RESUMÉ - THE STATUS AND THE ROLE OF CENTRAL BANKS IN THE EU This diploma thesis compares the Czech National Bank, the Slovak National Bank, the Bundesbank and the European Central bank. Central banks play a significant role in every state and they have big influence on economy of each state. Therefore, their legal regulation as well as precise definition of their competencies are essential. The thesis focuses on their establishment, legal base and legal form, organisation and independence (institutional, financial, personal and functional). Its aim is also to compare tasks, monetary policy, issuance of banknotes and coins, banking and financial regulation and supervision. Establishment of a central bank depends significantly on the historical background of the given state (or union). All of the described banks are settled in regulations of the highest legal importance on the particular state (or union), which is not usual, and also in many other legal acts. Members of the highest body are selected after the agreement of the legislative and executive powers. The Czech National Bank is an exception, since the members of its Bank Board are appointed by the president without a counter signature. The budgets of the central banks are separated from the states' budgets and they are approved by the central banks....

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-17T16:23:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Yasmin Fuentes de Freitas Borges.pdf: 929124 bytes, checksum: b98bfbea6a9e7a45c527afbeb98a554f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T16:23:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yasmin Fuentes de Freitas Borges.pdf: 929124 bytes, checksum: b98bfbea6a9e7a45c527afbeb98a554f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / The central bank independence theory emerged in the 1990s as an alternative to conducting monetary policy in a way that would reduce the government participation in the economy. Initial empirical studies have shown an inverse relation between the degree of central bank independence and the price level, which corroborated with the theoretical arguments by representatives who supported the theory. However, subsequent surveys have generated doubts and questions regarding central bank independence theory, including several reinterpretations of the theory. Along the four sections presented here, this research seeks consolidate the main arguments which the theory is grounded and score any criticism of the models. More specifically will analyze how it operates the independence of the central bank in Brazil, with the Central Bank of Brazil. The results presented by the survey highlight the ideological content that engages the debate around the independence of the central bank and points out that although the models are developed as close to reality as possible, there is no recipe for the conduct of monetary policy / A teoria de independência do banco central surge nos anos 1990 como uma alternativa a forma de condução da política monetária que reduziria a participação do Estado na economia. Os estudos empíricos iniciais revelaram uma relação inversa entre o grau de independência do banco central e o nível de preço, o que corroborou com os argumentos teóricos desenvolvidos pelos representantes que sustentavam a teoria. No entanto, levantamentos posteriores geraram dúvidas e questionamentos em relação à teoria de independência do banco central, desencadeando inclusive diversas reinterpretações da teoria. A presente pesquisa busca, ao longo das quatro seções aqui apresentadas, consolidar os principais argumentos os quais a teoria está embasada e pontuar as eventuais críticas aos modelos. Será analisado mais especificamente de que forma se insere a independência do banco central no caso brasileiro, com o Banco Central do Brasil. Os resultados apresentados pela pesquisa ressaltam o conteúdo ideológico que envolve o debate em torno da independência do banco central e pontua que, embora os modelos sejam desenvolvidos o mais próximo da realidade possível, não há uma receita para a condução da política monetária

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of financial performance of central banks. Central banking is generally considered as a profitable part of financial system. However, this paper focuses on the loss-making central banks and emphasizes the examples of central banks with large accumulated financial losses. Relationship between the quality of balance sheet assets and financial performance of central banks is closely examined in the thesis. Alongside, it analyses the impact of negative financial performance on the main objectives of central bank, in the role of monetary authority. Effectiveness of monetary policy is conditioned by many factors, among them are independence of central bank, the level of development of financial markets - central bank operates in, analytical skills of employees and etc. However, the case, where financial performance of central bank is discussed in connection with monetary policy performance, is extremely rare. The primary goal of this diploma thesis is to reveal and describe the main ways in which financial performance of the central bank influences monetary policy decisions. It also tries to find out whether there is hidden threat of a damaging impact on the decisions in case the central bank accumulates the negative financial results.

This paper compares economical and political independence to a success rate of monetary policy of national banks, on a case of Fed and the Czech National Bank. Based on my definition of independence and accountability based on literature, I show that price stability defined as a main goal is the key factor. If the goal consists of more indicators, there is space for political pressure and the success rate decreases. Some rate of independence is necessary in order to achieve a healthy economy, however, total independence cannot be the target. Accountability then works towards independence as a system of achieving legitimacy, not as a substitute. Public inflation aversion is also considered as an important factor for achieving price stability.

This thesis assesses the significance of real bank credit in stimulating real output paying particular attention to the factors that prompt financial intermediation within the economy. The thesis contributes to the existing literature on finance and growth by providing fresh empirical evidence in the case of the Nigerian economy and Africa as a whole. In the context of Nigeria, credit Granger causes output, but the reverse is not true. In testing the factors that mobilise credit, I find that exports are negatively related to credit. Moreover, since credit usually fund non-oil exports, I also find that oil exports is negatively related to credit, whereas non-oil exports is positively related to credit. The latter also explains why capital inflows and imports are positively related to credit in my study. Extending the analysis to Africa as a whole, I find that causality is bi-directional. In examining the factors which mobilise credit (based on three measures of output); I find that output consistently exerts a positive influence on credit, whereas inflation and exports exert the opposite effect. However, the impact of government expenditure on credit is ambiguous. These results are re-confirmed when I use an alternative estimator for robustness. In line with the variables used in the Nigerian case, both capital inflow and imports positively influence credit while the impact of exports is negative for the whole of Africa. When examining the drivers of output in the African context, I find that credit and exports positively influence output whereas inflation exerts the opposite effect. The role of government expenditure is equally ambiguous. A further robustness test again confirms these results. The relationship between exports and credit in the literature is positive hence, it is important to investigate why the opposite holds in the Nigerian and African context. As such, I examine the efficiency of the banking system using three different measures, which includes loans, other earnings and other operating income since this may explain the counter intuitive result: export sales in Africa are largely intermediated by multi-national firms who prefer to obtain financing from credit markets that are more efficient than the African banking system. Across Africa, efficiency of the banking system is 74%, 76% and 92% when loans, other earnings and other operating income are respectively used as the output variables. This implies that 26% of credit is allocated in an unproductive way while 24% and 8% of expenditure could be better managed. When dividing the sample into medium and low-income countries, I find the respective levels of efficiency for each of the measures to be 94% and 11%; 83% and 0%; 90% and 0% for loans, other earnings and other operating income as the output variables respectively. This result supports bank loans as the best output variable, which I use further in the estimation. Further clues as to why there should be such differences in efficiency are obtained when the sample is split by regions, since there are regional variations in the use of credit. The Central African region is the least efficient. In these economies, resources are typically held and allocated by a few individuals.

This three part dissertation begins by "Examining the Origin of Federal Reserve Independence." This paper explores early Fed history with a particular emphasis on the period between 1947 and 1953 in order to provide a complete political account of Fed Independence. / Government

The exchange rates of currencies of different countries show higher volatility than it could be explained by the volatility of the fundamental variables. There are introduced different models which try to describe the behavior of these exchange rates in this Diploma Thesis. Their comparison is made with respect to the ability to capture the volatility of the empirically observed data. The behavior of exchange rates may also be influenced by interventions of the state institutions and therefore we introduced models which allow the effect of such regulatory interventions. These models were applied on real data. The properties of the model predictions of exchange rates were compared and evaluated with respect to their ability to explain the volatility of the empirical data. At the summary of my work one of the models has been used to simulate the behavior of the exchange rate during the application of different intervention strategies of the Central Bank. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

1 Abstract The thesis constructs the indices of independence, transparency and accountability of the National Bank of Georgia (NBG) and European Central Bank (ECB). The results for the NBG are compared with the ECB and policy recommendations for the NBG based on ECB practice are suggested. The results of the analyses show that the ECB has achieved almost full independence and transparency in conducting the monetary policy but there are less favorable results in case of accountability. The NBG, even though revealed a gradual increase in its independence, transparency and accountability since 1998, still needs to put more effort into improving its autonomy, communication practices and responsibility.

The central bank of Sweden, the Riksbank, has for a long time controlled the lending to thepublic by the business banks. To control the credit market the Riksbank set up severalregulations, one of the most prominent a limit of how much the business banks could be lendingout to the public. In November 1985 the limit of lending was deregulated. How did thisderegulation affect the lending and the business banks? Why was this deregulation done and howcan we explain this in context to the economy? To answer these questions I’ve used data fromthe official statistics of Sweden and from the Riksbank to make figures. My result shows that thelending to the public bloomed after 1985 and that the business banks probably started borrowingmoney from abroad to finance the lending.

This thesis compares monetary policies, institutional status and different approaches to the selection of monetary policy and setting goals of central banks in the case of Czech National Bank, the European Central Bank and the Federal Reserve System. The first chapter deals with the characteristics of the central bank, legislative regulation of the Czech National Bank is analysed there and it mentions the Czech peculiarities in the adjustment of the central bank. In addition, this chapter deals with the possibilities for the name of the central bank and there are examples of different solutions from the world. The second chapter focuses on the analysis of the central bank's position in the state. It emphasise independence as it is the core value for the central bank. This chapter also describes the regulatory and supervisory powers of the central bank and briefly discuss the composition of assets and financing of the central bank and its basic financial statements. The third chapter deals with the theory of monetary policy. Particular attention is paid to the monetary policy of inflation targeting. Furthermore, this chapter provides an overview of transmission mechanisms and describes various monetary policy instruments which central banks have. At the end of this part of the thesis there is a...