Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of Geomatics, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-173).

Thesis (M.C.S.) Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-145). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Francisco de Gois.pdf: 2464234 bytes, checksum: 4e76f6a229f6e21ef5dce9e424bf08c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-28 / The use of soil is understood as a space that is being occupied by man, developing a set of activities of production and reproduction of a society, involving both urban and agricultural areas. Due to the economic development of the last few years, this subject has been studied more and more with a common concern: the quality of water. The objective of this paper is based on the elaboration of a diagnosis of the use and occupation of the soil of the São José river basin, in the city of Cascavel, PR, as a subsidy for the evaluation of the landscape, serving as a tool to the management and adequacy of the area for captation of water to human consumption. This study is of great importance, since the area is considered potential future supplying source for the city of Cascavel Pr. No study of the characterization of this hydrographic basin has been carried out so far. Satellite pictures and topographical letters of the area have been used and geoprocessing techniques provided by softwares ArcView and Spring have also been used. Initially, it was carried out the delimitation of the basin, the geomorphologic characterization of the physical factors of the use of the soil and types. The total area of the hydrographic basin is of 143,8 km ². The characteristics and physical indicators of the basin had demonstrated that the studied area presents a dense net of draining with great trend for peaks of overflow. The area presents six geomorphologic types: steep hillsides very soft and plains to alluvial (11%), hillsides (10.9%), very soft hillsides with rectilinear and irregular sources (34.8%), intermediate hillsides with irregular sources (14.8%), steep hillsides (28.9%) and areas of tops of mount (2.1%), all with formations of The Podzolic Latosol and the basalt presence. As to the definition and characterization of the uses of the soil of the basin it was evidenced the existence of five classes: areas of pastures (31.3%), temporary culture (43.5%), which are the predominant types of use, urban activity (1.7%), areas with intense administrative activity in the country property (1.7%) and forest-covered areas (21.6%). With these data, a comparative analysis was build up to compare the classes of use of the soil versus Geomorphology, where it has been verified that the developed activities can jeopardize the quality of the water, therefore maximize the geomorphologic degradation. For the relation Classes of Use of the soil versus Declivity it was verified that where there are areas of bigger declivity there are activities that are not compatible with it, requiring replanning. In the comparison of the Use of the soil with Law number 4771 of 1965, of the Brazilian Forest Code, it was evidenced that the areas of permanent preservation are very degraded, being invaded for the cattle raising activity and temporary culture, increasing the sand accumulation in the riverbed. In such way, as the hydrographic basin is potential future supplying source for human use, there is a need of monitoring and replanning the activities as well as the elaboration of projects that recover the ciliar bush, so that it prevents the sand accumulation of the hydric courses, and guarantees the quality of water, making it possible consumption of water in a safe way. / O uso do solo é um espaço ocupado pelo homem, onde desenvolve-se um conjunto de atividades de uma sociedade, englobando áreas urbanas e rurais. Com o desenvolvimento econômico, este tema é cada vez mais estudado, com o enfoque em comum: a qualidade da água. O objetivo deste trabalho baseiase na elaboração de um diagnóstico do uso e ocupação do solo da bacia do rio São José, município de Cascavel, PR, como subsídio para a avaliação da paisagem, servindo de ferramenta à gestão e adequação da área para captação de água, já que a área é considerada potencial futuro para o abastecimento do município de Cascavel Pr, não existindo nenhum estudo de caracterização da mesma. Utilizou-se imagens de satélites e cartas topográficas da área e aplicando técnicas de geoprocessamento, com os softwares ArcView e Spring, determinou-se a área da bacia hidrográfica (143,8 km²) e as características dos fatores físicos, que demonstraram uma área com densa rede de drenagem com grande tendência para picos de cheias. Ela apresenta seis tipos geomorfológicos: encostas muito suave e planícies aluvionar (11%), encostas escarpadas (10,9%), encostas muito suaves com vertentes retilíneas e irregulares (34,8%), encostas intermediárias com vertentes irregulares (14,8%), encostas íngremes (28,9%) e áreas de topos de morro (2,1%), todos com formações de Latossolo e a presença de basalto. Encontrou-se cinco classes de uso do solo: áreas de pastagens (31,3%), cultivo temporário (43,5%), atividade urbanas (1,7%), áreas com atividade intensas e administrativas na propriedade rural (1,7%) e áreas com cobertura florestal (21,6%). Construiu-se uma análise comparativa entre as Classes de Uso do Solo versus Geomorfologia, onde se verificou que as atividades desenvolvidas podem comprometer a qualidade da água, pois potencializam a degradação geomorfológica. Na relação Classes de Uso do Solo versus Declividade constatou-se que nas áreas de maior declividade se desenvolvem atividades não compatíveis com a mesma, devendo ocorrer um replanejamento. Na comparação do Uso do Solo com a Lei número 4771 (1965), do Código Florestal Brasileiro, vê-se que áreas de preservação permanente estão muito degradadas, sendo invadida pela atividade pecuarista e cultivo temporário, aumentando o assoreamento no leito do rio. Desta forma, como a bacia hidrográfica é potencial futuro para abastecimento humano, existe a necessidade de monitoramento e um replanejamento das atividades e a elaboração de projetos para a recuperação da mata ciliar, evitando o assoreamento dos cursos hídricos e garantindo a qualidade da água, possibilitando o consumo de forma segura.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Francisco de Gois.pdf: 2464234 bytes, checksum: 4e76f6a229f6e21ef5dce9e424bf08c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-28 / The use of soil is understood as a space that is being occupied by man, developing a set of activities of production and reproduction of a society, involving both urban and agricultural areas. Due to the economic development of the last few years, this subject has been studied more and more with a common concern: the quality of water. The objective of this paper is based on the elaboration of a diagnosis of the use and occupation of the soil of the São José river basin, in the city of Cascavel, PR, as a subsidy for the evaluation of the landscape, serving as a tool to the management and adequacy of the area for captation of water to human consumption. This study is of great importance, since the area is considered potential future supplying source for the city of Cascavel Pr. No study of the characterization of this hydrographic basin has been carried out so far. Satellite pictures and topographical letters of the area have been used and geoprocessing techniques provided by softwares ArcView and Spring have also been used. Initially, it was carried out the delimitation of the basin, the geomorphologic characterization of the physical factors of the use of the soil and types. The total area of the hydrographic basin is of 143,8 km ². The characteristics and physical indicators of the basin had demonstrated that the studied area presents a dense net of draining with great trend for peaks of overflow. The area presents six geomorphologic types: steep hillsides very soft and plains to alluvial (11%), hillsides (10.9%), very soft hillsides with rectilinear and irregular sources (34.8%), intermediate hillsides with irregular sources (14.8%), steep hillsides (28.9%) and areas of tops of mount (2.1%), all with formations of The Podzolic Latosol and the basalt presence. As to the definition and characterization of the uses of the soil of the basin it was evidenced the existence of five classes: areas of pastures (31.3%), temporary culture (43.5%), which are the predominant types of use, urban activity (1.7%), areas with intense administrative activity in the country property (1.7%) and forest-covered areas (21.6%). With these data, a comparative analysis was build up to compare the classes of use of the soil versus Geomorphology, where it has been verified that the developed activities can jeopardize the quality of the water, therefore maximize the geomorphologic degradation. For the relation Classes of Use of the soil versus Declivity it was verified that where there are areas of bigger declivity there are activities that are not compatible with it, requiring replanning. In the comparison of the Use of the soil with Law number 4771 of 1965, of the Brazilian Forest Code, it was evidenced that the areas of permanent preservation are very degraded, being invaded for the cattle raising activity and temporary culture, increasing the sand accumulation in the riverbed. In such way, as the hydrographic basin is potential future supplying source for human use, there is a need of monitoring and replanning the activities as well as the elaboration of projects that recover the ciliar bush, so that it prevents the sand accumulation of the hydric courses, and guarantees the quality of water, making it possible consumption of water in a safe way. / O uso do solo é um espaço ocupado pelo homem, onde desenvolve-se um conjunto de atividades de uma sociedade, englobando áreas urbanas e rurais. Com o desenvolvimento econômico, este tema é cada vez mais estudado, com o enfoque em comum: a qualidade da água. O objetivo deste trabalho baseiase na elaboração de um diagnóstico do uso e ocupação do solo da bacia do rio São José, município de Cascavel, PR, como subsídio para a avaliação da paisagem, servindo de ferramenta à gestão e adequação da área para captação de água, já que a área é considerada potencial futuro para o abastecimento do município de Cascavel Pr, não existindo nenhum estudo de caracterização da mesma. Utilizou-se imagens de satélites e cartas topográficas da área e aplicando técnicas de geoprocessamento, com os softwares ArcView e Spring, determinou-se a área da bacia hidrográfica (143,8 km²) e as características dos fatores físicos, que demonstraram uma área com densa rede de drenagem com grande tendência para picos de cheias. Ela apresenta seis tipos geomorfológicos: encostas muito suave e planícies aluvionar (11%), encostas escarpadas (10,9%), encostas muito suaves com vertentes retilíneas e irregulares (34,8%), encostas intermediárias com vertentes irregulares (14,8%), encostas íngremes (28,9%) e áreas de topos de morro (2,1%), todos com formações de Latossolo e a presença de basalto. Encontrou-se cinco classes de uso do solo: áreas de pastagens (31,3%), cultivo temporário (43,5%), atividade urbanas (1,7%), áreas com atividade intensas e administrativas na propriedade rural (1,7%) e áreas com cobertura florestal (21,6%). Construiu-se uma análise comparativa entre as Classes de Uso do Solo versus Geomorfologia, onde se verificou que as atividades desenvolvidas podem comprometer a qualidade da água, pois potencializam a degradação geomorfológica. Na relação Classes de Uso do Solo versus Declividade constatou-se que nas áreas de maior declividade se desenvolvem atividades não compatíveis com a mesma, devendo ocorrer um replanejamento. Na comparação do Uso do Solo com a Lei número 4771 (1965), do Código Florestal Brasileiro, vê-se que áreas de preservação permanente estão muito degradadas, sendo invadida pela atividade pecuarista e cultivo temporário, aumentando o assoreamento no leito do rio. Desta forma, como a bacia hidrográfica é potencial futuro para abastecimento humano, existe a necessidade de monitoramento e um replanejamento das atividades e a elaboração de projetos para a recuperação da mata ciliar, evitando o assoreamento dos cursos hídricos e garantindo a qualidade da água, possibilitando o consumo de forma segura.

In recent years, the Mekong delta has been strongly developed both for agriculture and aquaculture. However, there is scope for a negative impact of agriculture on aquaculture in term of production and quality of seafood products. Specifically, the large amount of pesticides imported and used in the Mekong delta not only help agriculture purposes but can also easily enter aquatic systems and affect aquaculture. Pesticides can be transported in the environment by chemo-dynamic procedures and hydrological processes. As a result, pesticides used in agriculture become dispersed and their residues in sediment, water and biota have been detected in the Mekong delta. This study investigated the overall pesticide process including pesticide use, modelling pesticide accumulation and evaluating the potential impact on aquaculture sites for some target aquatic species. The risk of pesticides use in the Mekong delta was addressed in three stages: (1) investigating current pesticide use status in the Mekong delta; (2) modelling pesticide loss and accumulation; (3) classifying pesticide risk areas for aquaculture of target cultured species. A survey of 334 farms covering a total area of ~20,000km2 in the Mekong delta took place between 2008 and 2009. Information on pesticide types and quantities was recorded using questionnaires, and it was found that 96 pesticides in 23 groups were popularly used for agricultural purposes. Dicarboximide, Carbamate and Conazole had the highest use at ~3000, ~2000 and ~2000 g/ha/year respectively. The survey revealed an increase in pesticide use per hectare since previous surveys in the Mekong delta in 1994, 2000, and 2004. However, the highly persistent compounds (WHO classification classes II, III and IV) appeared to have reduced in use. Insecticides previously represented >50% of the total pesticides used, however, the resent survey has shown their use has decreased to ~38%.There was a parallel increase in use of fungicides from previous levels of <30% of total pesticides to more recently ~41%. The combination of pesticide information and geo-location data enabled display and analysis of this data spatially using a Geographic Information System (GIS). A pesticide loss and accumulation model was established through combination of several sub-models including sediment loss and accumulation, direct loss, and water runoff, all of which were implemented and integrated within the GIS environment. MUSLE (Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation) was used to estimate sediment loss and accumulation in the Mekong delta and the Curve Number method (CN Method) was applied to predict water runoff and discharges and flow accumulation. Modelling commenced from the first pesticide application in April, based on 4 day time-steps. All mathematical calculations run within each time step automatically reiterated in the following time step with the new input datasets. The results from fuzzy classification of the pesticide model outcomes were considered in terms of the 96hr lethal concentration (LC50) in order to classify the risk and non-risk areas for catfish and tiger shrimp culture. The sediment loss and accumulation model shows that the highest loss of sediment was in the rainy season, especially in May to October. Vegetables and short term crop areas were found be most strongly eroded. The MUSLE model showed that the highest sediment accumulation was in the hilly areas (~1066.42 tonne/ha/year); lower in riverside areas (~230.39 tonne/ha/year) and lowest in flooded paddy areas (~150.15tonne/ha/year). Abamectin was used as an example throughout this study to estimate pesticide loss and its effects on aquaculture. The results showed that pesticide loss by runoff and sediment loss is less than the loss by half-life degradation (for Abamectin specifically). Accumulation of Abamectin occurred at highest rate in May and October and decreased with time. The spatial models showed that pesticide residues concentrated in the river and riverside areas. In order to evaluate the acute toxicity impacts, three levels of water depth in ponds were modelled as culture depths for catfish and tiger shrimp. The results show that the highest risk areas for catfish occurred in May and October with ~333,000 and ~420,000 ha at a pond depth of 0.5 m; ~136,000 and ~183,000 ha at a pond depth of 1.0 m; and ~10,840 and ~19,000 ha at a pond depth of 1.5 m. Risk areas for catfish mainly concentrated at the riverside and in part of the coastal areas. For tiger shrimp, the risk periods during the year were similar to those found for catfish. The highest risk areas for shrimp were ~648,000 and ~771,000 ha at 0.5 m pond depth; ~346,000 and ~446,700 ha at 1.0 m pond depth; and ~185,000 and ~250,000 ha at 1.5 m pond depth. Overall, deeper ponds reduced the risk. This study has developed a method to evaluate the negative impact of input pesticides to the environment from agricultural use related to fluctuation of aquaculture risk areas. The research indicates the potential relationship between pesticide input and the risk areas for aquaculture. The model has several significant uses: 1) it can provide information to policy makers for a more harmonized development of both aquaculture and agriculture in the Mekong delta in the future, 2) it provides data for aquaculture investment analysis to decrease the hazards caused by pesticide impacts, and 3) it provides a model capable of application to wide field scenarios and suitable for any pesticide type.

In the education of Geography, the School Cartography is of basic importance, therefore the people, when she/he are alphabetized cartographyly, he/she has the capacity to interpret maps, images and other geographic representations. In this way, the didatic materials foreseen by the pedagogical conceptions are elaborated in analogical electronic digital means to subsidize the understanding of the local space. The Municipal Electronic Atlas come with a proposal innovative, therefore they motivate and invite learners and teachers to the practice of relating the space representations and also of providing the study of the lived space, sometimes building it, sometimes not building it through the observation of the socio-ambient elements, making with that the people wakes up bigger interest for the study of the geographic space. Inside this preamble, the present research has as main purpose to approach the importance of the study of the local space in the perspective of school cartography, in this case, Restinga Sêca county of RS through the elaboration of these atlases. The Atlas considered, in its conception, it possesses partial interaction with the user and it presents resources of multimedia with texts, images and animation. It allows to the student or user the manipulation of a set of maps, with the possibility to select the socio-economic subject or subjects that they desire to visualize, being able to combine predefined subjects and to configure a map. In this study, it structuralized itself of according to the municipal approach considering whole area of the county and, in specific the urban area, it chose twelve groups of socio-economics variables for the elaboration of the urban thematic maps, in both approaches was considered as space unit the census sector. Methodologily, it was followed the proposal of Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics for the definition of the variables according to Demographic Census 2000. In this way, a resource to verify if the map is fulfilling its function of communicator is the elaboration and application of tests with the users to verify the acceptability of it, in order to validate it as map pertaining to the Eletronic Atlas. The pilot test of these maps consist of many tests of isolated maps or of sets with the intention to become legitimate the maps that compose the Eletronic Socio-Economic of Restinga Sêca and to verify the learning easiness. The pilot test should be applied as a test to the public target: detainer and user of these Atlas. In this direction, it chose the five serie of high school due to be the period of training that the child starts the study of the cartography and studies of Restinga Sêca county. As results, it was observed that the rightness indices of peoples had been over of 60% practically at all the modules. In some cases, the index of rightnesss of people was low and the maps had been reworked and adapted for a better understanding. This facilitates the learning. Many maps had taken care of the goals and it was not necessary great alterations for their use. Ahead of the results, it considered the Atlas a didactic material and a resource of learning in digital means propitious digital for the use at school environment for the study of this county. / No ensino da Geografia, a Cartografia Escolar é de fundamental importância, pois o aluno, quando alfabetizado cartograficamente, tem a capacidade de interpretar mapas, imagens e outras representações geográficas. Desse modo, os materiais didáticos previstos pelas concepções pedagógicas são elaborados em meio analógico, eletrônico e digital para subsidiar a compreensão do espaço local. Os Atlas Eletrônicos Municipais vêm com uma proposta inovadora, pois motivam e convidam os discentes e docentes à prática de relacionar as representações espaciais e, também, oportunizam o estudo do espaço vivido, ora construindo-o, ora desconstruindo-o através da observação dos elementos socioambientais, fazendo com que o aluno desperte maior interesse pelo estudo do espaço geográfico. Dentro deste preâmbulo, a presente pesquisa tem como finalidade precípua abordar a importância do estudo do espaço local na perspectiva da cartografia escolar, neste caso o município de Restinga Sêca, RS, através da elaboração deste Atlas. O Atlas proposto, em sua concepção, possui interação parcial com o usuário e apresenta recursos de multimídia com textos, imagens e animações. Permite ao aluno ou usuário a manipulação de um conjunto de mapas, com a possibilidade de selecionar o tema ou os temas socioeconômicos que deseja visualizar, podendo combinar temas pré-definidos e configurar um mapa. Este estudo estruturou-se a partir de uma abordagem municipal e considerou-se toda área do Município e, em específico a área urbana, selecionou-se doze grupos de variáveis socioeconômicas para a elaboração dos mapas temáticos urbanos. Em ambas abordagens, considerou-se como unidade espacial o setor censitário. Metodologicamente, seguiu-se a proposta do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística para a definição das variáveis conforme o Censo Demográfico 2000. Desta maneira, um recurso para verificar se o mapa está cumprindo sua função de comunicador é a elaboração e aplicação de testes com os usuários para verificar a aceitabilidade dele, a fim de validá-lo como mapa pertencente ao Atlas Eletrônico. O teste piloto destes mapas consiste de muitos testes de mapas isolados ou em conjuntos com o intuito de tornar legítimos os mapas que compõem o Atlas Eletrônico e Socioeconômico de Restinga Sêca e verificar a facilidade de aprendizagem. O teste piloto deve ser aplicado como um teste ao público alvo: o detentor e o usuário deste Atlas. Neste sentido, selecionou-se a 5ª série do Ensino Fundamental, devido a ser o estágio em que a criança inicia o estudo da cartografia e estuda o município de Restinga Sêca. Como resultados, observou-se que os índices de acertos dos alunos foram acima de 60% praticamente em todos os módulos. Em alguns casos, o índice de acertos dos alunos foi baixo, e os mapas foram retrabalhados e adaptados para uma melhor compreensão, facilitando o aprendizado. Muitos mapas atenderam ao objetivo e não foram necessárias grandes alterações para a sua utilização. Diante dos resultados, considerou-se o Atlas um material didático e um recurso de aprendizagem em meio digital propício para a utilização no ambiente escolar para o estudo do Município.