No description available.

<p> Vaccination is arguably the most effective tool at our disposal to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious disease. However, there are currently several infectious diseases, notably HIV, malaria and tuberculosis, for which we do not posses effective vaccines. Further complicating matters, traditional methods to construct vaccines for these diseases have been unsuccessful. Advances in our understanding of adaptive immunity have demonstrated that vaccines for these diseases likely rely upon potent T cell immunity to be effective. Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors have shown great promise as vaccination platforms since they are easily constructed, stable, well-tolerated and elicit robust T cell responses. The robust activity of rAd vectors based on the human serotype 5 virus (rHuAd5) in murine and simian models merits futher investigation as a prototypic T cell vaccine. To this end, we have undertaken a comprehensive evaluation of T cell immunity following rAd vaccination. Our previous observations determined that the CD8+ T cell response produced by rHuAd5 vaccines displayed a prolonged effector phase that was associated with long-lived antigen presentation. We have further investigated the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of this memory population. Our results have revealed that the memory phenotype is not due to continual recruitment of naive CD8+ T cells. Rather, the sustained effector phenotype appears to depend upon prolonged expression of the antigen-encoding transgene from the rHuAd5 vector. Interestingly, transgene expression was only required for 60 days after which point the memory population stabilized. Further investigation of the relationship between antigen structure and the CD8+ T cell response revealed that antigens which traffic through the ER produce a CD8+ T cell response that expands more rapidly and displays a more pronounced contraction phase than antigens which are produced within the cytosol. While the exact mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not known, we suspect that pathways related to ER stress may be involved. Despite the more dramatic contraction phase associated with antigens that traffic through the ER, the memory phenotype was unchanged. Interestingly, the CD4+ T cell response was not influenced by antigen structure and displays a sharp contraction phase regardless of whether the antigen traffics through the ER or is produced in the cytosol. We further investigated the relationship between CD4+ T cell help and CD8+ T cell immunity produced by rHuAd5. Based on the partially-exhausted phenotype of the CD8+ T cells produced by rHuAd5 (diminished TNF-a production and little IL-2 production), we suspected that inadequate CD4+ T cell help may have been responsible. However, removal of CD4+ T cells did not further impair the CD8+ T cell response produced by rHuAd5. Rather, a lack of CD4+ T cell help only impacted the magnitude of the primary CD8+ T cell response generated by rHuAd5; the functionality of the CD8+ T cell population, including the ability to proliferate following secondary stimulation, were not affected by the absence of CD4+ T cells. Thus, although CD8+ T cell expansion following immunization with rHuAd5 is dependent upon the availability of CD4+ T cell help, the memory functions of the CD8+ T cell population appears to be independent of CD4+ T cell help. Finally, we compared the magnitude of the CD8+ T cell response produced by rHuAd5 and recombinant vaccinia virus. Our results demonstrated that the functionality of the early T cell response produced by both vectors were identical. However, the primary transgene-specific CD8+ T cell responses produced by rHuAd5 were significantly larger than rVV because the vector specific responses were negligible in the case of rAd but very strong following rVV inoculation. This research has contributed to our understanding of T cell immunity following rAd immunization and will assist in the construction and implementation of future vaccines. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

L’immunité cellulaire T est probablement la plus affectée par le vieillissement de l’être humain avec un retentissement sur les déficiences immunitaires au niveau humoral comme au niveau cellulaire. Elle contribue à une augmentation de la susceptibilité des sujets âgés aux maladies infectieuses, à l’auto-immunité, au cancer et à la baisse de la réponse vaccinale mais son intrication avec les pathologies notamment chroniques est mal connue.Notre travail s’est intéressé aux temps précoces de l’activation cellulaire T et à la mise au point d’un modèle permettant l’évaluation de la capacité d’activation des lymphocytes T vis-à-vis de surfaces recouvertes d’anticorps activateurs (Ac antiCD3) ou non (Ac antiHLA-ABC), observés en microscopie IRM.Ce modèle nous permet de montrer que l’étalement des lymphocytes T sur les surfaces est précédé d’ondulations verticales de la membrane générant des contacts transitoires durant environ 1 minute et que la cinétique d’étalement est ensuite sept à huit fois plus rapide sur les surfaces supposées activatrices. D’autre part, avec des dilutions successives des Ac antiCD3 sur les lamelles, l’aire moyenne de la zone de contact des lymphocytes T est fortement corrélée aux réponses prolifératives mesurées avec le test de prolifération lymphocytaire standard au CFSE.Ce modèle permet également l’observation en microscopie à fluorescence de différentes protéines phosphorylées des cascades de signalisation. L’étude de la fluorescence des cellules T purifiées, fixées et marquées par l’Ac anti-phospho-Erk en fonction des dilutions d’Ac antiCD3 sur la lamelle permet d’objectiver une décroissance de la moyenne de fluorescence avec les dilutions.Notre modèle a l’avantage d’étudier les temps précoces de l’activation. Il pourrait s’appliquer à l’étude de l’immunosénescence. Ainsi l’étude du contact entre une cellule T et des surfaces activatrices pourrait s’avérer être une méthode simple et utile d’exploration précoce de l’activation de lymphocytes T en pratique clinique.L’application de notre modèle à l’étude de l’immunité du sujet âgé est en cours dans le cadre d’une étude prospective comparative de sujets âgés malades et de sujets âgés « sains » recrutés selon les critères du « senieur protocole ».En conclusion, il s’agit d’un travail d’approche mixte à la fois fondamentale et clinique permettant d’étudier les phénomènes d’immunosénescence et leur lien avec la pathologie. / Our work was focused on early events in T cell activation and has proposed a model system for the Interference reflection microscopy-based monitoring of T lymphocytes activation by antibodies coated-surfaces, either with activating anti-CD3 or control anti-HLA-ABC.Our system has allowed to observe that T cell spreading on surfaces is preceded by vertical membrane undulations, generating transient contacts with the underlying surface for approximately 1 minute, and that spreading kinetics of are seven to eight times faster when activating antibodies are involved. At increasing dilutions of antiCD3 Ab on surfaces, the contact area formed between T lymphocytes and activating surfaces is linearly correlated to proliferative responses, as measured by CFSE labelling. Our system allowed also the direct observation, by fluorescent microscopy, of signaling-dependent protein phosphorylation. T cells exposed to decreasing concentrations of antiCD3 had lower phospho-Erk levels, as shown upon fixation and anti-phospho-Erk labeling. Allowing the study early events in T cell activation, our model could be applied to the study of immunosenescence. To monitor contacts between T cells and activating surfaces could be a simple and useful method for early exploration of T lymphocytes activation in clinical practice.We are currently carrying out a comparative prospective study on old sick and healthy subjects, recruited according to " senior protocol " criteria. In conclusion, our work represents a fundamental and clinical mixed approach for the study of immunosenescence-related phenomena and their link with pathologies.

The dissertation consists of three major projects with the focus on the immunotoxicity of chromium and the behavior disorders caused by early ETOH exposure respectively. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is widely used in various industrial processes and has been recognized as a carcinogen. As the first line of host defense system, the immune system can be a primary target of Cr(VI). T cell population represents a major arm of the immune system that plays a critical role in host anti-tumor immunity. Dysfunction of T cells compromises host anti-tumor immunity resulting in oncogenesis. Using mouse splenic T cells as an in vitro model system, the present study assessed the effects of Cr(VI) on T cell functions, as the first step of our investigation of the mechanism underlying Cr(VI)-inhibited immunosurveillance and carcinogenesis. Our results showed that Cr(VI) decreased the viability of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, inhibited T cell activation, functions, including cytokine release, and degranulation. Fetal ethanol (ETOH) exposure can damage the developing central nervous system and lead to cognitive and behavioral deficits, known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The use of animal models, especially mouse models is essential for investigating the neurogenetic mechanism of fetal ETOH effects and screening pharmacotherapies against it, due to the extensive knowledge of mouse genetics. However, the availability of mouse model is limited. Via adopting various dosage, timing and administration routes of ETOH exposure, we developed two mouse models to assess behavioral or cognitive changes caused by fetal ETOH exposure in pre-weaning and adolescent period. Our results show that high dosage of ETOH exposure (4 g/kg) during PD 4-10 resulted in hyperactivity, disinhibition, and deficits in learning and memory in mouse offspring, which lays the groundwork for the future FASD research.

In der Arbeit wurde die Rolle von Bakterien für das Entstehen von Autoimmunität untersucht. Insbesondere wurde untersucht, inwieweit Bakterien entweder spezifisch (über "Kreuzreaktivität") oder antigenunabhängig (über "Bystander-Aktivierung") eine Aktivierung von autoreaktiven CD4+- T-Zellen induzieren können. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass es bei dem untersuchten, MBP-spezifischen T-Zellrezeptor multiple, natürlich vorkommende, kreuzreaktive Peptide mikrobiellen Ursprungs gibt, die eine Aktivierung der T-Zellen hervorrufen und in vivo experimentelle autoimmune Enzephalomyelitis (EAE) induzieren können. Weiterhin wurde untersucht, inwieweit Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) als unspezifischer Aktivator des Immunsystems eine Aktivierung der autoreaktiven T-Zellen in vitro hervorrufen kann und inwieweit in vivo EAE durch LPS hervorgerufen werden kann. Es wurde gezeigt, dass LPS in vitro einen kleinen Anteil der CD4+ - T-Zellen aktiviert. Wurden den transgenen T+alpha- -Mäusen LPS appliziert, erkrankten diese an EAE. Somit gibt es sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo in den T+alpha- -Mäusen Hinweise für eine Relevanz von "Bystander-Aktivierung". Abschließend wurde diskutiert, inwieweit entweder "Kreuzreaktivität" oder "Bystander-Aktivierung" als Auslöser für Autoimmunität unter physiologischen Bedingungen in Frage kommt. Aufgrund der in dieser Arbeit gezeigten Ergebnisse wurde postuliert, dass keine der beiden Mechanismen alleiniger Auslöser sei, da es aufgrund der Häufigkeit von Infektionen, kreuzreaktiven Peptiden und des Vorkommens von autoreaktiven T-Zellen auch in gesunden Individuen ansonsten sehr viel häufiger zu Autoimmunität kommen müsste. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen könnte die Aktivierung von T-Zellen über Kreuzreaktivität oder über "Bystander-Aktivierung" Autoimmunität auslösen oder verstärken, wenn bereits andere Mechanismen des Immubnsystems, die Autoimmunität verhindern, versagt haben. / In this thesis the role of bacteria for the induction of autoimmunity was investigated. In detail, it was examined whether bacteria are able to activate autoreactive CD4+-T-cells antigen-specific ("cross-reactivity") or antigen-unspecific ("bystander-activation"). It was shown that the examined transgenic MBP-peptide specific T-cell-receptor recognized many natural occurring cross-reactive peptides of microbial origin, which induced an activation of the T-cells in vitro and which could induce autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the T-cell-receptor transgenic mice in vivo. Furthermore, it was examined, whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as activator of the innate immune system could induce an unspecific activation of the autoreactive T-cells in vitro and whether administration of LPS in the transgenic mice could induce EAE in vivo. It was shown that LPS activates a small percentage of CD4+ - T-cells. Application of LPS to the transgenic T+alpha- mice induced EAE. Therefore, the role of bystander-activation was indicated in vitro and in vivo. Finally, it was discussed, whether either cross-reactivity or bystander-activation could be sufficient for inducing autoimmunity under physiologic conditions. Due to the results presented in this work, it is postulated that none of the both mechanisms could be inductor of autoimmunity alone. If one of these mechanisms was sufficient, autoimmunity in humans should be a frequent event, because infections and autoreactive T cells are both findings which occur in healthy humans very often. However, under certain conditions either cross-reactivity or bystander-activation could trigger or exacerbate autoimmunity, when other mechanisms which inhibit autoimmunity have failed.