Ces dernières années, les matériaux composites à matrices minérales ont suscité un grand intérêt dans le domaine du génie civil, en raison de leurs multiples avantages tels que la grande résistance en traction, le comportement pseudo-ductile, la facilité de mise en oeuvre, la nontoxicité et la compatibilité aux substrats. Toutefois, l’efficacité de ces composites est souvent limitée du fait de la faible adhérence du renfort avec la matrice. Cela est du à la faible pénétration des particules de la matrice entre les filaments internes du fil, ce qui entraine une rupture prématurée du matériau. Ce travail a pour but d’améliorer l’adhérence fil-matrice par pré-imprégnation du renfort, afin d’optimiser le comportement mécanique des composites. Deux méthodes de pré-imprégnation ont été utilisées : pré-imprégnation classique par voie humide et pré-imprégnation par voie sèche. Cette dernière se base sur l’application d’un champ électrostatique alternatif permettant la pénétration de la poudre au sein du renfort. La première méthode a déjà été utilisée dans la littérature et a permis d’améliorer les propriétés mécaniques du composite. Cependant, son utilisation reste limitée aux éléments préfabriqués simples contrairement à la deuxième méthode qui peut être appliquée pour réaliser des éléments de construction de grande taille, ou bien pour le renforcement et la réparation des structures in situ. La présente étude s’appuie sur une analyse multi-échelles permettant d’aborder le problème d’adhérence à l’échelle d’interface (fil-matrice) et à l’échelle du composite (fil-matrice et textile-matrice). Tout d’abord, des essais d’arrachement ont été conduits sur des fils de verre enrobés dans une matrice ettringitique. Huit configurations ont été étudiées afin d’évaluer l’effet du processus de pré-imprégnation et le type des matériaux de pré-imprégnation à sec. Il en sort que le comportement d’arrachement est amélioré par pré-imprégnation du fil par voie humide et sèche mais, précisons que par voie sèche, l’amélioration est significative seulement dans le cas d’utilisation de poudre de particules très fines. Une modélisation numérique de l’essai d’arrachement a été également réalisée afin d’identifier les propriétés d’interface fil-matrice. En se basant sur ces résultats, une étude expérimentale et numérique du comportement en traction des composites fil-matrice a été ensuite réalisée. Cinq configurations ont été retenues, après avoir écarté les prétraitements de fil ayant eu un effet néfaste sur l’adhérence fil-matrice. Il s’est avéré que les deux procédés contribuent à une augmentation significative des propriétés mécaniques du composite. De plus, un modèle numérique 3D a été développé pour simuler l’essai de traction d’un composite sec et pré-imprégné. Il a permis d’une part de prédire le comportement global du matériau et d’autre part d’apporter une meilleure compréhension de ce comportement grâce à l’analyse des états de déformation et de contrainte au niveau du fil, de la matrice et de l’interface. Enfin, une comparaison de l’effet des deux procédés de pré-imprégnation a été établie à l’échelle du composite textile-matrice au moyen d’essais de traction et d’analyse de corrélation d’image. Cinq différents types de tissu de verre unidirectionnel ont été utilisés. La pré-imprégnation par voie sèche a démontré la plus forte amélioration des performances du composite quel que soit le grammage du tissu, contrairement à la pré-imprégnation par voie humide qui trouve sa limite quand le textile devient dense / In recent years, mineral matrix composites have gained great interest in the field of civil engineering, thanks to their multiple advantages such as high tensile strength, pseudo-ductile behavior, ease of implementation, non-toxicity and substrate compatibility. However, the efficiency of these composites is often limited because of the low adhesion of the reinforcement to the matrix. This is due to the low penetrability of matrix particles into the space between the inner filaments of the yarn, which leads to premature failure of the material. The purpose of this work is to improve the yarn-matrix adhesion by pre-impregnating the reinforcement in order to optimize the mechanical behavior of composites. Two pre-impregnation methods were used : conventional pre-impregnation in a wet manner and pre-impregnation in a dry manner. This last is based on an alternating electrostatic field used to impregnate yarns with powder. The first method has already been used in the literature and has improved the mechanical properties of the composite. However, it is suited only for the manufacturing of simple prefabricated elements, unlike the second method, which can be applied for the construction of large elements, or for strengthening or repairing structures in site. This study is based on a multi-scale analysis to investigate the bond problem at the interface scale (yarn-matrix) and at the composite scale (yarn-matrix and textile-matrix). First, pull-out tests were conducted on glass yarns embedded in an ettringitic matrix. Eight configurations were studied to evaluate the effect of the pre-impregnation process and the type of dry pre-impregnation powders. It results that the pull-out behavior is improved by pre-impregnating the yarn in wet and dry manner but, it should be noted that in dry process, the improvement is significant only when using very fine particle powders. A numerical modeling of the pull-out test was also carried out in order to identify the yarn-matrix interface properties. Based on these results, an experimental and numerical study of the tensile behavior of yarn-matrix composites was then carried out. Five configurations were selected, after excluding the yarn pre-treatments that had a negative effect on the yarn-matrix bond. It was found that both processes contribute to a significant increase in the mechanical properties of the composite. In addition, a 3D numerical model has been developed to simulate the tensile test of a dry and pre-impregnated composite. It allowed on the one hand to predict the global behavior of the material and on the other hand to provide a better understanding of this behavior by analyzing the deformation and stress states at the level of the yarn, the matrix and the interface. Finally, a comparison of the effect of the two pre-impregnation processes was established at the textile-matrix composite scale by means of tensile tests and image correlation analysis. Five different types of unidirectional glass fabric were used. The dry pre-impregnation has shown the best improvement in composite performance regardless of fabric density, unlike the wet pre-impregnation, which has its limits when the textile becomes dense

This work is focused on the application of advanced elasto-plastic material model intended for shotcrete. Spatial mathematical models of two laboratory tests are created, where this model is used. The first test is a three-point bending concrete specimen. Next, the behavior of the material is analyzed, in which input parameters are entered. Consequently, two reverse analyzes of the available data are analyzed where a match between prediction and measurement can be obtained. The second test is a modified tensile test, where is describe the material behavior in changing of input parameters. Subsequently, reverse data analysis is created, where an acceptable match between prediction and measurement is possible. In every study, the stress waveform in the fracture process zone is analyzed to more detail.

This diploma thesis is focused on the surface hardening of cast irons with spheroidal graphite. The work describes a theoretical analysis of the structure and properties of cast irons and individual methods suitable for surface hardening. The practical part describes the production of cast iron castings with spheroidal graphite, on which the surface hardening is performed, tensile test, hardening of produced castings by induction and laser surface hardening, preparation of samples for measuring microhardness and metallographic analysis of metal structures.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of the influence of the addition of 30, 60 and 90 % of recycled material on the structure and mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), where recycled material represents both HDPE from a several years old part and material multiple reprocessed by extrusion. The changes of supramolecular structure were examined by calorimetric measurement, which did not indicate degradation of the material due to multiple extrusion. Mechanical properties were investigated by tensile tests and dynamic-mechanical analysis. Both measurements showed the same trend, where the first and second pass of the material through the extruder led to improved mechanical properties, e.g. to increase stiffness, while the influence of the third and fourth passes through the extruder had not a significant effect on the mechanical properties. In terms of the structure and mechanical properties, a positive effect of the combination of material after the second extrusion passing (30%) with virgin material was recorded.

This master's thesis deals with the possibility of special asphalt-rubber mixture using - Stress Absorbing Layer (SAL). In the theoretical part the SAL and test methods are described. In the practical part, several different mixtures are designed and selected mixtures were tested. Low-temperature characteristics, permanent deformations, bending tensile relaxation, stiffness modulus and fatigue properties were determined. Based on the test results the mixtures were compared and their benefit is evaluated according to Performance Pavement Design Method, the pavement structure was evaluated by using of computer programme LayEps.

In this thesis layer with increased resistance to crack propagation (SAL) are designed. The theoretical part describes the SAL layer, further the input materials, their production and design of various mixtures. The following is a description of the tests, which include tests of permanent deformation, crack propagation, low-temperature characteristics, test, flexural strength and relaxation. After the test results and conclusion are stated.

This master's thesis deals with the identification of the material flow curve from record of tensile test of smooth cylindrical specimen. First, necessary theory background is presented. Basic terms of incremental theory of plasticity, tensile test procedure and processing its outputs are described. Furthermore, possibilities of mathematical expression of the elastic-plastic material constitutive law, thus mathematical expression of the material flow curve itself. Mechanism of ductile damage of material is explained briefly as well. Overview of recent methods of the flow curve identification is given, focused on cases, when the stress distribution in a specimen is not uniaxial. That is either kind of analytic correction of basic formulas derived for uniaxial stress state, or application of mathematical optimization techniques combined with numerical simulation of the tensile test. Also unusual method of neural network is mentioned. For 8 given materials, the flow curve identification was performed using different methods. Namely by analytic correction, optimization, sequential identification and neural network. Algorithms of the last two methods were modified. Based on assessment of obtained results, application field and adjusting the parameters of single algorithms was recommended. It showed up, that an effective way to the accurate and credible results is the combination of different methods during flow curve identification procedure.

The submitted diploma thesis is focused on problematic of a radial expanding of tubes. In the first part of thesis, there is a summary of possible theoretical formulas for determining the stress-strain material parameters for biaxial bulging test of tube by liquid. Also there are showed several options for testing tools used in research abroad. The work also contains technological and control calculations for the selected test sample from the tube of steel 17 240 (1.4301). At the end of thesis, there are key points for tool design and there is also presented the proposed the test tool for a radial expanding of test sample of tube to the free space and with firmly fixed the ends of tube in the tool.

The presented diploma thesis deals with an innovative material test, so called Small Punch Test. There are main principles, advantages and limitations of the test stated in the thesis. There are stated also correlation procedures in order to obtain standard mechanical properties. A test fixture design has been done in order to perform test procedures at temperature range from 80 to 25 °C. Twelve experimental curves have been obtained from the test and typical quantities have been evaluated. The different accuracy of correlations with standard mechanical properties has been obtained using different correlation equations.

Buňka tvoří složitý biologický systém vystavený mnoha mimobuněčným mechanickým podnětům. Hlubší pochopení jejího mechanického chování je důležité pro charakterizaci její odezvy v podmínkách zdraví i nemoci. Výpočtové modelování může rozšířit pochopení mechaniky buňky, která může přispívat k vytvoření vztahů mezi strukturou a funkcí různých typů buněk v různých stavech. Za tímto účelem byly pomocí metody konečných prvků (MKP) vytvořeny dva bendotensegritní modely buňky v různých stavech: model vznášející se buňky pro analýzu její globální mechanické odezvy, jako je protažení nebo stlačení, a model buňky přilnuté k podložce, který vysvětluje odezvu buňky na lokální mechanické zatížení, jako třeba vtlačování hrotu při mikroskopii atomárních sil (AFM). Oba zachovávají základní principy tensegritních struktur jako je jejich předpětí a vzájemné ovlivnění mezi komponentami, ale prvky se mohou nezávisle pohybovat. Zahrnutí nedávno navržené bendotensegritní koncepce umožňuje těmto modelům brát v úvahu jak tahové, tak i ohybové namáhání mikrotubulů (MTs) a také zahrnout vlnitost intermediálních filament (IFs). Modely předpokládají, že jednotlivé složky cytoskeletu mohou měnit svůj tvar a uspořádání, aniž by při jejich odstranění došlo ke kolapsu celé buněčné struktury, a tak umožňují hodnotit mechanický příspěvek jednotlivých složek cytoskeletu k mechanice buňky. Model vznášející se buňky napodobuje realisticky odezvu síla-deformace během protahování a stlačování buňky a obě odezvy ilustrují nelineární nárůst tuhosti s růstem mechanického zatížení. Výsledky simulací ukazují, že aktinová filamenta i mikrotubuly hrají klíčovou úlohu při určování tahové odezvy buňky, zatímco k její tlakové odezvě přispívají podstatně jen aktinová filamenta. Model buňky přilnuté k podložce dává odezvu síla-hloubka vtlačení ve dvou různých místech odpovídající nelineární odezvě zjištěné experimentálně při AFM. Výsledky simulací ukazují, že pro chování buňky je rozhodující místo vtlačení a její tuhost určují aktinová povrchová vrstva, mikrotubuly a cytoplazma. Navržené modely umožňují cenný vhled do vzájemných souvislostí mechanických vlastností buněk, do mechanické úlohy komponent cytoskeletu jak individuálně, tak i ve vzájemné synergii a do deformace jádra buňky za různých podmínek mechanického zatížení. Tudíž tato práce přispívá k lepšímu pochopení mechaniky cytoskeletu zodpovědné za chování buňky, což naopak může napomáhat ve zkoumání různých patologických podmínek jako je rakovina a cévní choroby.