Dans ce manuscrit est proposée une méthode originale pour élaborer des N-hétérocycles saturés possédant un groupe trifluorométhyl (Tfm) en position alpha. Ces composés fluoro-organiques sont des cibles attrayantes, dues à leur intérêt potentiel élevé pour l'industrie pharmaceutique ainsi que pour l'agrochimie. En employant une méthode développée au laboratoire, basée sur une réaction de type Mannich intramoléculaire des béta-aminocétals sur des dérivés carbonylés, nous avons préparé un éventail de structures pipéridiniques originales. Tout d'abord nous avons appliqué cette méthodologie pour la synthèse diastéréosélective des Tfm-pipéridines. Les béta-aminocétals nécessaires à cette étude ont été facilement obtenus par l'addition conjuguée du phtalimide sur les énones correspondantes, suivi d'une céto-protection et d'une hydrazinolyse. Ces intermédiaires ont été soumis aux réactions de Mannich intramoléculaires avec divers aldéhydes, donnant ainsi un accès stéréosélectif aux analogues trifluorés de la pipéridine naturelle. Des réactions chimiques sur ces composés ont également permis la synthèse de nouveaux substrats tels que les 4-aza et 4-hydroxy Tfm-piperidines. Une version énantiosélective de cette stratégie alors a été réalisée avec succès au départ de béta-aminocétals énantiomériquement enrichi, préparés à partir d'une oxazolidine fluoré (FOX) par une réaction de type Mukaiyama-Mannich. L'emploi de ces nouvelles amines énantio-enrichies dans des conditions identiques de cyclisation avec différents aldéhydes a fourni une série de Tfm-pipéridines enantiopure. Cette stratégie a été validée par la première synthèse asymétrique des analogues trifluorométhylés des acides pipécoliques, des analogues l'acide gamma-aminobutyrique (GABA) et des structures polycycliques comme les indolizidines, contenant un groupe trifluorométhyle.

Detta kandidatexamensarbete syftar till att konstruera ett förslag på en lagerlösning till en generator av typen TFM [1], utvecklad av Anders Hagnestål vid KTH, som är tänkt att användas i vind- eller vågkraft. Generatorn alstrar inre elektromagnetiska krafter som ger upphov till påfrestningar på dess konstruktion, inte minst på de kullager som håller generatorns struktur på plats. Valet av lager föll på ett axialkullager i hybridutförande då den betydande delen av den elektromagnetiska kraften verkar rent axiellt. Hybridlagret består av keramiska kulor mot en kulbana av lagerstål, en kombination som motstår högre tryck än axialkullager med stålkulor. Keramiska kulor används främst för att undvika problem med elektriska urladdningar mellan lagerbana och kula, vilka uppkommer på grund av switchtransienter i strömmen från kraftelektroniksystemet. Lagrets placering i generatorn är av stor vikt, något som togs i beaktning för att minimera utböjningen i konstruktionen. Fokus har lagts på att analysera utböjningen av rotorskivan och de punkter där trycket på kullagret är som störst, dvs i kontaktytan mellan kulan och lagerbanan. Hertz yttryck användes för att beräkna kontakttrycket mellan kula och lagerbana och Finita Element Metoden för att beräkna utböjningen av rotorskivan. / The purpose of this Bachelor thesis project is the design of a bearing solution for a TFM generator [1], developed by Anders Hagnestål at KTH, suitable for windand wave power. The generator produces inner electromagnetic forces that puts stress on the generators architecture. The bearings will have an essential role in withstanding the force from the electromagnets. The most suitable solution was a hybrid axial bearing since the electromagnetic forces are mainly in the axial direction. The hybrid bearing consists of ceramic balls and a steel bearing race, a combination being able to withstand pressures better than axial bearings with steel balls. Ceramic balls are mainly used to avoid electrical discharges between the bearing race and balls. These discharges occur due to switchtransients in the current from the powerelectronic system. The placement of the bearing in the generator is of great importance and has to be considered to minimize the displacement of the rotor discs. The project is focused on analyzing the displacement of the rotor disc and the area with greatest pressure in the bearing, this area occurs in the contact point between the ceramic ball and the steel bearing race. Hertzian contact pressure was used for the contact pressure between the ball and the bearing race and the Finite Element Method for calculating the displacement of the rotor disc.

En contrôle non destructif, dans la perspective de l’amélioration des images de défauts mais également dans le but de rendre leur interprétation plus simple par des opérateurs non spécialisés,de nouvelles méthodes d’imagerie ultra-sonore telle que l’imagerie TFM (Total Focusing Method)sont apparues depuis quelques années comme une alternative aux méthodes d’imageries conventionnelles.Elles offrent des images réalistes des défauts et permettent à partir d’une même acquisition d’avoir un nombre important d’images chacune pouvant porter des informations différentes et complémentaires sur les caractéristiques d’un même défaut.Lorsqu’elles sont correctement sélectionnées,ces images sont plus faciles à analyser, elles présentent moins de risques de mauvaise interprétation et permettent d’envisager des caractérisations de défauts plus rapides par des opérateurs moins spécialisés.Pour une exploitation industrielle, il reste cependant nécessaire de renforcer la robustesse et la facilité de mise en oeuvre de ces techniques d’imagerie.L’ensemble des travaux réalisés durant la thèse a permis de développer de nouveaux outils capables d’améliorer la caractérisation des défauts par les techniques d’imagerie TFM en termes de position,d’orientation et de dimensionnement / In non-destructive testing, with a view to improving defect images but also to simplify their interpretation by non-specialized operators,new ultrasonic imaging methods such as TFM imaging (Total Focusing Method ) have appeared for some years as an alternative to conventional imaging methods. They offer realistic images of defects and allow from the same acquisition to have a large number of images each that can carry different and complementary information on the characteristics of the same defect. When properly selected, these images are easier to analyze, they present less risk of misinterpretation and allow to consider faster fault characterizations by less specialized operators.However, for an industrial operation, it remains necessary to strengthen the robustness and ease of implementation of these imaging techniques. All the work carried out during the thesis allowed to develop new tools to improve the characterization of defects by TFM imaging techniques in terms of position,orientation and sizing.

Componentes metálicos em operação podem estar sujeitos a diversas condições de operação deletérias. Visando avaliar os riscos de operação para evitar falhas, a análise de integridade estrutural é uma ferramenta amplamente aplicada e requer constante evolução. Por utilizar dados de ensaios não destrutivos, essa ferramenta requer cada vez mais precisão, para aprimorar seus resultados e reduzir ao máximo as falhas de componentes em operação. Por apresentar menor tempo de inspeção e maior probabilidade de detecção, o Phased Array surge como alternativa às técnicas convencionais de ultrassom. Dentre as técnicas de Phased Array, o Total Focusing Method (TFM) apresenta um dos resultados mais promissores, apresentando grande vantagem sobre técnicas convencionais de ultrassom e de Phased Array devido a sua melhor precisão e fácil interpretação dos resultados. Neste trabalho, o TFM foi aplicado em diversos blocos contendo descontinuidades usinadas, as quais simulam diferentes tipos de defeitos. O foco do TFM foi gerar blocos em três dimensões (3D) dos defeitos, facilitando a interpretação dos resultados, além da possibilidade da inserção desses blocos em softwares de análise de integridade estrutural, melhorando a precisão dos resultados. O TFM foi aplicado através do tratamento de dados de um sensor linear de Phased Array, com frequência de 5 MHz e com 64 elementos ativos. Nesse trabalho, foram desenvolvidas e aplicadas novas etapas no algoritmo do TFM para melhorar a precisão dos resultados, como a compensação da perda de energia e o half-skip. As etapas adicionais aplicadas ao algoritmo do TFM geraram bons resultados para entalhe e furos usinados nos blocos de aço carbono. Além dos blocos com defeitos usinados, foi realizada a inspeção de um bloco de aço inoxidável austenítico soldado. Para o bloco soldado, os resultados não foram satisfatórios, não sendo possível detectar defeitos existentes. Após a aplicação do TFM, foi simulado o deslocamento do sensor ao longo da peça, gerando diversas imagens 2D, as quais foram conectadas via isosuperfícies, gerando sólidos 3D dos defeitos presentes em cada bloco. Por fim, esses blocos foram exportados para um software CAD, apresentando excelente correspondência. / Metallic components in operation can be submitted to several harming operation conditions. Aiming to evaluate the operational risks to avoid failure, the structural integrity analysis is a widely applied tool and requires constant evolution. As it uses non-destructive testing data, this tool requires increasingly precision, to enhance its results and reduce the majority of the operating components failures. Because of the shorter inspection time and greater probability of detection, Phased Array is an alternative to conventional ultrasonic techniques. Among the techniques of Phased Array, the Total Focusing Method (TFM) presents one of the most promising results, offering great advantage over conventional ultrasonic and Phased Array techniques due to its better precision and easy interpretation of results. In this work, the TFM was applied to many blocks, which contain machined discontinuities simulating several defects. The objective of applying the TFM was to generate three-dimensional (3D) blocks, turning the interpretation of the results easier and giving the possibility to insert these blocks into a structural integrity analysis software, enhancing the results precision. The TFM algorithm was applied through treatment of data from a 5 MHz linear Phased Array sensor with 64 active elements. In this work, it were developed and applied new steps in the TFM algorithm, as energy loss compensation and half-skip interaction, to improve its precision. The additional steps applied to the TFM algorithm achieved great results for notch and holes machined in carbon steel blocks. In addition to the blocks with machined defects, a welded austenitic stainless steel block was inspected. For the welded block, the results were not satisfactory and it was not possible to detect the present defects. After the application of the TFM, the displacement of the transducer along the block was simulated, generating several 2D images, which were connected via isosurfaces, generating 3D solids corresponding to the defects present in each block. To conclude, these blocks were exported to a CAD software, presenting excellent matching.

Componentes metálicos em operação podem estar sujeitos a diversas condições de operação deletérias. Visando avaliar os riscos de operação para evitar falhas, a análise de integridade estrutural é uma ferramenta amplamente aplicada e requer constante evolução. Por utilizar dados de ensaios não destrutivos, essa ferramenta requer cada vez mais precisão, para aprimorar seus resultados e reduzir ao máximo as falhas de componentes em operação. Por apresentar menor tempo de inspeção e maior probabilidade de detecção, o Phased Array surge como alternativa às técnicas convencionais de ultrassom. Dentre as técnicas de Phased Array, o Total Focusing Method (TFM) apresenta um dos resultados mais promissores, apresentando grande vantagem sobre técnicas convencionais de ultrassom e de Phased Array devido a sua melhor precisão e fácil interpretação dos resultados. Neste trabalho, o TFM foi aplicado em diversos blocos contendo descontinuidades usinadas, as quais simulam diferentes tipos de defeitos. O foco do TFM foi gerar blocos em três dimensões (3D) dos defeitos, facilitando a interpretação dos resultados, além da possibilidade da inserção desses blocos em softwares de análise de integridade estrutural, melhorando a precisão dos resultados. O TFM foi aplicado através do tratamento de dados de um sensor linear de Phased Array, com frequência de 5 MHz e com 64 elementos ativos. Nesse trabalho, foram desenvolvidas e aplicadas novas etapas no algoritmo do TFM para melhorar a precisão dos resultados, como a compensação da perda de energia e o half-skip. As etapas adicionais aplicadas ao algoritmo do TFM geraram bons resultados para entalhe e furos usinados nos blocos de aço carbono. Além dos blocos com defeitos usinados, foi realizada a inspeção de um bloco de aço inoxidável austenítico soldado. Para o bloco soldado, os resultados não foram satisfatórios, não sendo possível detectar defeitos existentes. Após a aplicação do TFM, foi simulado o deslocamento do sensor ao longo da peça, gerando diversas imagens 2D, as quais foram conectadas via isosuperfícies, gerando sólidos 3D dos defeitos presentes em cada bloco. Por fim, esses blocos foram exportados para um software CAD, apresentando excelente correspondência. / Metallic components in operation can be submitted to several harming operation conditions. Aiming to evaluate the operational risks to avoid failure, the structural integrity analysis is a widely applied tool and requires constant evolution. As it uses non-destructive testing data, this tool requires increasingly precision, to enhance its results and reduce the majority of the operating components failures. Because of the shorter inspection time and greater probability of detection, Phased Array is an alternative to conventional ultrasonic techniques. Among the techniques of Phased Array, the Total Focusing Method (TFM) presents one of the most promising results, offering great advantage over conventional ultrasonic and Phased Array techniques due to its better precision and easy interpretation of results. In this work, the TFM was applied to many blocks, which contain machined discontinuities simulating several defects. The objective of applying the TFM was to generate three-dimensional (3D) blocks, turning the interpretation of the results easier and giving the possibility to insert these blocks into a structural integrity analysis software, enhancing the results precision. The TFM algorithm was applied through treatment of data from a 5 MHz linear Phased Array sensor with 64 active elements. In this work, it were developed and applied new steps in the TFM algorithm, as energy loss compensation and half-skip interaction, to improve its precision. The additional steps applied to the TFM algorithm achieved great results for notch and holes machined in carbon steel blocks. In addition to the blocks with machined defects, a welded austenitic stainless steel block was inspected. For the welded block, the results were not satisfactory and it was not possible to detect the present defects. After the application of the TFM, the displacement of the transducer along the block was simulated, generating several 2D images, which were connected via isosurfaces, generating 3D solids corresponding to the defects present in each block. To conclude, these blocks were exported to a CAD software, presenting excellent matching.

Componentes metálicos em operação podem estar sujeitos a diversas condições de operação deletérias. Visando avaliar os riscos de operação para evitar falhas, a análise de integridade estrutural é uma ferramenta amplamente aplicada e requer constante evolução. Por utilizar dados de ensaios não destrutivos, essa ferramenta requer cada vez mais precisão, para aprimorar seus resultados e reduzir ao máximo as falhas de componentes em operação. Por apresentar menor tempo de inspeção e maior probabilidade de detecção, o Phased Array surge como alternativa às técnicas convencionais de ultrassom. Dentre as técnicas de Phased Array, o Total Focusing Method (TFM) apresenta um dos resultados mais promissores, apresentando grande vantagem sobre técnicas convencionais de ultrassom e de Phased Array devido a sua melhor precisão e fácil interpretação dos resultados. Neste trabalho, o TFM foi aplicado em diversos blocos contendo descontinuidades usinadas, as quais simulam diferentes tipos de defeitos. O foco do TFM foi gerar blocos em três dimensões (3D) dos defeitos, facilitando a interpretação dos resultados, além da possibilidade da inserção desses blocos em softwares de análise de integridade estrutural, melhorando a precisão dos resultados. O TFM foi aplicado através do tratamento de dados de um sensor linear de Phased Array, com frequência de 5 MHz e com 64 elementos ativos. Nesse trabalho, foram desenvolvidas e aplicadas novas etapas no algoritmo do TFM para melhorar a precisão dos resultados, como a compensação da perda de energia e o half-skip. As etapas adicionais aplicadas ao algoritmo do TFM geraram bons resultados para entalhe e furos usinados nos blocos de aço carbono. Além dos blocos com defeitos usinados, foi realizada a inspeção de um bloco de aço inoxidável austenítico soldado. Para o bloco soldado, os resultados não foram satisfatórios, não sendo possível detectar defeitos existentes. Após a aplicação do TFM, foi simulado o deslocamento do sensor ao longo da peça, gerando diversas imagens 2D, as quais foram conectadas via isosuperfícies, gerando sólidos 3D dos defeitos presentes em cada bloco. Por fim, esses blocos foram exportados para um software CAD, apresentando excelente correspondência. / Metallic components in operation can be submitted to several harming operation conditions. Aiming to evaluate the operational risks to avoid failure, the structural integrity analysis is a widely applied tool and requires constant evolution. As it uses non-destructive testing data, this tool requires increasingly precision, to enhance its results and reduce the majority of the operating components failures. Because of the shorter inspection time and greater probability of detection, Phased Array is an alternative to conventional ultrasonic techniques. Among the techniques of Phased Array, the Total Focusing Method (TFM) presents one of the most promising results, offering great advantage over conventional ultrasonic and Phased Array techniques due to its better precision and easy interpretation of results. In this work, the TFM was applied to many blocks, which contain machined discontinuities simulating several defects. The objective of applying the TFM was to generate three-dimensional (3D) blocks, turning the interpretation of the results easier and giving the possibility to insert these blocks into a structural integrity analysis software, enhancing the results precision. The TFM algorithm was applied through treatment of data from a 5 MHz linear Phased Array sensor with 64 active elements. In this work, it were developed and applied new steps in the TFM algorithm, as energy loss compensation and half-skip interaction, to improve its precision. The additional steps applied to the TFM algorithm achieved great results for notch and holes machined in carbon steel blocks. In addition to the blocks with machined defects, a welded austenitic stainless steel block was inspected. For the welded block, the results were not satisfactory and it was not possible to detect the present defects. After the application of the TFM, the displacement of the transducer along the block was simulated, generating several 2D images, which were connected via isosurfaces, generating 3D solids corresponding to the defects present in each block. To conclude, these blocks were exported to a CAD software, presenting excellent matching.

<p dir="ltr">The most predominantly used rotating electric machines today are the radial and axial flux varieties (denoted RFM and AFM, respectively). There is another category of machines called the transverse flux machines (denoted TFMs) which are best suitable for high torque low speed applications such as in wind energy conversion systems, ship propulsion systems, and other direct drive applications. In this work, a design methodology based on a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model for a three-phase stacked transverse flux machine is presented. Using this MEC model, an optimization-based design paradigm is created. Finite element analysis is used to validate a design obtained from the proposed algorithm. </p>

Abstract: The thesis work is part of a project that aims to develop a reliable CFD model to investigate the fluid-dynamics of a fluidized bubbling bed during gasification of refuse derived fuel (RDF) from sorted municipal solid waste (MSW). Gasification is a thermochemical process that converts carbon-containing materials into syngas. In this specific context scaling up is challenging because it implies dealing with a complex chemistry combined to heat and mass transfer phenomena in a multi-phase fluid environment. CFD modeling could represent a potential tool to predict the impact of the reactor configuration and operating conditions on gas yield, composition and potential contaminants. Validation of CFD simulations for such systems has been so far possible using different sophisticated experimental tools, allowing to link the model with experimental data. However, such high tech equipment may not always be available, especially at industrial scale. Hence, this work focuses on investigating the accuracy and numerical sensitivity of two different CFD models employed in the characterization of dense solid-particle flows in bubbling fluidized beds. The key parameter adopted to describe and quantify the dynamic behavior of this multiphase system is the power spectral density (PSD) distribution of pressure fluctuations. This PSD function was used to assess the accuracy of CFD models using one set of operating condition. The same type of analysis, extended to a wider range of operating conditions, may lead to a robust validation of the numerical models presented in this work. In spite of his measurement simplicity, pressure drop data present a strong connection with the bed fluid-dynamics and its interpretation could help to improve the fluidized bed technologies very fast, pushing CFD models closer to applications. / Résumé : Le but de ce projet est de développer un modèle CFD fiable pour étudier la dynamique des fluides d'un lit fluidisé en régime bullant pendant la gazéification de combustibles solides de récupération (CSR) triés à partir de déchets solides municipaux (DSM). La gazéification est un processus thermochimique qui convertit les matériaux contenant du carbone en gaz de synthèse. La mise à l'échelle est difficile dans ce cas car elle implique une chimie complexe combinée aux phénomènes de transfert de chaleur et de masse dans un environnement fluide multiphasique. La modélisation CFD représente un outil potentiel pour prédire l'impact de la configuration du réacteur et des conditions de fonctionnement sur le rendement, la composition et les contaminants potentiels du gaz. La validation des simulations CFD pour de tels systèmes a été jusqu'à présent possible grâce à l’utilisation de différents outils expérimentaux sophistiqués, permettant de lier le modèle aux données expérimentales. Toutefois, un tel équipement de pointe n’est pas toujours disponible, en particulier à l'échelle industrielle. Par conséquent, ce travail se concentre sur l'étude de la précision et de la sensibilité numérique de deux modèles CFD différents, utilisés dans la caractérisation des flux de particules solides denses dans les lits fluidisés bouillonnants. Le paramètre clé adopté pour décrire et quantifier le comportement dynamique de ce système multiphase est la distribution de la densité spectrale de puissance (DSP) des fluctuations de pression. La fonction DSP a été utilisée pour évaluer la précision des modèles CFD en utilisant un ensemble de conditions de fonctionnement. Le même type d'analyse, étendu à une plus large gamme de conditions de fonctionnement, peut conduire à une validation robuste des modèles numériques présentés dans ce travail. En dépit de sa simplicité de mesure, les données de chute de pression présentent une importante corrélation avec les lits fluidisés, de plus, leur interprétation pourrait aider à améliorer ces technologies très rapidement, poussant les modèles CFD plus près des applications.

he recent development of the power electronic and high-energy permanent magnets enables developing synchronous machines excited by permanent magnets, that are able to meet very gradual and exact control demands. Due to high torque density, that permanent magnet machines reach, the synchronous motors may be used even in direct (gearless) drives. One of the branches, in which direct drives can be used, is material handling. The most propelling drives in this branch consist of induction motor, simple gearbox with invariable gear ratio mounted to the drive wheel. Main aim of this thesis is designing the direct drive motor for low-lift truck. Motor is built-in the driven wheel, therefore outer rotor design appears to be more suitable. Two types of motors – permanent magnet synchronous motor and transverse flux motor have been chosen on the basis of technical paper study, many years lasting experience and verification computations. Both motor types are described in great details in this thesis. Both synchronous motor with PM and transverse flux motor have been designed for direct drive of the given low-lift truck. The proposals of both motors have been optimized by means of finite element method. Based on these design optimizing computations, both motors have been designed, produced and design accuracy has been verified by laboratory testing. Synchronous motor with PM achieves better electromagnetic parameters and its production is also simpler, therefore this motor is more suitable for this application. The solution with transverse flux motor may save substantial amount of active materials. Results of the detailed optimization and comparison of both motor types are the main benefits of this thesis.

Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs) have great potential in pulmonary drug delivery; the granular powder, used as active ingredient in DPIs, is ozone friendly and the operation of DPIs ensures coordination between dose release and patient inhalation. However, the powder fluidisation mechanisms are poorly understood which leads to low efficiency of DPIs with 10-35 % of the dose reaching the site of action. The main aim of this thesis is to study the hydrodynamics of powder fluidisation in DPIs, using experimental and computational approaches. An experimental test rig was developed to replicate the process of transient powder fluidisation in an impinging air jet configuration. The powder fluidisation chamber was scaled up resulting in a two dimensional particle flow prototype, which encloses 3.85 mm glass beads. Using optical image processing techniques, individual particles were detected and tracked throughout the experimental time and domain. By varying the air flow rate to the test section, two particle fluidisation regimes were studied. In the first fluidisation regime, the particle bed was fully fluidised in less than 0.25 s due to the strong air jet. Particle velocity vectors showed strong convective flow with no evidence of diffusive motion triggered by inter-particle collisions. In the second fluidisation regime, the particle flow experienced two stages. The first stage showed strong convective flow similar to the first fluidisation regime, while the second stage showed more complex particle flow with collisional and convective flow taking place on the same time and length scales. The continuum Two Fluid Model (TFM) was used to solve the governing equations of the coupled granular and gas phases for the same experimental conditions. Sub-models for particle-gas and particle-particle interactions were used to complete the model description. Inter-particle interactions were resolved using models based on the kinetic theory of granular flow for the rapid flow regime and models based on soil mechanics for the frictional regime. Numerical predictions of the first fluidisation regime showed that the model should incorporate particle-wall friction and minimise diffusion, simultaneously. Ignoring friction resulted in fluidisation timing mismatch, while increasing the diffusion resulted in homogenous particle fluidisation in contrast to the aggregative convective fluidisation noticed in the experiments. Numerical predictions of the second fluidisation regime agreed well with the experiments for the convection dominated first stage of flow up to 0.3 s. However, later stages of complex particle flow showed qualitative discrepancies between the experimental and the computational approaches suggesting that current continuum granular models need further development. The findings of the present thesis have contributed towards better understanding of the mechanics of particle fluidisation and dense multiphase flow in DPI in particular, and particle bed fluidisation using impinging air jet in general. The use of TFM for predicting high speed convective granular flows, such as those in DPIs, is promising. Further studies are needed to investigate the form of particle-particle interactions within continuum granular flow models.