SOUZA, Fábio Henrique de. Desempenho energético de um trator agrícola 4x2 – TDA, em função da pressão de inflação dos pneus em pista de concreto e em solo mobilizado, conforme a norma OECD – código 2. 2013. 107 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T13:26:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_fhsouza.pdf: 2128349 bytes, checksum: 4b52bacc875b4c1ecff06ea1b54d30aa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T13:27:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_fhsouza.pdf: 2128349 bytes, checksum: 4b52bacc875b4c1ecff06ea1b54d30aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T13:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_fhsouza.pdf: 2128349 bytes, checksum: 4b52bacc875b4c1ecff06ea1b54d30aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Agricult tractor adequation aiming the use of appropriated tire inflation pressures for different surface conditions results in better overall performance with consequent increase in operational capacity and better quality of service. Thus this study aimed to assess the energy performance of a farm tractor 4x2 - TDA working with different forces in the drawbar, inflation pressure of tires on concrete surface and tilled soil, using as a testing standard OECD – “Code 2" (2012). The tests were conducted at the Center for Testing Machines and Tires Agroforestry - NEMPA, a randomized 2x3x2 factorial and tracks with five repetitions, two tire inflation pressures Tractor 165.4 kPa (24 psi) in rear axles and 220.6 kPa (32 psi) front axles on the tractor, corresponding to maximum inflation pressure recommended by the tire manufacturer and 110.3 kPa (16 psi) in rear axles and 110.3 kPa (16 psi) in front wheelsets Tractor, corresponding to minimal inflation pressure recommended by the tire manufacturer, three forces applied to the drawbar 100%, 75% and 50% of the maximum force of traction at maximum power and rated speed of the engine and two types of bearing surfaces . These factors were arranged to allow evaluation of the effects of performance variables individually or in groups, with all data presented normality were subjected to analysis of variance, using the DMS test at 5% significance for the comparison of means, the data not normally distributed were arranged for statistical analysis by Exponentially Weighted Moving Average - MMEP. The tractor test was evaluated in the 7040 New Holland TM engine with maximum power specified by the manufacturer of 132 kW at 2200 rpm, pulling the Mobile Unit Testing in Drawbar - UMEB generated. In field trials showed that the minimum tire inflation pressure recommended by the tire manufacturer has improved the energy performance of the tractor, reducing specific consumption of fuel and increasing the yield on the tractor drawbar. In concrete surface the tractor got maximum tensile strength 32.6% higher than the maximum tensile strength obtained in surface soil mobilized. The test criteria employed the standard OECD - "Code 2" provided a standardized test in facilitating the comparison between the factors evaluated. / A adequação de um trator agrícola, visando utilização de pressões de inflação dos pneus adequadas, para diferentes condições superficiais de solo, resulta em melhor desempenho geral, com consequente aumento da capacidade operacional e melhor qualidade de operação. Assim este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho energético de um trator agrícola 4x2 - TDA trabalhando com diferentes forças na barra de tração, pressão de inflação dos pneus em superfície de concreto e em solo mobilizado, utilizando como norma de ensaio a OECD – “Código 2” (2012). Os ensaios foram realizados, no Núcleo de Ensaios de Máquinas e Pneus Agroflorestais – NEMPA, com delineamento experimental em faixas e esquema fatorial 2x3x2 com cinco repetições, sendo duas pressões de inflação dos pneus do trator 165,4 kPa (24 psi) nos rodados traseiro e 220,6 kPa (32 psi) nos rodados dianteiro do trator, correspondente a máxima pressão de inflação recomendada pelo fabricante dos pneus e 110,3 kPa (16 psi) nos rodados traseiro e 110,3 kPa (16 psi) nos rodados dianteiro do trator, correspondente a mínima pressão de inflação recomendada pelo fabricante dos pneus, três forças aplicadas na barra de tração 100%, 75% e 50% da força máxima de tração na potência máxima e velocidade nominal do motor e dois tipos de superfícies de rolamento. Esses fatores foram arranjados para permitir a avaliação dos efeitos das variáveis de desempenho individualmente ou em grupos, sendo todos os dados que apresentaram normalidade foram submetidos à análise de variância, aplicando o teste DMS a 5% de significância, para a comparação das médias, os dados que não apresentaram distribuição normal foram arranjados para analise estatística através da Média Móvel Exponencialmente Ponderada - MMEP. O trator avaliado no ensaio foi o New Holland TM 7040 com potência máxima no motor indicada pelo fabricante de 132 kW a 2200 rpm, tracionando a Unidade Móvel de Ensaio na Barra de Tração - UMEB. Nos ensaios de campo observou-se que a mínima pressão de inflação dos pneus recomendada pelo fabricante dos pneus melhorou o desempenho energético do trator, reduzindo o consumo especifico de combustível e aumentando o rendimento na barra de tração do trator. Em superfície de concreto o trator obteve força máxima de tração 32,6% superior à força máxima de tração obtida em superfície de solo mobilizado. Os critérios de ensaio empregados da norma OECD - “Código 2” proporcionaram uma padronização no ensaio facilitando a comparação entre os fatores avaliados.

Foram ensaiadas quatro cerâmicas VMK 95, Omega 900, IPS d. Sign e Cergogold. Os ensaios realizados foram: 1) resistência de união, por ensaio de tração, à dentina humana, de cones (6 x 3 x 5mm) de cerâmica, unidos por meio de cimentos fosfato de zinco, resinosos Rely X e Panávia F (n=10); 2) rugosidade pelos parâmetros Ra, Rt, Ry, Rz e Rp, de superfícies tratadas com ácido fluorídrico a 10% e polidas (n=10); 3) durezas Knoop e Vickers (n=4); 4) análise por microscopia de força atômica de superfícies polidas apenas (n=5). Os dados foram analisados pela análise de variância e testes de Tukey foram feitos quando necessário. A resistência de união com o fosfato de zinco e o parâmetro de rugosidade Ra foram analisados em separado, por apresentarem variâncias bem menores que as correspondentes aos demais agentes cimentantes e parâmetros. Os resultados mostraram que a resistência de união com o fosfato de zinco foi muito baixa (1,61 a 2,91MPa), nas condições dos ensaios. Com cimentos resinosos a resistência média variou de 16,61 a 18,47MPa. O cimento Rely X apresentou menor resistência em média, mas isto também depende da cerâmica.As rugosidades das superfícies tratadas com ácido fluorídrico a 10% foram bem maiores do que nas polidas. Nessas o parâmetro Ra variou de 2,15 a 4,26µm e os demais parâmetros de 10,99 a 21,93µm. Nas superfícies polidas o Ra variou de 0,53 a 0,84µm. Os demais parâmetros apresentaram médias de 2,01 a 5,23µm. A dureza Knoop variou de 418,9 a 493,8 kgf/mm2 e a Vickers de 492,5 a 572,2 kgf/mm2. Esta última apresentou valores maiores. A microscopia de força atômica permitiu visualizar irregularidades de superfícies. As principais conclusões foram: o cimento de fosfato de zinco, na condição do ensaio (por tração) apresentou resistência de união muito baixa; com os cimentos resinosos a resistência de união foi bem alta; as rugosidades foram muito altas após o tratamento superficial com ácido fluorídrico a 10%, mas, as polidas apresentaram valores bem baixos; as durezas Vickers fornecem valores maiores que a Knoop. / Four ceramics (VMK 95, Omega 900, IPS d.Sign and Cergogold) were tested regarding: 1) tensile bond strength to human dentin of ceramic cones (6 x 3 x 5mm), cemented with zinc phosphate, and resin cements, Rely X and Panávia F (n=10); 2) roughness by means of parameters Ra, Rt, Ry, Rz and Rp, of HF (10%) surface treated and polished surfaces (n=10); 3) Knoop and Vickers hardness (n=4); 4) atomic force microscopy; only of polished surfaces (n=5). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and when necessary were used Tukey’s tests. Tensile bond strength with zinc phosphate cement and Ra roughness parameter were analyzed separately because of their low variances when compared with those of resin cements and the other roughness parameter. Results showed that tensile bond strength of zinc phosphate was very low (1.61 to 2.91MPa) in this test condition (tensile test). Resin cements presented tensile bond strength at range 16.61 to 18.47MPa. Cement Rely X presented lower strength, but it depends also of ceramic. HF (10%) treated surfaces presented much higher roughness than polished ones. In HF (10%) treated surfaces parameter Ra ranged from 2.15 to 4.26µm and the other parameter ranged from 10.99 to 21.93µm. Roughness of polished surfaces Ra ranged from 0.53 to 0.84µm. Range of the other parameter was from 2.01 to 5.23µm. Knoop hardness ranged from 418.9 to 493.8 kgf/mm2 and Vicker’s from 492.5 to 572.2 kgf/mm2. This type presented higher values. Atomic force microscopy permited good vision of surface irregularities. Main conclusions were: zinc phosphate cement at test conditions (tensile) presented low bond strength; resin cements presented high tensile bond strength; surface treatment with HF (10%) led to high roughness but in polished one it was low; Vicker’s hardness presented higher values than Knoop one.

Abstract : The applications of natural fibers as reinforcing materials have received lots of attentions and interests due to their unique advantages such as direct derivation from earth, sustainability, degradability and so on. In addition, the employment of plant fibers as raw materials in engineering and industries can promote sustainable agriculture. Cultivation of oilseed flax has grown recently from 600,000 to 800,000 hectares in past few years in Canada. This can also provide a great potential to use flax waste (straw), 2,000 kg/ha annually, as reinforcing materials in industry and promote sustainable agriculture. These huge amounts of flax residuals usually burned or thrown away which as result, leads to emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. In two past decades, the employment of natural fibers in bio-composites as an alternative for flax residuals disposal has received lots of interest and attention. The dramatic increase of publications during this period supports this fact. This attention and interest has been attributed to public awareness, Legal restrictions and environmental concerns associated to the synthetic fibers. Moreover, the significant advantages of natural fibers such as low resin consumption, low tools wear, cost effectivity; availability, environmentally friendly, degradability, low density and high specific properties have converted the application of them very favorable. However, the hydrophilic nature of cellulosic fibers as a main disadvantage makes them incompatible with hydrophobic polymeric matrices. This poor compatibility between cellulosic fibers and polymeric matrices mostly attributes to the presence of hydroxyl functional groups on the backbone of the flax fibers that causes to hydrophilic properties of cellulosic fibers and poor interfacial adhesion between cellulosic fibers and polymeric matrices. The main goal of this research thesis is to convert of primary alcoholic groups (OH) available on the surface of flax fiber to carboxyl groups by employment of TEMPO oxidation system in order to facilitate the silane treatment process. Subsequently, carboxyl groups can more easily interact with silane coupling agents. The surface functionality of as-received and treated fibers was characterized using Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Dynamic contact angle tensiometer was used to compare wettability of the oxidized and nonoxidized fibers after the silane treatment. The interaction between flax fiber and polymer was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the TEMPO iii oxidation significantly improved the bonding efficiency of the silane coupling agents on the fiber surface. Thus, the compatibility between the flax fibers and the epoxy resin was improved. In addition, the water absorption of the modified fibers was remarkably reduced, while the contact angle of the flax fibers was increased. / Les demandes des fibres naturelles comme matériaux de renforcement ont reçu beaucoup d'attentions et d'intérêts en raison de leurs avantages uniques tels que la dérivation directe de la terre, la durabilité, la dérivabilité, etc. En outre, l'emploi des fibres végétales comme matières premières dans l'ingénierie et les industries peut favoriser l'agriculture durable. La culture du lin oléagineux est passée de 600 000 à 800 000 hectares au cours des dernières années au Canada. Cela peut également constituer un excellent potentiel d'utilisation des déchets de lin (paille), 2 000 kg par an par année, en tant que matériaux de renfort dans l'industrie et promouvoir l'agriculture durable. Ces énormes quantités de résidus de lin sont généralement brûlées ou jetées, ce qui entraîne l'émission de CO2 dans l'atmosphère. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, l'emploi de fibres naturelles dans les biocomposites comme possibilité à l'élimination des résidus de lin a suscité beaucoup d'intérêt et d'attention. L'augmentation spectaculaire des publications au cours de cette période prend en charge ce fait. Cette attention et cet intérêt ont été attribués à la sensibilisation du public, aux restrictions légales et aux préoccupations environnementales associées aux fibres synthétiques. En outre, les avantages importants des fibres naturelles, comme la faible consommation de résine, l'usure des outils, l'efficacité des coûts; la disponibilité, l'environnement, la dégradabilité, la faible densité et les propriétés spécifiques élevés ont transformé la demande des fibres naturelles très favorable. Cependant, la nature hydrophile des fibres cellulosiques comme inconvénient principal les rend incompatibles avec des matrices polymères hydrophobes. Cette mauvaise compatibilité entre les fibres cellulosiques et les matrices polymères attribue principalement à la présence de groupes fonctionnels hydroxyles sur l'ossature des fibres de lin qui provoque des propriétés hydrophiles des fibres cellulosiques et une faible adhérence interfaciale entre les fibres cellulosiques et les matrices polymères. L'objectif principal de cette thèse de recherche est de convertir des groupes alcooliques primaires (OH) disponibles à la surface de la fibre de lin en groupes carboxylés par l'emploi d'un système d'oxydation TEMPO afin de faciliter le traitement du silane. Par la suite, les groupes carboxylés peuvent interagir plus facilement avec des agents de couplage au silane. La fonctionnalité de surface des fibres reçues et traitées a été caractérisée en utilisant la spectroscopie à infrarouge à transformer de Fourier et à la Spectrométrie photo électronique X. Un tensiomètre à angle de contact dynamique a été utilisé pour comparer la mouillabilité des fibres oxydées et non oxydées après le traitement au silane. L'interaction entre les fibres de lin et le polymère a été caractérisée en utilisant une microscopie électronique à balayage (MÉB). Les résultats indiquent que l'oxydation TEMPO a considérablement amélioré l'efficacité de liaison des agents de couplage silane sur la surface de la fibre. Ainsi, la compatibilité entre les fibres de lin et la résine époxy a été améliorée. En outre, l'absorption d'eau des fibres modifiées a été considérablement réduite, tandis que l'angle de contact des fibres de lin a été augmenté.

Les superalliages à base de nickel sont très utilisés pour la réalisation des parties chaudes des turbomoteurs aéronautiques. Ainsi le superalliage Inconel 718 est utilisé pour la fabrication de pièces telles que les disques de turbines. Ce superalliage est fortement utilisé car il associe de bonnes propriétés mécaniques jusqu’à 650°C à un coût raisonnable. Au début des années 2000, ATI Allvac a développé un nouveau superalliage à base de nickel dans le but de concurrencer l’Inconel 718. Ce nouvel alliage, nommé ATI 718Plus, promet des propriétés mécaniques supérieures que celles de l’Inconel 718 pour une utilisation pouvant aller jusqu’à 700°C. Pour obtenir de bonnes propriétés mécaniques jusqu’à 700°C, la composition chimique de l’alliage ATI 718Plus a été établi par ATI Allvac, de façon à obtenir la phase intragranulaire !’ comme phase durcissante, et la phase intergranulaire " comme dans l’Inconel 718. L’objectif de l’étude a été dans un premier temps de comprendre la microstructure de l’alliage. Pour cela des analyses en MEB et en MET ont été menées sur un grand nombre d’échantillons, traités à diverses températures et pour divers temps, de façon à identifier la nature cristallographique et chimique et la cinétique de précipitation des phases présentes dans l’alliage. Dans un second temps l’étude a consisté à caractériser la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques en traction et en fluage de l’alliage ATI 718Plus traité selon neuf gammes de traitements thermomécaniques différentes. Ensuite l’étude a permis de tester trois gammes de traitements thermomécaniques dont nous avons défini les paramètres grâce aux résultats précédents de manière à optimiser la microstructure dans l’objectif d’améliorer les propriétés mécaniques de l’alliage. Les essais de traction réalisés sur une grande varieté de microstructures et pour différentes températures ont également permis de caractériser la sensibilité de l’alliage ATI 718Plus au phénomène de Portevin - Le Chatelier. / Nickel base superalloys are used to manufacture many high temperature parts of aeronautical turboengines like turbine disks. The Inconel 718 superalloy is commonly used because it associates good mechanical properties until 650°C with a moderate cost. In the beginning of the 2000’s, ATI Allvac has developed a new nickel base superalloy to compete with the Inconel 718. This new superalloy, called ATI 718Plus, promises better mechanical properties than those of Inconel 718 for a use up to 700°C. To obtain such good mechanical properties, the chemical composition of the alloy ATI 718Plus has been designed by ATI Allvac to obtain the !’ intragranular phase as the strengthening phase, and the " intergranular phase like in the Inconel 718. The objective of the study is first to understand the microstructure of the alloy. For that reason, SEM and TEM analyses were performed on a large number of samples, treated at various temperatures and for different times, to identify the crystallographic and chemical nature and the precipitation kinetic of the phases present in the alloy. In a second time, the study has consisted in characterizing the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the alloy ATI 718Plus, forged according to nine different thermomechanical treatments. Then, the study has permitted to test three thermomechanical treatments, wich parameters we have determined according to the previous results, to optimize the microstructure in order to improve alloy mechanical properties. Strength tests performed on various microstructures and several temperatures also permitted to characterize the alloy ATI 718Plus sensitivity to Portevin-Le Chatelier effect.

La fabrication additive est un procédé offrant de nouvelles opportunités aux industriels pour fabriquer des pièces complexes, sans outillage spécifique et en optimisant la matière utilisée.Cette thèse présente les propriétés mécaniques de pièces réalisées par fabrication additive et l’analyse des mécanismes d’endommagement associés, en ayant comme référence les propriétés mécaniques des procédés de fonderie et de corroyage. Ce type d’analyse est indispensable pour l’industrialisation du procédé.Les propriétés en traction et en fatigue, sur des éprouvettes en titane Ti-6Al-4V et en aluminium AlSi7Mg0,6, ont été mesurées. Les effets du procédé de fabrication, de la direction de fabrication, du post-usinage et des post-traitements thermiques ont été comparés. Les propriétés sont au moins au niveau de la fonderie.Ces résultats ont été analysés en corrélation avec les microstructures et les faciès de rupture, afin de dégager des mécanismes d’endommagement. Les critères permettant de mesurer la criticité des défauts ont été définis.Certaines de ces hypothèses ont pu être vérifiées grâce à des essais de traction in situ au micro tomographe. / Additive manufacturing offers new opportunities for industries to manufacture complex parts with no additional tooling and better optimization of the material used.This thesis is about the analysis of the mechanical properties and the damaging mechanisms of parts produced by additive manufacturing, using mechanical properties of casted and wrought parts as reference. This type of analysis is necessary in order to industrialize the process.The tensile and fatigue properties on Titanium Ti-6Al-4V and Aluminium AlSi7Mg0,6 were measured. The effects of the process, the manufacturing direction, the post-machining and the post-heat treatments were compared. Properties are at least at the level of casting.A correlation of these results with microstructures and fracture surfaces was made in order to extract the damaging mechanisms. A method to measure the criticity of the defects in a part was defined. Some of these hypotheses were verified using microtomographic in situ tensile tests.

Abstract The effects of restoration and certain elements, nitrogen, sulphur, calcium and Misch metal, on the hot ductility of austenitic, high-alloyed austenitic and duplex stainless steels have been investigated by means of hot rolling, hot tensile, hot bending and stress relaxation tests. The results of these different testing methods indicated that hot rolling experiments using stepped specimens is the most effective way to investigate the relationship between the softening and cracking phenomena under hot rolling conditions. For as-cast, high-alloyed and duplex stainless steels with a low impurity level, the cracking tendency was observed to increase with increasing pass strain and temperature, being minimal for the small strain of 0.1. No cracking occurred in these steels when rolled in the wrought condition. It could be concluded that the cracking problems are only exhibited by the cast structure with the hot ductility of even partially recrystallised steel being perfectly adequate. However, the recrystallisation kinetics of the high-alloyed austenitic stainless steels, determined by stress relaxation and double-pass rolling tests, were found to be so slow that only partial softening can be expected to occur between roughing passes under normal rolling conditions. In the duplex steel, the restoration is fairly fast so that complete softening can occur within typical interpass times in hot rolling, while certain changes in the phase structure take place as well. Sulphur was found to be an extremely harmful element in duplex stainless steel with regard to their hot ductility so that severe cracking can take place with sulphur content above 30 ppm. However, the effect of sulphur can be eliminated by reducing its content and by calcium or Misch metal treatments that significantly increase the number and decrease the average size of the inclusions. It seems that the desulphurisation capacity of an element is the most important property for assessing its usefulness in reducing the detrimental influence of sulphur. The hot ductility of type 316L stainless steel determined by tensile tests was found to be better for nitrogen content of 0.05 wt-% than 0.02%, while in double-hit tensile tests the hot ductility values were identical. The mechanism whereby nitrogen affects hot ductility remains unclear but a retarding effect on static recrystallisation was observed.

3D woven composites, due to the presence of through-thickness fibre bridging, have the potential to improve damage tolerance and at the same time to reduce the manufacturing costs. However, the ability to withstand damage depends on weave architecture as well as the geometry of individual tows. A substantial amount of research has been performed to understand in-plane properties as well as the performance of 3D woven composites exposed to impact loads, but there is limited research on the damage tolerance and notch sensitivity of 3D weaves and no work is reported on the damage tolerance of 3D weaves with a weft binding pattern. In view of the recent interest in 3D woven composites, the influence of weft binder on the tensile, open hole tensile, impact resistance and subsequent residual compressive strength properties and failure mechanisms of 3D woven composites was investigated against equivalent UD cross-ply laminate. Four different 3D woven architectures; layer-to-layer, angle interlocked, twill angle interlock and modified angle interlock structures were produced under identical weaving conditions. All the above mentioned tests were performed in both the warp and weft directions on 3D woven and UD cross-ply laminates. Stress concentration and yarn waviness due to through-thickness reinforcement led to lower mechanical properties compared with the UD cross-ply laminate. However, improved in-plane and damage tolerance properties of 3D woven composites under tensile loads were achieved by modifying the weave architecture. The influence of the weave architecture and binder yarn orientation on the notch insensitivity and damage tolerance of 3D woven composites was less significant for compressive loads. Despite the lower undamaged compression strength of 3D woven structures, their residual compressive strength was found to be superior to their equivalent UD cross-ply laminates. The lower rate of strength reduction in the 3D woven fabrics laminates was attributed to a crack bridging mechanism, effectively inhibiting delamination propagation.

No description available.

The thesis deals with the dependence of mechanical characteristics on the anisotropy of polymers Nylon 12 and Ultem 9085 made by a 3D printing technology Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). The evaluation of the material characteristics was performed on the basis of tensile and non-instrumental impact tests. It was proven that the material characteristics are strongly dependent on anisotropy, i.e. on layer thickness and raster angle for both types of polymers.

This master’s thesis deals with influence of gas content in structure of polymer materials to mechanical properties. Test specimens were prepared by MuCell technology from polyphthalamide reinforced by 50 % of glass fiber content. The theorethical part of this thesis is focused on polymer materials with attention to polyamides and injection moulding technology. In the experimental part, the dependence between the characteristics obtained from the tensile test and the Charpy impact test on the amount of gas in the polymer is examined.