This thesis focuses on using photovoltaic produced electricity to power air conditioners in a tropical climate. The study takes place in Surabaya, Indonesia at two different locations the classroom, located at the UBAYA campus and the home office, 10 km away. Indonesia has an average solar irradiation of about 4.8 kWh/m²/day (PWC Indonesia, 2013) which is for ideal conditions for these tests. At the home office, tests were conducted on different photovoltaic systems. A series of measuring devices recorded the performance of the 800 W PV system and the consumption of the 1.35 kW air conditioner (cooling capacity). To have an off grid system many of the components need to be oversized. The inverter has to be oversized to meet the startup load of the air conditioner, which can be 3 to 8 times the operating power (Rozenblat, 2013). High energy consumption of the air conditioner would require a large battery storage to provide one day of autonomy. The PV systems output must at least match the consumption of the air conditioner. A grid connect system provides a much better solution with the 800 W PV system providing 80 % of the 3.5 kWh load of the air conditioner, the other 20 % coming from the grid during periods of low irradiation. In this system the startup load is provided by the grid so the inverter does not need to be oversized. With the grid-connected system, the PV panel’s production does not need to match the consumption of the air conditioner, although a smaller PV array will mean a smaller percentage of the load will be covered by PV. Using the results from the home office tests and results from measurements made in the classroom. Two different PV systems (8 kW and 12 kW) were simulated to power both the current air conditioners (COP 2.78) and new air conditioners (COP 4.0). The payback period of the systems can vary greatly depending on if a feed in tariff is awarded or not. If the feed in tariff is awarded the best system is the 12 kW system, with a payback period of 4.3 years and a levelized cost of energy at -3,334 IDR/kWh. If the feed in tariff is not granted then the 8 kW system is the best choice with a lower payback period and lower levelized cost of energy than the 12 kW system under the same conditions.

Depuis l'essor des ordinateurs et des capacités de calcul, la conception des composants du génie électrique repose largement sur des simulations informatiques et sur des calculs numériques. Dans les systèmes complexes, où de nombreux composants interagissent pour le bon fonctionnement du système, le dimensionnement optimal du composant dépend nécessairement de son environnement systémique. La conception de celui-ci est fortement liée au fonctionnement du système global. La conception intégré du composant dans son environnement systémique permet ainsi de repousser les limites de l'efficacité énergétique, pour des systèmes plus performants et moins consommateurs. En support à ce contexte méthodologique, nous proposons de dimensionner par optimisation un moteur électrique pour un véhicule hybride dans le but d'améliorer l'efficacité énergétique globale du véhicule. Dans ce travail, nous avons modélisé le moteur électrique par un schéma réluctant, et nous proposons deux approches méthodologiques différentes du même problème. Les points clés de notre approches sont : la prise en compte de l'environnement du moteur, du cycle de fonctionnement et de la gestion de l'énergie du système. / Since the development of computers and calculation capacities, the design of electrical components in electrical engineering is widely based on computing simulations and on numeral calculations. In complex systems, where numerous components interact for the working of the system, the optimal sizing of the component deeply depends on its systemic environment. The design of each component is strongly linked to the functioning of the global system. Therefore, the joint design of the component into its systemic environment allows to improve the efficiency of the system. In this methodological context, we optimize an electric machine for a hybrid vehicle. The aim of this work is to improve the global efficiency of the vehicle. In this work, we build a magnetic circuit model, and we propose two approaches for solving the optimization problem. The key points of this work are : the consideration of the environment of the electrical machine, the driving cycle and the energy management of the system.

This thesis proposes an advanced architecting methodology. This methodology allows for the sizing and optimization of aircraft system architecture concepts and the establishment of subsystem development strategies. The process is implemented by an architecting team composed of subsystem experts and architects. The methodology organizes the architecture definition using the SysML language. Using meta-modeling techniques, this definition is translated into an analysis model which automatically integrates subsystem analyses in a fashion that represents the specific architecture concept described by the team. The resulting analysis automatically sizes the subsystems composing it, synthesizes their information to derive architecture-level performance and explores the architecture internal trade-offs. This process is facilitated using the Coordinated Optimization method proposed in this dissertation. This method proposes a multi-level optimization setup. An architecture-level optimizer orchestrates the subsystem sizing optimizations in order to optimize the aircraft as whole. The methodologies proposed in this thesis are tested and demonstrated on a proof of concept based on the exploration of turbo-electric propulsion aircraft concepts.

This research introduces a high-performance electric taxiing system (ETS) as a modern solution to improve the on-ground operations of today’s aircraft, which are conventionally powered through the main engines. The presented ETS is propelled by electric motors, integrated into the main landing gear of a state-of-the-art midsize commercial aircraft, and powered by an additional not quantified electrical energy storage system. The proposed system can therefore operate autonomously from any aircraft-internal power source, i.e. Auxiliary Power Unit or equivalent. The main objective of this work is to assess the energy consumption of the introduced ETS while considering energy recuperation due to regenerative braking. The ETS powertrain is sized to match modern conventional taxi performances that were seen in 36 self-recorded takeoff- and landing taxi driving profiles. A custom ETS simulation model was developed and simulated across all available driving profiles to confirm the desired powertrain performance and to predict the system’s energy consumption. For the purpose of enhancing the validity of these energy consumption predictions, a suitable motor controller is then designed by the use of MATLAB Simulink. An easy-to-implement switch loss model was created to predict the ETS motor controller efficiency map. Finally, the former energy consumption predictions were revised for the implementation of the motor controller and an estimated traction motor efficiency map. The results exhibit that the revised ETS simulation model was capable of refining the energy consumption. It was found that the ETS will consume up to 9.89 kWh on average if the full potential of the traction motors energy recuperation capabilities are being used. The simulation outcomes further demonstrate that regenerative braking offers great potential in ETS applications since more than 14 % of required traction energy could be regenerated to yield the above mentioned average energy consumption. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

This diploma thesis deals with the operation of radiators. It is divided into three parts. The first part describes the various types of radiators and heating surfaces, radiator control and heat measurement, the second part deals with the design of heating and hot water in an apartment building in Brno in two variants of the conceptual solution and the third part is processed in the form of experimental measurements issues of radiator operation during a real day in the heating season and operating conditions that may occur.