Yes / This chapter presents the Infobiotics Workbench (IBW), an integrated software suite developed for computational systems biology. The tool is built upon stochastic P systems, a probabilistic extension of P systems, as modelling framework. The platform utilises computer-aided modelling and analysis of biological systems through simulation, verification and optimisation. IBW allows modelling and analysing not only cell level behaviour, but also multi-compartmental population dynamics. This enables comparing be tween macroscopic and mesoscopic interpretations of molecular interaction networks and investigating temporo-spatial phenomena in multicellular systems. These capabilities make IBW a useful, coherent and comprehensive in silico tool for systems biology research.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In systems biology study, biological networks were used to gain insights into biological systems. While the traditional approach to studying biological networks is based on the identification of interactions among genes or the identification of a gene set ranking according to differentially expressed gene lists, little is known about interactions between higher order biological systems, a network of gene sets. Several types of gene set network have been proposed including co-membership, linkage, and co-enrichment human gene set networks. However, to our knowledge, none of them contains directionality information. Therefore, in this study we proposed a method to construct a regulatory gene set network, a directed network, which reveals novel relationships among gene sets. A regulatory gene set network was constructed by using publicly available gene regulation data. A directed edge in regulatory gene set networks represents a regulatory relationship from one gene set to the other gene set. A regulatory gene set network was compared with another type of gene set network to show that the regulatory network provides additional information. In order to show that a regulatory gene set network is useful for understand the underlying mechanism of a disease, an Alzheimer's disease (AD) regulatory gene set network was constructed. In addition, we developed Pathway and Annotated Gene-set Electronic Repository (PAGER), an online systems biology tool for constructing and visualizing gene and gene set networks from multiple gene set collections. PAGER is available at http://discern.uits.iu.edu:8340/PAGER/. Global regulatory and global co-membership gene set networks were pre-computed. PAGER contains 166,489 gene sets, 92,108,741 co-membership edges, 697,221,810 regulatory edges, 44,188 genes, 651,586 unique gene regulations, and 650,160 unique gene interactions. PAGER provided several unique features including constructing regulatory gene set networks, generating expanded gene set networks, and constructing gene networks within a gene set. However, tissue specific or disease specific information was not considered in the disease specific network constructing process, so it might not have high accuracy of presenting the high level relationship among gene sets in the disease context. Therefore, our framework can be improved by collecting higher resolution data, such as tissue specific and disease specific gene regulations and gene sets. In addition, experimental gene expression data can be applied to add more information to the gene set network. For the current version of PAGER, the size of gene and gene set networks are limited to 100 nodes due to browser memory constraint. Our future plans is integrating internal gene or proteins interactions inside pathways in order to support future systems biology study.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Traditional treatment strategy development for diseases involves the identification of target proteins related to disease states, and the interference of these proteins with drug molecules. Computational drug discovery and virtual screening from thousands of chemical compounds have accelerated this process. The thesis presents a comprehensive framework of computational drug discovery using system biology approaches. The thesis mainly consists of two parts: disease biomarker identification and disease treatment discoveries. The first part of the thesis focuses on the research in biomarker identification for human diseases in the post-genomic era with an emphasis in system biology approaches such as using the protein interaction networks. There are two major types of biomarkers: Diagnostic Biomarker is expected to detect a given type of disease in an individual with both high sensitivity and specificity; Predictive Biomarker serves to predict drug response before treatment is started. Both are essential before we even start seeking any treatment for the patients. In this part, we first studied how the coverage of the disease genes, the protein interaction quality, and gene ranking strategies can affect the identification of disease genes. Second, we addressed the challenge of constructing a central database to collect the system level data such as protein interaction, pathway, etc. Finally, we built case studies for biomarker identification for using dabetes as a case study. The second part of the thesis mainly addresses how to find treatments after disease identification. It specifically focuses on computational drug repositioning due to its low lost, few translational issues and other benefits. First, we described how to implement literature mining approaches to build the disease-protein-drug connectivity map and demonstrated its superior performances compared to other existing applications. Second, we presented a valuable drug-protein directionality database which filled the research gap of lacking alternatives for the experimental CMAP in computational drug discovery field. We also extended the correlation based ranking algorithms by including the underlying topology among proteins. Finally, we demonstrated how to study drug repositioning beyond genomic level and from one dimension to two dimensions with clinical side effect as prediction features.