska cannabinoider med gaskromatografi-masspektrometri / Determination of synthetic cannabinoids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometryPettersson, Sandra January 2011 (has links)
This thesis has been performed at Clinical Chemistry at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg. The purpose of the project was to investigate new and alternative ways to determinate synthetic cannabinoids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Currently, the possibilities to quantify synthetic cannabinoids are very limited. This can lead to an increased use of synthetic cannabinoids as the risk of detection is low, which may be known by drug users. The synthetic cannabinoids are sold mixed with different herbs and have varying names like Spice Gold, Spice Silver, K2, Smoke and Pot-pourri. The synthetic cannabinoids analyzed were JWH-018 and JWH-073, which are commonly found in seized Spice material. At intake of these drugs, usually through smoking, cannabis-like effects arise. This is because they bind to cannabinoid receptors in a similar way as THC does, which is the primary active cannabinoid of cannabis. For urine samples an analytical method would probably be the most sensitive if the major metabolite could be analyzed, as it is expected to be present in high concentrations in this sample type. Since information regarding the metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids is very limited there may be reasons to analyze the mother substance in urine. Further, in plasma and serum samples the mother substance is expected in high concentrations. Thus different ways to detect JWH-018 and JWH-073 directly were investigated in this project. Derivatization of JWH-018 and JWH-073 was the first step to get more selective and sensitive GC-MS analysis. Different derivatization-reagents were investigated, for example BSTFA and TFAA. The results show that the derivatization of JWH-018 with BSTFA after reduction and extraction was successful. To achieve this, samples had to be heated at 115°C for 1-3 hours, but still the samples were not completely derivatized. The results indicate that JWH-substances are difficult to derivatized, but they are possible to derivatize with BSTFA. This could mean that a GC-MS-method maybe could be established for these substances, preferably trough TFAA-derivatization.
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