Feedforward is known to be one of the best methods for power amplifier linearization due to its superior linearization performance and broadband stable operation. However feedforward systems have relatively poor power efficiency and are complicated due to the presence of two nonlinear amplifiers and the requirements of amplitude, phase and delay matching within two different loops. In this thesis stochastic characterization of a simple feedforward system with autocorrelation analysis has been presented for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) applications taking the amplitude and delay mismatches into consideration. It has been assumed that, the input signal can be represented as Gaussian noise, main and error amplifiers can be modeled with third order AM/AM nonlinearities and there exists no phase mismatch within the loops. Hence closed form expressions, which relate the main channel and distorted adjacent channel power at any point in the feedforward circuitry to the system parameters, have been obtained. Consequently, a mathematical handy tool is achieved towards specifying the circuit parameters rapidly for optimum linearity performance and efficiency. The developed analytical model has been verified by Radio Frequency (RF) and system simulations. An alternative approach towards modeling feedforward systems for arbitrary signals has also been brought into consideration and has been verified with system simulations.

Thesis (MTech(Electrical Engineering)) -- Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014 / Today the building energy modeling industry is facing a number of challenges, the advanced programs or methods developed for building energy modeling, are very technical and complex to be used, especially for earlier designs, and the easy programs or methods are not accurate. Moreover, more than a hundred programs developed for energy modeling, have been used in the same building, but most of the time the results differed by about 30%. That is why this thesis has developed a new building energy model in System Modeling Language (SysML), in order to meet, at the same time, the accuracy and the simplicity to be used for future and existing buildings. In this thesis, SysML has been used to develop an energy model and to set up an automation system to the existing building. SysML can do more than simulations, but this thesis is limited to only the simulations steps by using easy applications of SysML and fewer diagrams which could develop in a complete building energy model. SysML is the extension of Unified modeling Language (UML), which uses fewer diagrams than UML. SysML is simple, open and more flexible to be used in any Engineering System. The previous chapter describes SysML and gives the overview and the platform of SysML. The simulations of SysML in this project have been developed through Enterprise Architect and Mat lab software. The inputs used to simulate the program are the parameters of the existing building chosen for modeling that is a student residential building complex located in Stellenbosch, Western Cape in South Africa. Automation system program used in this thesis was based on the norms and building standards of South Africa, renewable energy and the requirements of the buildings’ occupants, in order to meet energy efficiency and safety of the occupants.

This work proposes a model for the HVDC transmission system of the Madeira River Complex, which is developed using PSCAD/EMTDC and based on the design provided by the Energy Research Company (EPE) during the granting concession stage. The implemented model is evaluated by comparing the simulation results and actual data regarding events that occurred in the National Interconnected System (SIN) involving the complex. The Madeira River HVDC system is rated at 7,100 MW, being responsible for transmitting the power generated by the hydropower plants of Santo AntÃnio and Jirau, which are close to the city of Porto Velho, to local load centers and southeastern Brazil, thus reaching the Araraquara substation in the state of SÃo Paulo through two 2,350 km lines. The system consists of two back-to-back (antiparallel) blocks rated at 400 MW each using capacitor-commutated converter stations in order to supply the load comprising the states of RondÃnia and Acre, and also two bipoles of 3,150 MW each, which are constituted by 12-pulse line-commutated current source converters so that power can be transmitted to southeastern Brazil. The results of comparison between actual data and the simulation tests have shown that the percentage difference between the evaluated quantities are within acceptable limits, while it can be concluded that the proposed model is properly validated. / Este trabalho propÃe um modelo do sistema de transmissÃo HVDC do Complexo do Rio Madeira, desenvolvido no ambiente PSCAD/EMTDC e baseado no projeto disponibilizado pela Empresa de Pesquisa EnergÃtica - EPE na fase de concessÃo das instalaÃÃes. O modelo construÃdo à avaliado por meio da comparaÃÃo entre os resultados de simulaÃÃo e os dados reais de ocorrÃncias no Sistema Interligado Nacional - SIN que envolveram o complexo. O HVDC do Rio Madeira possui capacidade total de conversÃo de 7.100 MW, e transporta a energia gerada nas usinas hidroelÃtricas de Santo AntÃnio e Jirau, prÃximas a Porto Velho, para centros de carga locais e para o sudeste do Brasil, chegando à subestaÃÃo Araraquara, no estado de SÃo Paulo, atravÃs de duas linhas em corrente contÃnua de 2.350 km de extensÃo. O sistema à composto por dois blocos back-to-back (anti-paralelo) de 400 MW cada, com estaÃÃes conversoras comutadas por capacitores, para atender as cargas dos estados de RondÃnia e Acre, e dois elos bipolares de 3.150 MW cada, constituÃdos de conversores fonte de corrente de 12 pulsos com comutaÃÃo natural de linha, para transmissÃo de energia para o sudeste do paÃs. Os resultados da comparaÃÃo entre os dados reais e a simulaÃÃo mostraram que as diferenÃas percentuais entre grandezas avaliadas se mantiveram dentro de limites satisfatÃrios, podendo-se concluir que o modelo construÃdo foi considerado validado.

Cette thèse porte sur l’optimisation d’opérations dans un terminal maritime pétrolier en vue d’assister les opérateurs de supervision. L’objectif est de fournir des solutions candidates pour la sélection d’alignements (chemins) de pipelines et pour l’ordonnancement d’opérations de transfert de pétrole et de maintenance de vannes. La principale difficulté de ce travail est la gestion d’un réseau à ressources limitées et conflictuelles. La prise de décision doit être réalisée en fonction des disponibilités des dispositifs, de la capacité opérative du réseau, d’aspects financiers (pénalités) liés au service, et d’activités de maintenance planifiées au préalable. L’optimisation est abordée par des approches tropicales du fait que ces techniques appréhendent de manière concise et intuitive les phénomènes de synchronisation. Les propositions développées ici commencent par des modèles d’optimisation algébriques mono-objectif et se complexifient, lors de l’intégration de nouvelles variabilités, jusqu’à la proposition de modèles d’optimisation multi-objectif hybrides par approches d’intelligence artificielle et algébriques. Dans un premier temps, un modèle d’optimisation mono-objectif non linéaire est proposé en algèbre (max,+) pour minimiser les pénalités, intégrant des phénomènes de nature différente dans une contrainte générique unique. Dans un deuxième temps, la linéarisation est résolue par une priorisation des opérations en conflit. Dans ce contexte, deux critères de linéarisation sont considérés : le premier concernant les pénalités potentielles pour les clients, et le deuxième concernant la criticité des opérations. Le modèle (max,+) non linéaire minimisant les pénalités est étendu pour la prise en compte de la recherche d’alignements et de la minimisation des retards des opérations de maintenance. Pour appréhender la dimension multi-objectif, une approche hybride d’algorithmes génétiques et des systèmes (max,+) linéaires est ensuite discutée. Enfin, dans un cadre plus formel, un nouveau produit synchrone exploitant les phénomènes de parallélisme au plus tôt est défini pour des automates tropicaux pour minimiser le makespan. Les propositions sont validées par des données industrielles recueillies auprès de l’entreprise pétrolière PDVSA et du fournisseur de solutions de supervision Thales Group. Les principales contributions à la recherche relèvent de la considération des approches tropicales dans la résolution de la problématique d’optimisation conduisant à des modèles concis et potentiellement linéaires, la proposition d’une approche hybride d’algorithmes génétiques et systèmes (max,+) linéaires exploitant les avantages de recherche distribuée des approches de l’intelligence artificielle avec les modèles concis issus de l’algèbre (max,+), et de la définition d’un nouveau produit synchrone d’automates tropicaux par une exploitation des phénomènes de parallélisme pour un comportement au plus tôt. / This thesis addresses operations optimization in an oil seaport with the fundamental purpose of assisting supervision operators. The objective is to provide candidate solutions for pipeline alignment (path) selection and for scheduling of oil transfer operations, as well as maintenance operations, considering that the system has limited and conflicting resources. Informed decision making should consider operations scheduling and alignment selection based on : devices availability, operative capacity of the network, financial aspects (penalties) due to late service, and a predefined maintenance schedule. The optimization problem is addressed by tropical approaches given their potential for yielding concise and intuitive representations when modeling synchronization phenomena. The proposals developed herein start by algebraic mono-objective optimization models. They subsequently become more complex, as new aspects are included, leading to the formulation of hybrid multi-objective optimization models based on artificial intelligence approaches as well as (max,+)-linear system theory. Firstly, a mono-objective optimization model is proposed in (max,+) algebra for penalty minimization. This model integrates different nature phenomena into one single constraint. It is nonlinear, considers predefined alignments for transfer operations and is validated through an optimization solver (LINGO). Secondly, linearization of such model is introduced for prioritization of conflicting operations. Within this context, 2 criteria are addressed: potential penalties for clients and, on the other hand, operations criticality. The nonlinear (max,+) model minimizing penalties is extended in order to consider alignment search and delay minimization for maintenance operations. In order to address the multi-objective nature of the problem, an approach based on genetic algorithms and (max,+)-linear system theory is proposed. Finally, in a more formal framework, a new synchronous product for tropical automata exploiting parallelism phenomena at the earliest is defined in order to minimize the makespan. The proposed models and methods herein have been validated by industrial data gathered from the oil company PDVSA and from the supervision solutions provider Thales Group. The main contributions of this research are, firstly, the application of tropical approaches to this specific optimization problem, yielding concise and potentially linear models. Secondly, the proposal of a hybrid approach based on genetic algorithms and (max,+)-linear systems, which exploits the advantages of the distributed search of artificial intelligence approaches and the conciseness of the models stemming from (max,+) algebra. The final contribution focuses on the definition of the alphabet for a new synchronous product of tropical automata.

This thesis is focused on voltage regulation in low voltage distribution system. It describes power management methods using photovoltaic inverters. The thesis describes the working PQ space of the inverter and the regulation characteristics of the active and reactive power in dependence on the voltage. The practical part focuses on the simulation of specific PQU control settings on the test models created in PSCAD. The model is used as a basis for real measurement. Outputs obtained from measurement and simulation are validated in the text. The last part of the thesis identifies limits for connecting resources with and without support.

The following thesis looks into modeling a chilled water system equipped with variable speed drives on different piece of equipment and optimization of system setpoints to achieve energy savings. The research was done by collecting data from a case-study and developing a system of component models that could be linked to simulate the overall system operation.

UWB has the huge potential to impact the present communication systems due to its enormous available bandwidth, range/data rate trade-off, and potential for very low cost operation. According to FCC, Ultra Wideband (UWB) radio signal defined as a signal that occupies a bandwidth of 500 MHz or fractional bandwidth larger than 20% with strict limits on its power spectral density to -41.3dBm/MHz in the range 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz. Decades of research in the area of wide-band systems have lead us to new possibilities in the design of low power, low complexity radios, comparing with existing narrowband radio systems. In particular, impulse radio based ultra wideband (IR-UWB) is a promising solution for short-range radio communications such as low power radio-frequency identification (RFID), wireless sensor network's and wireless personal area network (WPAN) etc. Since a simple circuit, architecture adopted in the IR-UWB system, the non-idealities of receiver front end may lead to degrade the overall performance. Therefore, it is important to study these effects in order to create robust and efficient UWB system. However, majorities of recent studies are formed on the channel analysis, rather than the receiver system. The main objectives of this thesis work are, (a) System level modeling of non-coherent IR-UWB receiver, (b) Performance analysis of IR-UWB receiver with the help of bit error rate (BER) estimation, (c) A study on the impact of receiver front end non-idealities over BER, (d) Analysis of charge leakage in integrator and its effect on overall performance of UWB receiver. In this work, IR-UWB non-coherent energy detector receiver operating in the frequency band of 3GHz-5GHz based on the on-off keying (OOK) modulation was simulated in Matlab/Simulink. The effect of receiver front end non idealities and integrator charge leakages were discussed in detail with respect to overall performance of the receiver. The results show that non idealities and leakage degrade the performance as expected. In order to achieve a specific BER of 10-2 with the integrator leakage of 25%, the SNR should be increased by 2.1 dB compared to the SNR with no leakage at a data rate of 200Mbps. Finally, integrator design and its specifications were discussed.

abstract: State-of-the-art automotive radars use multi-chip Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radars to sense the environment around the car. FMCW radars are prone to interference as they operate over a narrow baseband bandwidth and use similar radio frequency (RF) chirps among them. Phase Modulated Continuous Wave radars (PMCW) are robust and insensitive to interference as they transmit signals over a wider bandwidth using spread spectrum technique. As more and more cars are equipped with FMCW radars illuminate the same environment, interference would soon become a serious issue. PMCW radars can be an effective solution to interference in the noisy FMCW radar environment. PMCW radars can be implemented in silicon as System-on-a-chip (SoC), suitable for Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) implementation and is highly programmable. PMCW radars do not require highly linear high frequency chirping oscillators thus reducing the size of the final solution. This thesis aims to present a behavior model for this promising Digitally modulated radar (DMR) transceiver in Simulink/Matlab. The goal of this work is to create a model for the electronic system level framework that simulates the entire system with non-idealities. This model includes a Top Down Design methodology to understand the requirements of the individual modules’ performance and thus derive the specifications for implementing the real chip. Back annotation of the actual electrical modules’ performance to the model closes the design process loop. Using Simulink’s toolboxes, a passband and equivalent baseband model of the system is built for the transceiver with non-idealities of the components built in along with signal processing routines in Matlab. This model provides a platform for system evaluation and simulation for various system scenarios and use-cases of sensing using the environment around a moving car. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Engineering 2019

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Multiple fans are sometimes used in an array configuration to cool various types of electronic equipment. In addition to adding another noise source, using two fans with closely spaced blade passage frequencies (BPF) can create an annoying beat frequency. A two fan array with each fan having a different BPF was considered. The fans were theoretically modeled at the BPF and first harmonics. Each fan has two acoustic paths to the far field. Thus, each fan was modeled as a two source array. The first control configuration consisted of one control filter using six control sources and six error sensors in a fully coupled control system designed to control both fans simultaneously. The second configuration used two independent controllers with three control sources and three error sensors, one controller per fan. Experimentally, the averaged narrow band reduction of the BPFs and the second harmonic of the two independent controllers were 15.6 and 7.4 dB respectively, compared to a reduction of 14.4 and 5.7 dB at the two frequencies using a single control loop. The results suggest that independent controllers perform better than the single control loop for the fan array studied. Optimization of active noise control systems has increased performance but sometimes with decreased robustness. Two control source configurations for the sound power reduction of a simple source were analyzed by modeling the control systems. The two control source configurations were four symmetric control sources surrounding the noise source and an optimized linear array of four control sources. Simulation results show the linear array control source configuration is more sensitive to microphone placement errors, with a 20-33 dB reduction in attenuation for a microphone placement error of 2 mm compared to a 0.8 dB drop in attenuation for the symmetric case. The linear array configuration was found to be more sensitive to the microphone placement errors compared to the symmetric configuration. A 2.5 mm change in one microphone position causes an average of 6 dB loss in attenuation for the linear array configuration compared to a 0.6 dB loss for the symmetric configuration.