Background There exist an external demand forcing the manufacturing industry to increase their sustainable practice. For manufacturing companies to stay competitive it is necessary for them to transform their organization and operation to be more sustainably responsive. To meet the external demand for sustainable practice in the manufacturing industry, companies need to find new innovative solutions for their production processes.  Implementing new process innovations in production processes can be an uncertain task for companies to manage. To reduce the uncertainty, it is important to experiment with different solutions before implementation. To conduct experiments in an efficient and safe way, companies can use the tool simulation to validate process innovations before implementation.  There exist different simulation methods a company can use. Physical simulations are used when a company have production processes that cannot be simulated through a computer. Physical simulations are conducted in test facilities where companies can analyze material behavior in a laboratory scale production process.  Research questions RQ1: What need exists for test facilities in manufacturing companies?  RQ2: What benefits can be obtained using test facilities?  Aim A1: Identify stakeholder needs and based on these needs develop a conceptual test facility adapted to the case company.  Method To answer the research questions and fulfill the aim of the study, a literature review and a case study was conducted. The literature review explored the need and benefits of conducting physical simulations in test facilities when implementing new innovations in production processes to meet the demand for sustainability.  The case study was conducted at Volvo Construction Equipment in Hallsberg where the need to implement a test facility for their chemical production process was explored together with the benefits such a facility might contribute with. The case study also entailed information with stakeholder’s need for the development of a conceptual test facility to fulfill to the aim of the thesis.  Findings The findings suggest that there exists a need for implementing test facilities in manufacturing companies with chemical production processes. To transform production processes to meet external demands, companies must experiment with new innovations before implementation. A test facility could increase the efficiency when transforming and improving chemical production processes as well as strengthen the knowledge within the company for organizational development.  Furthermore, findings contributed with the development of a conceptual test facility adapted to the case company’s chemical production process. This facility was constructed increase the company’s ability for conducting quality and development test of their current state production process. / Bakgrund Det existerar ett yttre krav som tvingar tillverkningsindustrin att öka sin hållbarhet. För att tillverkande företag ska förbli konkurrenskraftiga är det nödvändigt att omvandla sin organisation och verksamhet för att bli mer hållbart lyhörd. För dem att bemöta de yttre kraven på hållbart utövande inom tillverkningsindustrin behöver företag hitta nya innovativa lösningar för sina produktionsprocesser.  Att implementera nya processinnovationer i produktionsprocesser kan vara en osäker uppgift för företag att hantera. För att minska osäkerheten är det viktigt att experimentera med olika lösningar innan implementering. För att genomföra experiment på ett effektivt och säkert sätt kan företag använda simulering för att validera processinnovationer innan implementering.  Det finns olika simuleringsmetoder som ett företag kan använda. Fysiska simuleringar används när ett företag har produktionsprocesser som inte kan simuleras via en dator. Fysiska simulering genomförs i testanläggningar där företag kan analysera materialbeteende i produktionsprocess i laboratorieskala.  Forskningsfrågor F1: Vilket behov för testanläggningar existerar i tillverkningsföretag?  F1: Vilka fördelar kan erhållas genom att använda testanläggningar?  Mål M1: Identifiera intressentbehoven och utifrån dessa behov utveckla en konceptuell testanläggning anpassad till företaget.  Metod För att svara på forskningsfrågorna och uppfylla målet med studien genomfördes en litteraturstudie och en fallstudie. Litteraturstudien undersökte behovet och fördelarna med att utföra fysiska simuleringar i testanläggningar när nya innovation i produktionsprocesser ska implementeras för att möta hållbarhetskraven.  Fallstudien genomfördes på Volvo Construction Equipment i Hallsberg där behovet av att implementera en testanläggning för deras kemiska produktionsprocess undersöktes tillsammans med vilka fördelar en sådan anläggning kan bidra med. Fallstudien medförde också information med intressenters behov vid utvecklingen av en konceptuell testanläggning för att uppfylla avhandlingens mål.  Resultat Resultaten tyder på att det finns ett behov av att implementera testanläggningar i tillverkande företag med kemiska produktionsprocesser. För att omvandla produktionsprocesser för att bemöta de yttre kraven måste företag experimentera med nya innovationer innan de implementeras. En testanläggning skulle kunna öka effektiviteten vid omvandling och förbättring av kemiska produktionsprocesser samt stärka kunskapen inom företaget för utveckling av organisationen.  Dessutom bidrog resultaten till utvecklingen av en konceptuell testanläggning anpassat till det studerade företagets kemiska produktionsprocess. Denna anläggning konstruerades för att öka företagets förmåga att genomföra kvalitets- och utvecklingstest av deras nuvarande produktionsprocess.

QC 351 A7 no. 16 / This document has been prepared to form the basis for the operational specifications for the Cassegrain instrumentation for the 90-inch telescope of the Steward Observatory. The publication of this document is for the purpose of providing guidance to other astronomical groups who may have use for the considerations recorded herein.

The modern military aircraft can be defined as a System of Systems (SoS); several distinct systems operating simultaneously across boundary interfaces. As the on-board subsystems have become more complex and diverse, the development process has become more isolated. When considering thermal management of distributed heat loads, the aircraft has become a collection of individually optimised components and subsystems, rather than the implementation of a single system to perform a given task. Avionic thermal management is quickly becoming a limiting factor of aircraft performance, reliability and effectiveness. The challenge of avionic thermal management is growing with the increasing complexity and power density of avionic packages. The aircraft relies on a heat rejection growth capacity to accommodate the additional through-life avionic heat loads. Growth capacity is defined as an allowable thermal loading growth designed into the system by the underutilisation of spatial and cooling supply at aircraft introduction; however, this is a limited resource and aircraft subsystem cooling capability is reaching a critical point. The depleted growth capacity coupled with increased avionic power demands has led to component thermal failure. However, due to the poor resolution of existing data acquisition, experimental facilities or thermodynamic modeling, the exact inflight-operating conditions remain relatively unknown. The knowledge gap identified in this work is the lack of definitive methodology to generate high fidelity data of in-flight thermal conditions of fast-jet subsystems and provide evidence towards effective future thermal management technologies. It is shown that, through the development of a new methodology, the knowledge gap can be reduced and as an output of this approach the unknown system behaviour can be defined. A multidisciplinary approach to the replication, analysis and optimisation of a fast-jet TMS is detailed. The development of a new Ground Test Facility (GTF) allows previously unidentified system thermal behaviour to be evaluated at component, subsystem and system level. The development of new data to characterise current thermal performance of a fast jet TMS allows recommendations of several new technologies to be implemented through a component led integrative system optimisation. This approach is to consider the TMS as a single system to achieve a single goal of component thermal management. Three technologies are implemented to optimise avionic conditions through the minimisation of bleed air consumption, improve avionic reliability through increased avionic component isothermalisation and increase growth capacity through improved avionic heat exchanger fin utilisation. These component level technologies improved system level performance. A reduction in TMS bleed air consumption from 1225kg to 510kg was found to complete a typical flight profile. A peak predicted aircraft specific fuel consumption saving of 1.23% is seen at a cruise flight condition because of this approach to avionic thermal management.

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2017-05-25T11:30:49Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T11:30:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / No presente trabalho foram estudados alguns efeitos causados pelo jateamento por granalhas no aço Cr-Si-V, processo que tem por objetivo aumentar a resistência à fadiga. Para este estudo a variação de parâmetros no processo são ferramentas para melhor compreender os mecanismos que influenciam esta propriedade. Os parâmetros utilizados neste trabalho foram a variação da granalha e o pré tensionamento das amostras aplicados em lâminas utilizadas em feixe de molas automobilísticas de aço de liga cromo silício vanádio (SAE 9254+V). Inicialmente foi realizada a avaliação do perfil de tensão residual, efetuada por difração de raios-x pelo método do sen2 ao longo da espessura na região onde a tensão é compressiva. Nos resultados nota-se um efeito anômalo em relação ao perfil característico da distribuição de tensão residual com a perda de compressão nas camadas iniciais em relação à superfície jateada. Com o uso da microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi observado a região afetada pelo jateamento por granalhas notando que as regiões plasticamente deformadas se encontram nas mesmas regiões onde ocorre a diminuição da tensão residual compressiva. O perfil obtido pela difração de raios-x fornece as informações necessárias com o propósito de conjugar os efeitos que a microtensão (microdeformação) influenciam na macrotensão (tensão residual). Esta relação foi comprovada pela sobreposição dos resultados encontrados na distribuição da microdeformação da rede cristalina com a tensão residual ao longo da espessura na região plasticamente deformada. Os resultados dos perfis das difrações de raios-x mostraram a existência de anisotropia de tensões entre os planos, geradas por defeitos de empilhamento e pela densidade de discordâncias. Assim sendo, para obter os valores das microtensões devem ser considerados os fatores das constantes elásticas (conforme o módulo das direções) e dos planos cristalográficos. O método aplicado foi o Williamson-Hall modificado. Além deste método outros também foram utilizados, tais como: método de Warren-Averbach e o método Single Line, este aplicando a série de Fourier, porém, ao observar os resultados, nota-se a diferença entre os valores obtidos nas deformações, tanto aos métodos quanto aos planos cristalográficos, porém a ênfase deste trabalho foi dada às características dos perfis da distribuição e não aos valores absolutos. Somando a isto, foi proporcionado o estudo da distribuição do tamanho médio de cristalito ao longo da espessura no perfil das difrações de raios-x e os resultados mostraram que esta distribuição varia de forma inversa a microdeformação. A relação entre o tamanho médio de cristalito e a variação das distâncias interplanares corresponde diretamente a alterações das densidades de discordâncias ocorridas no material que por sua vez estão ligadas às microdeformações da rede cristalina. Como complemento ao trabalho foram analisados o fator de concentração de tensão e ensaios de fadiga do material. O fator de concentração de tensão não variou conforme a utilização das granalhas S330 e S390, ambas sendo aplicadas no mesmo regime de jateamento. Os ensaios de fadiga indicaram que o pré tensionamento aumenta a vida útil nas tensões cíclicas do material estudado. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP