This thesis covers the development of the traditionally fluorescent bis(8-quinolinol-5-sulfonic acid) magnesium (II) fluorophore as a chemiluminescent emitter. A brief description of luminescence spectroscopy and its application to analytical chemistry lays the foundation to the discussion of the results obtained herein. This includes the synthesis and identification of two so called ‘water soluble’ aryl oxamides 2,2’-oxalyl-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imino] ethylene-bis(N- methylpyridinium) trifluoromethane sulfonate (PETQ) and 2,2’-oxalyl-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imino]ethylene-bis(N-pyridinium) chloride (PETH), previously developed for the US navy as a possible emergency light source, yet the synthetic methodology were incomplete. The inconsistencies of the synthetic methods for PETQ and PETH were overcome with yields satisfactory for their preliminary analytical evaluation. The evaluation of these aryl oxamides, including 4,4’-oxalyI- bis[(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imino]ethylene-bis(l-methyM-benzylpiperidinium) trifluoromethanesulfonate (BPTQ), 4,4’-oxalyl-bis [(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imino] ethylene-bis(N-methylmorpholinium)trifluoromethanesulfonate (METQ) and the oxalate bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO) were performed with the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescent reaction using bis(8-quinolinol-5-sulfonic acid) magnesium (II) as the fluorophore. A univariate optimisation of this system resulted in 0,0082 mol 1-1 the detection limit of magnesium in the absence of cationic surfactants and 0.0041 mol 1-1 in their presence for the majority of these compounds. The oxamides were found to be insoluble in water with long ulrasonication periods required to dissolve the compound, with solvents such as acetonitrile preferred. The determination of other chemiluminescent metal-8HQS chelates to replace magnesium -8HQS in the peroxyoxalate were limited to Al (III), Cd (II), Ca (II), In (II) and Zn (II), unfortunately these metals all possessed poorer detection limits than those obtained using magnesium The base reaction conditions used for the flow injection system with chemiluminescent detection were transferred to an ion chromatographic configuration for the separation of magnesium from other cations on an exchange column. After a univariate and simplex optimisation of these conditions, the detection limit of magnesium was found to be 0.0411 mol 1-1 which was less than the limits that could be achieved with fluorescent detection, The further development of this reaction to incorporate the displacement of magnesium from Mg-EDTA by other metals that possessed a higher conditional stability constant than magnesium also proved to be problematic with interferences from not only EDTA but from the eluant (lactic acid) from the cation column. Using this system the detection limits of the displacing metals were found to be in the order of 10 mg 1-1 which was substantially less that what was observed when exactly the same configuration was used with fluorescent detection. The final component of the thesis entails the discussion of the background emission that results from the reaction of oxamides/oxalates with hydrogen peroxide. A detailed investigation into the reaction of TCPO and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of various additives, such as imidazole , heavy atoms and triethylamine illustrated the existence of a further intermediate in fee mechanism for this reaction. The species responsible for this emission was attributed to the degradation product 2,4,6-trichlorophenyi of TCPO, which was supported by the non-existent background present with the oxamides that do not contain this degradation product.

As reações quimiluminescentes de oxalato de bis(2,4,6-triclorofenila) (TCPO) e oxalato de bis(2-nitrofenila) (2-NPO), com f1uoranteno como f1uoróforo, em sistemas micelares aquosos, foram estudadas na presença de alguns surfactantes. A oxidação destes oxalatos por peróxido de hidrogênio ou por hidroperóxido de t - butila produz quimiluminescência cuja intensidade depende da acidez e da presença de imidazol. A intensidade de quimiluminescência é maior na presença de alguns surfactantes, especialmente CTAC, OTAC, DDAB, DODAC e β-ciclodextrina. A reação de TCPO com cloro (HCIO, CIO- e Cl2) na presença de 9,10-difenilantraceno como fluoróforo, em meio de acetonitrila/água, também foi investigada. Um sistema de análise por injeção em fluxo para determinação de cloro com aplicação analítica em água de torneira foi desenvolvido. A faixa linear para a curva analítica de cloro e o limite de detecção foram, respectivamente: (0,2 - 3,0)x10-5 e 0,2 x10-5 mol L-1. / The chemiluminescent reactions of bis (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO) and bis(2-nitrophenyl) oxalate (2-NPO), with fluoranthene as fluorophore, in aqueous micellar systems, were studied in the presence of surfactants. The oxidation of these oxalates by hydrogen peroxide or t-butyl peroxide produces chemiluminescence, which depends on the acidity and imidazole presence. The chemiluminescent intensity is higher in the presence of some surfactants, especially CTAC, OTAC, DDAB, DODAC and β-cyclodextrine. The reaction of TCPO with free chlorine (HCIO, CIO- and Cl2), in the presence of 9,10-diphenylanthracene as fluorophore in acetonitrile/water medium, was also investigated. A flow injection analysis system, for free chlorine determination with analytical application in tap water was developed. The linear range for free chlorine and detection limit were, respectively: (0.2-3.0)x10-5 and 0.2x10-5 mol L-1.

As reações quimiluminescentes de oxalato de bis(2,4,6-triclorofenila) (TCPO) e oxalato de bis(2-nitrofenila) (2-NPO), com f1uoranteno como f1uoróforo, em sistemas micelares aquosos, foram estudadas na presença de alguns surfactantes. A oxidação destes oxalatos por peróxido de hidrogênio ou por hidroperóxido de t - butila produz quimiluminescência cuja intensidade depende da acidez e da presença de imidazol. A intensidade de quimiluminescência é maior na presença de alguns surfactantes, especialmente CTAC, OTAC, DDAB, DODAC e β-ciclodextrina. A reação de TCPO com cloro (HCIO, CIO- e Cl2) na presença de 9,10-difenilantraceno como fluoróforo, em meio de acetonitrila/água, também foi investigada. Um sistema de análise por injeção em fluxo para determinação de cloro com aplicação analítica em água de torneira foi desenvolvido. A faixa linear para a curva analítica de cloro e o limite de detecção foram, respectivamente: (0,2 - 3,0)x10-5 e 0,2 x10-5 mol L-1. / The chemiluminescent reactions of bis (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO) and bis(2-nitrophenyl) oxalate (2-NPO), with fluoranthene as fluorophore, in aqueous micellar systems, were studied in the presence of surfactants. The oxidation of these oxalates by hydrogen peroxide or t-butyl peroxide produces chemiluminescence, which depends on the acidity and imidazole presence. The chemiluminescent intensity is higher in the presence of some surfactants, especially CTAC, OTAC, DDAB, DODAC and β-cyclodextrine. The reaction of TCPO with free chlorine (HCIO, CIO- and Cl2), in the presence of 9,10-diphenylanthracene as fluorophore in acetonitrile/water medium, was also investigated. A flow injection analysis system, for free chlorine determination with analytical application in tap water was developed. The linear range for free chlorine and detection limit were, respectively: (0.2-3.0)x10-5 and 0.2x10-5 mol L-1.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fernando Heering Bartoloni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, Santo André, 2018. / No presente trabalho estudou-se a aplicabilidade de fluorescencia (FL) e quimiluminescencia (CL) para a determinacao de mecanismos de reacao envolvendo esteres, um deles um ester derivado de lofina. A lofina e seus derivados, em geral, apresentam rendimentos quanticos de fluorescencia (¿³FL) com valores relativamente altos (¿³FL > 0,1), tornando essas moleculas amplamente utilizadas em estudos CL e FL. A decomposicao do ester de lofina (acetato de 4-(4,5-difenil-1H-imidazol-2-il)fenila, 1) foi estudada em meio alcalino alcoolico utilizando como solventes MeOH e iPrOH, e como bases HO., tBuO., DBU e TEA. Duas metodologias de acompanhamento de cinetica por emissao foram comparadas: observando a formacao do produto (¿Éex = 350 nm e ¿Éem = 475 nm) e o consumo do ester 1 (¿Éex = 300 nm e ¿Éem = 400 nm). Ambas apresentaram resultados equivalentes para as constantes de velocidade observadas. Tanto em MeOH quanto em iPrOH, o possivel mecanismo ocorre por uma via classica BAC2, envolvendo a base conjugada do solvente (i.e., MeO. ou iPrO.) como nucleofilo, gerada por CBE quando HO., tBuO. e DBU foram empregados como catalisadores (kbim = 4,5.6,5 L mmol.1 s.1). Para TEA, uma constante kbim tres ordens de grandeza inferior foi obtida, representando uma possivel mudanca no mecanismo de reacao, provavelmente, para catalise nucleofilica. A solvolise neutra do ester se mostrou particularmente significativa quando baixas concentracoes de catalisador foram utilizadas. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, referente a reacao peroxioxalato, a degradacao do oxalato de bis(2,4,6-triclorofenila) (TCPO) foi estudada em MeOH e comparada ao sistema classico (em EtOAc, com catalise por imidazol). Ensaios cineticos de emissao e absorcao permitiram verificar que a metanolise se mostrou proeminente frente a peridrolise. Por ensaios de absorcao, foi possivel determinar que a primeira eliminacao de um residuo fenolico ocorre mais rapidamente que a segunda (kABS1 > kABS2), contrariamente ao observado no sistema classico, tanto para metanolise quanto peridrolise. Observou-se que a adicao de EtOAc ao meio protico polar muda o comportamento cinetico da reacao, aproximando-o ao do sistema classico. Propos-se um modelo cinetico final, indicando quais etapas sao lentas, rapidas e muito rapidas, dentro do processo estudado. / The use of fluorescence (CL) and chemiluminescence (FL) for the determination of reaction mechanisms involving esters was studied in this work, one of them is a lophine derived ester. Lophine and its derivatives generally have quantum fluorescence yields (ÖFL) with relatively high values (ÖFL> 0.1), making these molecules widely used in CL and FL studies. The decomposition of a lophine derived ester (4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl acetate, 1) was studied in basic alcoholic media using MeOH and iPrOH as solvents, and HO¿, tBuO¿, DBU and TEA as bases. Two methodologies for tracking emission kinetics were compared: observing product formation (ëex = 350 nm and ëem = 475 nm) and ester 1 consumption (ëex = 300 nm and ëem = 400 nm). Both methods showed equivalent results for the obtained observed rate constants. Possibly the reaction mechanism follows a BAC2 pathway, in both MeOH and iPrOH, involving the solvent conjugate base (i.e., MeO¿ or iPrO¿) as nucleophile, generated by SBC when HO¿, tBuO¿ and DBU were used as catalysts (kbim = 4.5¿6.5 L mmol¿1 s¿1). For TEA, the obtained kbim was three orders of magnitude smaller, indicating a possible change in reaction mechanism, probably to nucleophilic catalysis. The ester¿s neutral solvolysis showed to be particularly significant when low concentrations of catalyst were used. At the second section of this work, regarding the peroxyoxalate reaction, the degradation of bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO) was studied in MeOH and compared to the classical system (in EtOAc, with imidazole catalysis). Emission and absorption kinetic assays allowed to conclude that methanolysis overcomes perhydrolysis. Through absorption measurements, it was possible to verify that the elimination of the first phenolic residue occurs faster than the second (kABS1 > kABS2), contrarily to the observation in the classical system, for both methanolysis and perhydrolysis. It was observed that the addition of EtOAc to the protic polar media changes the kinetical behavior of the reaction, approximating it to the classical system. A final kinetic model was proposed, stating which are the slow, fast and very fast steps, within the studied process.

Cholesterol is an important biological molecule with many important functions. However, high serum cholesterol is a health hazard. Thus analysis of cholesterol is important and many analytical techniques have been developed. The objectives of the proposed research are to develop an economical, rapid method for the determination of total cholesterol with good selectivity and enhanced sensitivity. For evaluation of proposed flow injection analysis with peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (FIA-POCL) method, figures of merit such as accuracy, precision, and linear dynamic range will be assessed. The proposed procedure was then applied to the determination of total cholesterol in foods. The procedure was linear for cholesterol from 0.01 to 0.120 mg/mL. The relative standard deviation was 2.57%. The recoveries were 97.5-103.3% for commercial standard cholesterol sample, and 101.5-108.0% for butter. The proposed method was applied to analysis of cholesterol in food and the results were consistent with expected values.