Nanopartículas magnéticas têm sido extensamente estudadas não só pelas inúmeras possibilidades de aplicações nas áreas tecnológica e biomédica, mas também do ponto de vista acadêmico, visando a uma compreensão das alterações de suas características físicas nesta escala de tamanhos. Sintetizar nanopartículas com baixa dispersão de tamanhos e homogeneidade morfológica, estrutural e estequiométrica é de grande importância para o estudo de suas características magnéticas. No presente trabalho, amostras de diferentes ferritas (MeFe2O4, M = Fe, Co e Ni) foram produzidas por um método de síntese química que envolve a decomposição do acetilacetonato de Fe em altas temperaturas na presença de um álcool de cadeia longa e dos surfactantes e estabilizantes oleilamina e ácido oléico. Como o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a variação das propriedades magnéticas em função do metal M, foi selecionada uma amostra de cada material com diâmetros médios próximos entre si (entre 5,7 e 8,1 nm). A caracterização estrutural foi feita por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão de baixa e alta resolução, além de difração de raios-X. As propriedades magnéticas foram caracterizadas por medidas de susceptibilidade ac em função da freqüência e temperatura, magnetização em função do campo magnético e espectroscopia Mössbauer em campos magnéticos aplicados entre 0 e 12 T. As amostras apresentaram estreita distribuição de tamanhos, ausência de aglomerados, homogeneidade morfológica e altíssima cristalinidade. Das medidas magnéticas foram obtidos, por dois métodos distintos, valores da constante de anisotropia magnética de 2,56,1 para M = Ni, 23,019,3 para M = Fe e 50,042,3 para M = Co (valores em 105 erg/cm3). Estes valores estão acima do esperado para os respectivos materiais bulk, indicando uma contribuição à anisotropia além da magnetocristalina. Os valores de magnetização de saturação a 4,2 K (17,1, 74,0 e 30 emu/g para M = Fe, Co e Ni) estão em geral abaixo do valor esperado para os respectivos materiais massivos. Curvas MH obtidas acima da temperatura de bloqueio mostram o comportamento superparamagnético das partículas. Espectros Mössbauer coletados sob altos campos confirmaram a alta cristalinidade das partículas, excluindo a existência de uma camada superficial de spins desalinhados. / Magnetic nanoparticles have been extensively investigated, motivated by their potential technological and biomedical applications as well as in search of a better understanding of the physical properties modifications induced by nanoscale size. Synthesizing nanoparticles with a narrow size dispersion and good morphological, structural and stoichiometric homogeneity is an important requisite for such studies. In this work, nanocrystalline samples of different ferrites MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co and Ni) have been prepared by a chemical synthesis method involving high-temperature decomposition of Fe acetylacetonate in the presence of a long-chain alcohol and of surfactant and stabilizing agents oleylamin and oleic acid. The main objective of this work being a comparative study of the effect of the M element on the magnetic properties, one sample was selected for each compound, with close mean diameters (5.7-8.1 nm). The structural characterization was carried out by low and high-resolution TEM and x-ray diffraction. Magnetic properties were characterized by frequency and temperature dependent ac susceptibility, magnetization vs. field measurements, and Mössbauer spectroscopy in applied magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 12 T. All samples exhibited narrow size distributions, no particle agglomeration, morphological homogeneity, and an excellent crystallinity. Magnetic anisotropy constants were obtained from magnetic data by two different methods, giving 2.5-6.1 for M = Ni, 23.0-19.3 for M = Fe, and 50.0-42.3 for M = Co (all data in 105 erg/cm3). These results are higher than those expected for the respective bulk materials, indicating an additional contribution to purely magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Saturation magnetization values at 4.2 K (17.1, 74.0 and 30 emu/g por M = Fe, Co and Ni) are generally below the corresponding bulk values. Magnetization curves above the blocking temperature exhibit superparamagnetic behavior. High-field Mössbauer spectra do not show a superficial shell of misaligned spins, thus confirming the high crystallinity of the nanoparticles.

Nanopartículas magnéticas têm sido extensamente estudadas não só pelas inúmeras possibilidades de aplicações nas áreas tecnológica e biomédica, mas também do ponto de vista acadêmico, visando a uma compreensão das alterações de suas características físicas nesta escala de tamanhos. Sintetizar nanopartículas com baixa dispersão de tamanhos e homogeneidade morfológica, estrutural e estequiométrica é de grande importância para o estudo de suas características magnéticas. No presente trabalho, amostras de diferentes ferritas (MeFe2O4, M = Fe, Co e Ni) foram produzidas por um método de síntese química que envolve a decomposição do acetilacetonato de Fe em altas temperaturas na presença de um álcool de cadeia longa e dos surfactantes e estabilizantes oleilamina e ácido oléico. Como o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a variação das propriedades magnéticas em função do metal M, foi selecionada uma amostra de cada material com diâmetros médios próximos entre si (entre 5,7 e 8,1 nm). A caracterização estrutural foi feita por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão de baixa e alta resolução, além de difração de raios-X. As propriedades magnéticas foram caracterizadas por medidas de susceptibilidade ac em função da freqüência e temperatura, magnetização em função do campo magnético e espectroscopia Mössbauer em campos magnéticos aplicados entre 0 e 12 T. As amostras apresentaram estreita distribuição de tamanhos, ausência de aglomerados, homogeneidade morfológica e altíssima cristalinidade. Das medidas magnéticas foram obtidos, por dois métodos distintos, valores da constante de anisotropia magnética de 2,56,1 para M = Ni, 23,019,3 para M = Fe e 50,042,3 para M = Co (valores em 105 erg/cm3). Estes valores estão acima do esperado para os respectivos materiais bulk, indicando uma contribuição à anisotropia além da magnetocristalina. Os valores de magnetização de saturação a 4,2 K (17,1, 74,0 e 30 emu/g para M = Fe, Co e Ni) estão em geral abaixo do valor esperado para os respectivos materiais massivos. Curvas MH obtidas acima da temperatura de bloqueio mostram o comportamento superparamagnético das partículas. Espectros Mössbauer coletados sob altos campos confirmaram a alta cristalinidade das partículas, excluindo a existência de uma camada superficial de spins desalinhados. / Magnetic nanoparticles have been extensively investigated, motivated by their potential technological and biomedical applications as well as in search of a better understanding of the physical properties modifications induced by nanoscale size. Synthesizing nanoparticles with a narrow size dispersion and good morphological, structural and stoichiometric homogeneity is an important requisite for such studies. In this work, nanocrystalline samples of different ferrites MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co and Ni) have been prepared by a chemical synthesis method involving high-temperature decomposition of Fe acetylacetonate in the presence of a long-chain alcohol and of surfactant and stabilizing agents oleylamin and oleic acid. The main objective of this work being a comparative study of the effect of the M element on the magnetic properties, one sample was selected for each compound, with close mean diameters (5.7-8.1 nm). The structural characterization was carried out by low and high-resolution TEM and x-ray diffraction. Magnetic properties were characterized by frequency and temperature dependent ac susceptibility, magnetization vs. field measurements, and Mössbauer spectroscopy in applied magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 12 T. All samples exhibited narrow size distributions, no particle agglomeration, morphological homogeneity, and an excellent crystallinity. Magnetic anisotropy constants were obtained from magnetic data by two different methods, giving 2.5-6.1 for M = Ni, 23.0-19.3 for M = Fe, and 50.0-42.3 for M = Co (all data in 105 erg/cm3). These results are higher than those expected for the respective bulk materials, indicating an additional contribution to purely magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Saturation magnetization values at 4.2 K (17.1, 74.0 and 30 emu/g por M = Fe, Co and Ni) are generally below the corresponding bulk values. Magnetization curves above the blocking temperature exhibit superparamagnetic behavior. High-field Mössbauer spectra do not show a superficial shell of misaligned spins, thus confirming the high crystallinity of the nanoparticles.

Among Nature's creation, terpenoids are more versatile and exciting compounds, and provide fertile ground for developing and testing new synthetic strategies because of their phenomenal structural diversity. The thesis entitled “Enantiospecific Synthesis of Tetraquinane Diterpenes Crinipellins” describes the first enantiospecific synthesis of norcrinipellin and crinipellins, and the tricyclic core structure of tricycloillicinone, ialibinones, and takaneones. In the thesis, the compounds are sequentially numbered (bold) and references are marked sequentially as superscripts and listed at the end of the thesis. All the spectra included in the thesis were obtained by xeroxing the original NMR spectra. Crinipellins, the first group of natural products to contain a tetraquinane carbon framework, were isolated in 1985 by the research groups of Steglich and Anke from the submerged cultures of the basidiomycete Crinipellis stipitaria. Recently, In 2010, Shen and Li also reported the isolation of four new crinipellins from the Crinipellis stipitaria 113. In the present thesis, first enantiospecific synthesis of norcrinipellin and crinipellins has been described. To begin with, (S)-campholenaldehyde was transformed into the (1R,5R)-7,8,8-trimethylbicyclo[3.3.0]oct-6-en-3-one employing an intramolecular rhodium carbenoid insertion of a diazoketone, which was then transformed into the methyl (1R,2S,6R,8S,10R)-10-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxotricyclo[6.3.0.02,6]undecane-4-carboxylate via rhodium carbenoid promoted activation of a tertiary methyl group to generate the cis, anti, cis-linear triquinane. The triquinane obtained was then transformed into ethyl 4-[(1R,2S,6S,8S,10R)-10-methoxy-2,5dimethyl-3-oxotricyclo[6.3.0.02,6]undec-4-ene-6-yl]butanoate by a sequence of reactions including an alkylative 1,3-enone transposition, which on intramolecular Michael addition reaction followed by DBU mediated equilibration generated a 5:4 mixture of ethyl (1S,3S,5R,7R,8S,11S,12R) and (1S,3S,5R,7R,8S,11S,12S)-5-methoxy8,11-dimethyl-9-oxotetracyclo[6.6.0.01,11.03,7]tetradecane-12-carboxylates, which were transformed into (12R) and (12S)-15-hydroxy-5-methoxy-20-norcrinipellin-9-ones and (12S) and (12R)-5-methoxy-20-norcrinipell-15-en-9-ones. The methodology has been further modified and extended for the first enantiospecific synthesis of (12R) and (12S) 15-hydroxy-5-(methoxymethoxy)crinipellin-9-ones In 1995, Fukuyama and coworkers reported the isolation of tricycloillicinone from Illicium tashiroi, containing an interesting 3,4,4-trimethyltricyclo[5.3.1.01,5]undecane system. This tricyclic structure was also present in two groups of acylphloroglucinoid natural products, ialibinones and takaneones. An enantiospecific synthesis of the tricyclic core structure of tricycloillicinone, ialibinones, and takaneones have been accomplished starting from (S)-campholenaldehyde employing a transannular RCM reaction as the key step, (S)-Campholenaldehyde was converted into methyl (5R)-6,6,7-trimethyl-3-oxobicyclo[3.3.0]octa-1,7-diene-2-carboxylate via the methyl (1R,5R)-6,6,7-trimethyl-3-oxobicyclo[3.3.0]oct-7-ene-2-carboxylate, which was then transformed into (1R,3S,5S)-3-allyl-7,8,8-trimethyl-5-vinylbicyclo[3.3.0]oct6-en-3-ol containing the vinyl and allyl groups at C-1 and C-3 carbons syn to each other. Transannular RCM reaction of the hydroxy diene led to the tricyclic core structure of tricycloillicinone. Further elaboration of the side chain at C-3 position led to the tricyclic core structure of ialibinones, and takaneones.

It has been observed that in certain cases the exposure of dyed fibres to aging techniques results in the strengthening of fibres. This thesis explores the hypothesis that the strengthening is due to radical cross-coupling reactions that could be initiated through metal ion mediated photodecarboxylation. The approaches taken in this research include kinetic experiments (using flash photolysis), examination of possible cross-coupling experiments (using species of opposite charge), and the design and examination of small molecule model systems. A flash photolysis system was developed and used in attempts to determine the rates of photochemical product formation for cobalt(III) amino acid complexes. Lower limits have been established for the rate of product formation in these systems. The lower limits are: 2 x 10⁷ s⁻¹ for [Co(bpy)2(gly)]²⁺; 2 x 10⁷ s⁻¹ for [Co(tpa)(gly)]²⁺; and 5 x 10⁶ s⁻¹ for [Co(tpa)(aib)]²⁺, where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine; gly is glycinate; tpa is tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; and aib is aminoisobutyrate. In past studies, the rates of a series of cobalt(III) amino acid complexes were reported as being the same, and much slower. It is thought that in these cases it may not be the rate of the formation of product that was being measured, but rather the response time of the electronics that was being observed. In this thesis the results obtained for the rate for the aib complex were somewhat lower than those of the gly complexes. This may imply, for the aib complex at least, the rate of the formation of the metallocycle is being observed (and not the response times of the electronics or other limitations of the instrumentation), but the data is poor and there is considerable doubt about this. The steady state photolysis of opposite charged species [Co(bpy)2(gly)]²⁺ and [Co(EDTA)]⁻ is reported. The reactions were carried out on a small scale in deuterated solvent for NMR spectrometry analysis and also on a large scale for the possible isolation and characterisation of the products. Evidence was found for a different reaction occurring when both complexes were present. The exact nature of the product remains elusive. A model system was designed in which a dinuclear ligand would bind to two metal centres and a fibre mimic would be later added. Eight ligands are discussed that could potentially bind two octahedral metal centres. They all had a xylene spacing group linking the two polydentate sites together. Five of the ligands have two bidentate binding sites. The other three had two tridentate sites. The binding sites in three of the bis(bidentate) ligands were based on ethane-1,2- diamine (en). Two of these ligands produced hypodentate monocobalt and sundentate dicobalt complexes. The other two bidentate ligands were based on 2- aminomethylpyridine (ampy). Both of these ligands degraded in the complexation reaction conditions. The binding sites in the tridentate ligands were all based on tacn. Once again, the principal products isolated were hypodentate systems in which only one metal ion was coordinated by the ligands. There is a distinct pattern observed in the xylene spaced ligands to form hypodentate complexes with cobalt(III) metal centred complexes. There is evidence of the di-nuclear species from a reaction with a charcoal catalyst in the bis(bidentate) system. ¹H NMR spectrometry, ¹³C NMR spectrometry, elemental analysis, X-ray crystallography and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to study and characterise the complexes and ligands that were prepared in this project.

It has been observed that in certain cases the exposure of dyed fibres to aging techniques results in the strengthening of fibres. This thesis explores the hypothesis that the strengthening is due to radical cross-coupling reactions that could be initiated through metal ion mediated photodecarboxylation. The approaches taken in this research include kinetic experiments (using flash photolysis), examination of possible cross-coupling experiments (using species of opposite charge), and the design and examination of small molecule model systems. A flash photolysis system was developed and used in attempts to determine the rates of photochemical product formation for cobalt(III) amino acid complexes. Lower limits have been established for the rate of product formation in these systems. The lower limits are: 2 x 10⁷ s⁻¹ for [Co(bpy)2(gly)]²⁺; 2 x 10⁷ s⁻¹ for [Co(tpa)(gly)]²⁺; and 5 x 10⁶ s⁻¹ for [Co(tpa)(aib)]²⁺, where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine; gly is glycinate; tpa is tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; and aib is aminoisobutyrate. In past studies, the rates of a series of cobalt(III) amino acid complexes were reported as being the same, and much slower. It is thought that in these cases it may not be the rate of the formation of product that was being measured, but rather the response time of the electronics that was being observed. In this thesis the results obtained for the rate for the aib complex were somewhat lower than those of the gly complexes. This may imply, for the aib complex at least, the rate of the formation of the metallocycle is being observed (and not the response times of the electronics or other limitations of the instrumentation), but the data is poor and there is considerable doubt about this. The steady state photolysis of opposite charged species [Co(bpy)2(gly)]²⁺ and [Co(EDTA)]⁻ is reported. The reactions were carried out on a small scale in deuterated solvent for NMR spectrometry analysis and also on a large scale for the possible isolation and characterisation of the products. Evidence was found for a different reaction occurring when both complexes were present. The exact nature of the product remains elusive. A model system was designed in which a dinuclear ligand would bind to two metal centres and a fibre mimic would be later added. Eight ligands are discussed that could potentially bind two octahedral metal centres. They all had a xylene spacing group linking the two polydentate sites together. Five of the ligands have two bidentate binding sites. The other three had two tridentate sites. The binding sites in three of the bis(bidentate) ligands were based on ethane-1,2- diamine (en). Two of these ligands produced hypodentate monocobalt and sundentate dicobalt complexes. The other two bidentate ligands were based on 2- aminomethylpyridine (ampy). Both of these ligands degraded in the complexation reaction conditions. The binding sites in the tridentate ligands were all based on tacn. Once again, the principal products isolated were hypodentate systems in which only one metal ion was coordinated by the ligands. There is a distinct pattern observed in the xylene spaced ligands to form hypodentate complexes with cobalt(III) metal centred complexes. There is evidence of the di-nuclear species from a reaction with a charcoal catalyst in the bis(bidentate) system. ¹H NMR spectrometry, ¹³C NMR spectrometry, elemental analysis, X-ray crystallography and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to study and characterise the complexes and ligands that were prepared in this project.

Orientadores: Fabio Violaro, Anamaria Gomide / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T21:57:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stolfi_RumikoOishi_M.pdf: 1514197 bytes, checksum: e93f45916d359641c73b31b00952a914 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão dos principais conceitos e métodos envolvidos na síntese, processamento e reconhecimento da fala humana por computador.Estas tecnologias têm inúmeras aplicações, que têm aumentado substancialmente nos últimos anos com a popularização de equipamentos de comunicação portáteis (celulares, laptops, palmtops) e a universalização da Internet. A primeira parte deste trabalho é uma revisão dos conceitos básicos de processamento de sinais, incluindo transformada de Fourier, espectro de potência e espectrograma, filtros, digitalização de sinais e o teorema de Nyquist. A segunda parte descreve as principais características da fala humana, os mecanismos envolvidos em sua produção e percepção, e o conceito de fone (unidade lingüística de som). Nessa parte também descrevemos brevemente as principais técnicas para a conversão ortográfica-fonética, para a síntese de fala a partir da descrição fonética, e para o reconhecimento da fala natural. A terceira parte descreve um projeto prático que desenvolvemos para consolidar os conhecimentos adquiridos neste mestrado: um programa que gera canções populares japonesas a partir de uma descrição textual da letra de música, usando método de síntese concatenativa. No final do trabalho listamos também alguns softwares disponíveis (livres e comerciais) para síntese e reconhecimento da fala / Abstract: The goal of this dissertation is to review the main concepts relating to the synthesis, processing, and recognition of human speech by computer. These technologies have many applications, which have increased substantially in recent years after the spread of portable communication equipment (mobile phones, laptops, palmtops) and the universal access to the Internet. The first part of this work is a revision of fundamental concepts of signal processing, including the Fourier transform, power spectrum and spectrogram, filters, signal digitalization, and Nyquist's theorem. The second part describes the main characteristics of human speech, the mechanisms involved in its production and perception, and the concept of phone (linguistic unit of sound). In this part we also briefly describe the main techniques used for orthographic-phonetic transcription, for speech synthesis from a phonetic description, and for the recognition of natural speech. The third part describes a practical project we developed to consolidate the knowledge acquired in our Masters studies: a program that generates Japanese popular songs from a textual description of the lyrics and music, using the concatenative synthesis method. At the end of this dissertation, we list some available software products (free and commercial) for speech synthesis and speech recognition / Mestrado / Engenharia de Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

<div>In recent years, intelligent devices such as smartphones and self-driving cars are becoming ubiquitous in daily life, and thus, wireless communication is turning out to be increasingly omnipresent. To efficiently utilize the electromagnetic spectrum, automatically reconfigurable software-controlled radio transceivers are drawing an extensive amount of attention. In order to implement a reconfigurable radio transceiver, automatically tunable RF front-end components such as tunable filters are indispensable. Over the last decade, tunable filters have shown promising performance with high-quality factor (Q), a wide tuning range, and high-power handling. However, most of the existing tunable filters are manually adjusted. In this regard, this research work focuses on developing a novel automatic software-driven tuning technique for continuously tunable microwave and millimeter-wave filters.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>First, a K-band continuously tunable bandpass filter has been demonstrated with contactless printed circuit board (PCB) tuners. Then, an automatic tuning technique based on deep-Q learning has been proposed and realized to tune a filter with contactless tuners automatically. Two-pole, three-pole, and four-pole bandpass filters are experimentally tested as examples without any human intervention to prove the feasibility of the tuning technique. For the first time, unlike a look-up table, the filters can be continuously tuned at a practically infinite number of frequencies inside the tuning range. </div><div><br></div><div>Next, a K/Ka-band tunable absorptive bandstop filter (ABSF) has been designed and fabricated in low-cost PCB technology. Contrary to a reflective bandstop filter, an ABSF filter is preferred for interference mitigation due to its deeper notch and lower reflection. However, the absorbed power may limit the filter's power handling. Therefore, lastly, a comparative analysis of power handling capability (PHC) between a reflective bandstop filter and an absorptive bandstop filter has been studied theoretically and experimentally in this dissertation.</div>